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Bong-Kee Lee School of Mechanical Engineering Chonnam National University Engineering Mathematics II 11. Fourier Series, Integral, and Transforms School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II 11.1 Fourier Series 주기함수(periodic function) 함수 f(x), 모든 실수 x에 대하여 정의 어떤 양수 p가 존재하여, 모든 x에 대하여 f(x + p)=f(x) 예. sin x, cos x (주기 2π) 주기함수가 아닌 예. x, x 2 , x 3 , e x , cosh x, ln x 등 주기함수의 성질 주기함수 (periodic function) 주기 (period) □ 함수 f(x)의 주기가 p이면, 모든 x에 대하여 f(x + np) = f(x) (n=1, 2, 3, …) □ f(x)와 g(x)의 주기가 p이면, af(x)+bg(x)의 주기도 p이다. (a, b: 임의의 상수)
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Page 1: Engineering Mathematics IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Engineering Mathematics II School of Mechanical Engineering 11.1 Fourier Series

Bong-Kee Lee School of Mechanical Engineering

Chonnam National University

Engineering Mathematics II

11. Fourier Series, Integral, and Transforms

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.1 Fourier Series

주기함수(periodic function)

– 함수 f(x), • 모든 실수 x에 대하여 정의

• 어떤 양수 p가 존재하여, 모든 x에 대하여 f(x + p)=f(x)

– 예. sin x, cos x (주기 2π)

– 주기함수가 아닌 예. x, x2, x3, ex, cosh x, ln x 등

– 주기함수의 성질

주기함수 (periodic function)

주기 (period)

□ 함수 f(x)의 주기가 p이면, 모든 x에 대하여 f(x + np) = f(x) (n=1, 2, 3, …) □ f(x)와 g(x)의 주기가 p이면, af(x)+bg(x)의 주기도 p이다. (a, b: 임의의 상수)

Page 2: Engineering Mathematics IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Engineering Mathematics II School of Mechanical Engineering 11.1 Fourier Series

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.1 Fourier Series

삼각급수(trigonometric series)

– 삼각함수 계(trigonometric system) • 주기 2π인 함수들로 이루어진 계

– 삼각급수(trigonometric series)

• 삼각급수가 수렴할 경우, 그 합은 주기가 2π인 주기함수

,sin,cos,,2sin,2cos,sin,cos,1 nxnxxxxx

1

0

22110

sincos

2sin2cossincos

n

nn nxbnxaa

xbxaxbxaa

계수(coefficient)

1

0 sincosn

nn nxbnxaaxf 푸리에 급수 (Fourier series)

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.1 Fourier Series

푸리에 급수(Fourier series)

– 푸리에 계수(Fourier coefficients) • 푸리에 급수의 계수들

• 오일러 공식(Euler formulas)에 의하여 결정할 수 있음

1

0 sincosn

nn nxbnxaaxf

,3,2,1

sin1

cos1

2

10

n

nxdxxfb

nxdxxfa

dxxfa

n

n

Page 3: Engineering Mathematics IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Engineering Mathematics II School of Mechanical Engineering 11.1 Fourier Series

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.1 Fourier Series

푸리에 급수(Fourier series)

– Ex. 1 주기적인 직사각형파(rectangular wave)

xfxf

xk

xkxf

2&

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

00

0

0

0

0

coscos1sinsin

1

sinsin1

sin1

00sinsin1

coscos1

coscos1

cos1

002

1

2

1

2

1

n

nxk

n

nxknxdxknxdxk

nxdxxfnxdxxfnxdxxfb

an

nxk

n

nxknxdxknxdxk

nxdxxfnxdxxfnxdxxfa

akdxdxkdxxfdxxfdxxfa

n

n

n

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.1 Fourier Series

푸리에 급수(Fourier series)

45

1

3

11

5

1

3

11

4

2

5sin5

13sin

3

1sin

4

5sin5

43sin

3

4sin

4sin

even 0

odd 4

even 0

odd 2cos1

even 1

odd 1cos

cos12

1coscos1coscos1

1

0

0

kkf

xxxk

xk

xk

xk

nxbxf

n

nn

k

b

n

nn

n

nn

nn

knn

n

k

n

nxk

n

nxkb

n

n

n

n

Page 4: Engineering Mathematics IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Engineering Mathematics II School of Mechanical Engineering 11.1 Fourier Series

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.1 Fourier Series

푸리에 급수(Fourier series)

– 삼각함수 계의 직교성(orthogonality) • 삼각함수 계는 구간 –π ≤ x ≤ π 에서 직교한다.

– 푸리에 급수에 의한 표현

mnmnmxdxnx

mnmxdxnx

mnmxdxnx

or 0cossin

0sinsin

0coscos

□ 함수 f(x)에 대하여, : 주기가 2π 인 주기함수 & 구간 –π ≤ x ≤ π 에서 구분연속(piecewise continuous) & 각 점에서 좌도함수(left-hand derivative)와 우도함수(right-hand derivative)를 가짐 ⇒ 함수 f(x)의 푸리에 급수는 수렴한다. : f(x)가 불연속인 점을 제외한 모든 점에서의 급수 합 = f(x) : 불연속인 점에서의 급수의 합 = f(x)의 좌극한값과 우극한값의 평균

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.2 Functions of Any Period p=2L

임의의 주기(p=2L)을 가지는 함수

– 주기가 2π인 함수를 주기가 2L인 함수로 단순히 주기의 척도만을 변화시킴

1

0 sincosn

nn xL

nbx

L

naaxf

,3,2,1

sin1

cos1

2

10

n

dxL

xnxf

Lb

dxL

xnxf

La

dxxfL

a

L

Ln

L

Ln

L

L

Page 5: Engineering Mathematics IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Engineering Mathematics II School of Mechanical Engineering 11.1 Fourier Series

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.2 Functions of Any Period p=2L

임의의 주기(p=2L)을 가지는 함수

– Ex. 1 주기적인 직사각형파

242&

210

11

120

LLp

x

xk

x

xf

,11,7,32

,9,5,12

even0

2sin

2

2sin

2sin

2sin

2cos

2

1

2cos

2

1cos

1

24

1

4

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

1

2

20

nn

k

nn

kn

n

n

knxn

n

k

xn

n

kdxxn

kdxxn

xfdxL

xnxf

La

kkdxdxxfdxxf

La

L

Ln

L

L

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.2 Functions of Any Period p=2L

임의의 주기(p=2L)을 가지는 함수

– Ex. 1 주기적인 직사각형파

xxxxkk

xk

xk

xk

xkk

xL

nbx

L

naaxf

nn

n

k

xn

n

kdxxn

kdxxn

xfdxL

xnxf

Lb

n

nn

L

Ln

2

7cos

7

1

2

5cos

5

1

2

3cos

3

1

2cos

2

2

2

7cos

7

2

2

5cos

5

2

2

3cos

3

2

2cos

2

2

sincos

02

cos2

cos

2cos

2sin

2

1

2sin

2

1sin

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

2

2

Page 6: Engineering Mathematics IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Engineering Mathematics II School of Mechanical Engineering 11.1 Fourier Series

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.3 Even and Odd Functions. Half-Range Expansions

푸리에 코사인 급수 & 푸리에 사인 급수

– 푸리에 코사인 급수(Fourier cosine series) • 주기가 2L 인 우함수(even function; g(-x)=g(x))의 푸리에 급수

– 푸리에 사인 급수(Fourier sine series) • 주기가 2L 인 기함수(odd function; h(-x)=-h(x))의 푸리에 급수

,3,2,1 cos2

,1

cos

000

1

0

ndxL

xnxf

Ladxxf

La

xL

naaxf

L

n

L

n

n

,3,2,1 sin2

sin

0

1

ndxL

xnxf

Lb

xL

nbxf

L

n

n

n

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.3 Even and Odd Functions. Half-Range Expansions

푸리에 코사인 급수 & 푸리에 사인 급수

– 합과 스칼라곱 • 함수의 합인 f1+f2 의 푸리에 계수는 f1 과 f2 각각에 해당하는 푸리

에 계수의 합과 같다.

• 함수 cf 의 푸리에 계수는 f 의 해당 푸리에 계수에 c 를 곱한 것과 같다.

– Ex. 3 톱니파(sawtooth wave)

21

21

&

2 &

fxf

fff

xfxfxxxf

Page 7: Engineering Mathematics IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Engineering Mathematics II School of Mechanical Engineering 11.1 Fourier Series

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.3 Even and Odd Functions. Half-Range Expansions

푸리에 코사인 급수 & 푸리에 사인 급수

xxxxxx

xxx

nxbaxL

nbf

baaf

nnn

n

dxn

nx

n

nxxnxdxxdx

L

xnxf

Lb

aaxf

n

n

n

n

nn

L

n

n

3sin3

12sin

2

1sin23sin

3

22sinsin2

3sin3cos3

22sin2cossincos2

sinsin

0,:

cos2cos2

coscos2sin

2sin

2

0function odd:

1

0

1

02

00

001

01

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.3 Even and Odd Functions. Half-Range Expansions

반구간 전개(half-range expansions)

– 주어진 함수(L)를 주기적인 함수(주기 2L)로 확장 • 주기적인 우함수로 확장(even periodic extention)

• 주기적인 기함수로 확장(odd periodic extention)

• 함수 f는 길이 2L의 주기 구간의 반구간 범위 내에서 주어짐

주어진 함수(0≤x≤L)

주기가 2L인 우함수로 확장

주기가 2L인 기함수로 확장

Page 8: Engineering Mathematics IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Engineering Mathematics II School of Mechanical Engineering 11.1 Fourier Series

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.3 Even and Odd Functions. Half-Range Expansions

반구간 전개(half-range expansions)

– Ex. 4

LxL

xLL

k

Lxx

L

k

xf

2

2

20

2

1cos2

cos24

2coscos1

2cos

4

2coscos

2sin

21

2cos

2sin

2

4

coscos4

cos2

24

222211

cos

2222

2

2

22

22

22

22

2

2/

2/

020

2

22/

2/

022/

2/

000

1

0

nn

n

knn

n

n

L

L

k

nn

n

Ln

n

Ln

n

Ln

n

L

L

k

dxL

xnxLdx

L

xnx

L

kdx

L

xnxf

La

kL

L

kdxxLxdx

L

kdxxL

L

kxdx

L

k

Ldxxf

La

xL

naaxf

L

L

LL

n

L

L

LL

L

LL

n

n

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.3 Even and Odd Functions. Half-Range Expansions

반구간 전개(half-range expansions)

xL

xL

xL

k

xL

kx

L

kx

L

kxf

n

n

kn

n

Ln

n

Ln

n

Ln

n

L

L

k

dxL

xnxLdx

L

xnx

L

kdx

L

xnxf

Lb

xL

nbxf

xL

xL

kkx

L

kx

L

kkxf

L

L

LL

n

n

n

5sin

5

13sin

3

1sin

8

5sin

5

83sin

3

8sin

1

8

2sin

8

2sin

2cos

22sin

2cos

2

4

sinsin4

sin2

sin

6cos

6

12cos

2

116

2

6cos

6

162cos

2

16

2

222

222222

2222

22

22

22

2

2/

2/

020

1

2222222

Page 9: Engineering Mathematics IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Engineering Mathematics II School of Mechanical Engineering 11.1 Fourier Series

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.4 Complex Fourier Series

복소 푸리에 급수(complex Fourier series)

itit

itit

it

it

eet

eet

tite

tite

2

1sin

2

1cos

sincos

sincos

,3,2,1

sin1

cos1

2

1

sincos

0

1

0

n

nxdxxfb

nxdxxfa

dxxfa

nxbnxaaxf

n

n

n

nn

,2,1,0

2

1

n

dxexfc

ecxf

inx

n

n

inx

n

,2,1,0

2

1 /

/

n

dxexfL

c

ecxf

L

L

Lxin

n

n

Lxin

n

복소 푸리에 급수

복소 푸리에 급수(주기 2L인 함수)

푸리에 급수

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.4 Complex Fourier Series

복소 푸리에 급수(complex Fourier series)

– Ex. 1

n

inxn

n

inx

n

nn

ninn

ininx

x

xinxininx

n

x

en

inecxf

n

in

in

in

in

nnneeein

eein

ein

dxedxexfc

xfxfxexf

2

2

1111

1

11

sinh

11

1sinh1sinh2

1

1

1

1

2

1

1cossincos 11

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

2 &

복소 푸리에 급수 (complex Fourier series)

Page 10: Engineering Mathematics IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Engineering Mathematics II School of Mechanical Engineering 11.1 Fourier Series

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.4 Complex Fourier Series

복소 푸리에 급수(complex Fourier series)

xxxx

xxxx

en

inecexf

nxnnxeinein

nxinxinnxnnxnxinxinein

nxinxinnxnnxnxinxinein

n

inxn

n

inx

n

x

inxinx

inx

inx

2sin22cos21

1sincos

11

1

2

1sinh2

2sin22cos221

1sinhsincos2

11

1sinhsinh

1

11

sinh

sincos211

sincossincossincos11

sincossincossincos11

22

22

2

실 푸리에 급수 (real Fourier series)

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.5 Forced Oscillations

강제진동

– Ex. 1

trtr

tt

tttr

tryyytrkycymy

2&

02

02

25'05.0'''''

,5,3,1 cos4

25'05.0''

,5,3,1 cos4

5cos5

13cos

3

1cos

1

14coscos1

2

cos12

,0:tscoefficienFourier

2

2

2221

2

20

nntn

yyy

nntn

tr

tttntnn

tr

nn

aba

n

nn

Page 11: Engineering Mathematics IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Engineering Mathematics II School of Mechanical Engineering 11.1 Fourier Series

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.5 Forced Oscillations

강제진동

531

222

2

2

2

2

05.025,2.0

,254

cos4

25'05.0''

sincos

as :,5,3,1 cos4

25'05.0''

yyyytyty

nnDDn

BDn

nA

ntn

yyy

ntBntAytyty

tyyyynntn

yyy

n

npsteady

n

n

n

n

n

nnn

n

nn

n

npsteady

pph

특성방정식의 모든 근이 음수 또는 음의 실수부를 가짐 (안정성)

미정계수법

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.6 Approximation by Trigonometric Polynomials

근사 이론(approximation theory)

– 푸리에 급수의 주된 응용 분야의 하나

– 어떤 함수의 근사값을 단순한 함수로 표현

– 기본 개념 • f(x): 주기가 2π 인 푸리에 급수로 표현 가능한 주기함수

→ N차 부분합: f(x)에 대한 근사값

– N차의 삼각다항식(N고정)을 이용하여 최적으로 함수 f를 근사화

N

n

nn

n

nn

nxbnxaaxf

nxbnxaaxf

1

0

1

0

sincos

sincos

xfnxBnxAAxFN

n

nn 1

0 sincos

Page 12: Engineering Mathematics IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Engineering Mathematics II School of Mechanical Engineering 11.1 Fourier Series

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.6 Approximation by Trigonometric Polynomials

근사 이론(approximation theory)

– 제곱 오차(square error) • 구간 –π ≤ x ≤ π 에서 함수 F의 함수 f에 관한 제곱 오차

– 최소 제곱 오차 • 구간 –π ≤ x ≤ π 에서 F의 f에 관한 제곱 오차는 F의 계수가 f의

푸리에 계수이면 최소가 된다.

– N이 증가함에 따라 f의 푸리에 급수 부분합은 제곱 오차 관점에서 점점 더 f를 잘 근사화하게 됨

dxFfE

2

N

n

nn baadxfE1

222

0

2 2*

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.6 Approximation by Trigonometric Polynomials

근사 이론(approximation theory)

– Bessel의 부등식(Bessel’s inequality)

– Parseval의 정리(Parseval’s theorem)

dxfbaa

n

nn

2

1

222

0

12

dxfbaa

n

nn

2

1

222

0

12

Page 13: Engineering Mathematics IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Engineering Mathematics II School of Mechanical Engineering 11.1 Fourier Series

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.7 Fourier Integral

Ex.1

– 주기가 2L인 함수에서 주기가 L→∞가 될 경우

22

10

111

10

L

Lx

x

xL

xfL

Ln

Ln

LL

n

n

L

Ldx

L

xn

L

dxL

xn

Ldx

L

xnxf

La

Ldx

Ldxxf

La

bxf

xxfxf

L

Ln

L

L

n

LL

/

/sin2sin

2cos

2

cos1

cos1

1

2

1

2

1

0functioneven :&

otherwise0

111lim

1

0

1

1

1

10

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.7 Fourier Integral

Ex.1

1

0

/cos/

/sin21

/

/sin2&

1

n

L

n

LxnLn

Ln

LLxf

Ln

Ln

La

La

진폭 스펙트럼 (amplitude spectrum)

Page 14: Engineering Mathematics IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Engineering Mathematics II School of Mechanical Engineering 11.1 Fourier Series

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.7 Fourier Integral

푸리에 적분(Fourier integral)

0

1

1

1

1

0

sinsincoscos1

lim

sinsincoscos1

2

1

1

sinsincoscos1

2

1

sincos

dwwvdvvfwxwvdvvfwxxfxf

vdvwvfwxwvdvwvfwxwdvvfL

LL

n

L

nwww

vdvwvfxwvdvwvfxwL

dvvfL

L

nwxwbxwaaxf

LL

n

L

LnLn

L

LnLn

L

LL

nn

n

L

LnLn

L

LnLn

L

LL

n

n

nnnnL

wvdvvfwBwvdvvfwA

dwwxwBwxwAxf

sin1

&cos1

sincos0

푸리에 적분(Fourier integral)

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.7 Fourier Integral

푸리에 적분(Fourier integral)

• 모든 유한 구간에서 구분연속

• 모든 점에서 좌도함수와 우도함수가 존재

• 아래 적분의 유한한 극한이 존재(절대 적분 가능, absolutely integrable)

→ f(x)는 푸리에 적분으로 표현이 가능

(f(x)가 불연속인 점에서의 푸리에 적분값은 그 점에서 f(x)의 좌극한값과 우극한값의 평균과 같음)

wvdvvfwBwvdvvfwA

dwwxwBwxwAxf

sin1

&cos1

sincos0

b

baadxxfdxxf

0

0

limlim

Page 15: Engineering Mathematics IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Engineering Mathematics II School of Mechanical Engineering 11.1 Fourier Series

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.7 Fourier Integral

푸리에 적분(Fourier integral)

– Ex. 2

000

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

sincos2cos

sin2sincos

0cos11

sin1

sin1

sin2sin

11cos

1cos

1

dww

wwxwxdw

w

wdwwxwBwxwAxf

wvw

wvdvwvdvvfwBb

w

wwv

wwvdvwvdvvfwAa

v

v

v

v

10

11

x

xxf

10

14/

102/

2

sincossincos2

00

x

x

x

xfdww

wwxxfdw

w

wwx

Dirichlet의 불연속인자(discontinuous factor)

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.7 Fourier Integral

푸리에 적분(Fourier integral)

u

dww

wudw

w

wx

x

x

x

dww

wwx

00

0

sinSi

2

sin0

10

14/

102/sincos

사인 적분(sine integral)

axaxdt

t

tdt

t

t

dww

wxwdw

w

wxwdw

w

wwxdw

w

wwxxf

axax

aaa

1Si1

1Si1sin1sin1

sin1sin1sincos2sincos2

1

0

1

0

0000

Page 16: Engineering Mathematics IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Engineering Mathematics II School of Mechanical Engineering 11.1 Fourier Series

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.7 Fourier Integral

푸리에 적분(Fourier integral)

– 푸리에 코사인 적분(Fourier cosine integral) • f(x)가 우함수일 때의 푸리에 적분

– 푸리에 사인 적분(Fourier sine integral) • f(x)가 기함수일 때의 푸리에 적분

wvdvvfwBwvdvvfwA

dwwxwBwxwAxf

sin1

&cos1

sincos0

00

cos0&cos2

wxdwwAxfwBwvdvvfwA

00

sinsin2

&0 wxdwwBxfwvdvvfwBwA

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.7 Fourier Integral

푸리에 적분(Fourier integral)

– Ex. 3 라플라스 적분 0,0 kxexf kx

kx

kx

kv

kx

kx

kv

edwwk

wxw

edwwk

wxwwxdwwBxf

wk

wwvdvewvdvvfwBb

ek

dwwk

wx

edwwk

wxkwxdwwAxf

wk

kwvdvewvdvvfwAa

2

sin

sin2sin

/2sin

2sin

2

2

cos

cos2cos

/2cos

2cos

2

0 22

0 220

2200

0 22

0 220

2200

라플라스 적분

라플라스 적분

Page 17: Engineering Mathematics IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Engineering Mathematics II School of Mechanical Engineering 11.1 Fourier Series

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.8 Fourier Cosine and Sine Transforms

적분 변환(integral transform)

– 주어진 함수를 다른 변수에 종속하는 새로운 함수로 만드는 적분 형태의 변환 (예. 라플라스 변환)

– 푸리에 코사인 변환(Fourier cosine transform) • 우함수인 f(x)에 대하여,

wfwvdvvfwvdvvfwA

wxdwwAxf

cˆ2

cos22

cos2

&

cos

00

0

0

0

cosˆ2

cos2ˆ

wxdwwfxf

wxdxxfwff

c

cc

F 푸리에 코사인 변환

푸리에 코사인 역변환

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.8 Fourier Cosine and Sine Transforms

적분 변환(integral transform)

– 푸리에 사인 변환(Fourier sine transform) • 기함수인 f(x)에 대하여,

wfwvdvvfwvdvvfwB

wxdwwBxf

sˆ2

sin22

sin2

&

sin

00

0

0

0

sinˆ2

sin2ˆ

wxdwwfxf

wxdxxfwff

s

ss

F 푸리에 사인 변환

푸리에 사인 역변환

Page 18: Engineering Mathematics IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Engineering Mathematics II School of Mechanical Engineering 11.1 Fourier Series

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.8 Fourier Cosine and Sine Transforms

적분 변환(integral transform)

– Ex. 1

ax

axkxf

0

0

w

awkwx

wkwxdxk

wxdxxfwf

w

awkwx

wkwxdxk

wxdxxfwf

ax

x

a

s

ax

x

a

c

1cos2cos

12sin

2

sin2ˆ

sin2sin

12cos

2

cos2ˆ

00

0

00

0

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.8 Fourier Cosine and Sine Transforms

적분 변환(integral transform)

– 선형성

– 도함수의 코사인 및 사인 변환 • f(x): 연속이며 x축 상에서 절대 적분 가능

• f‘(x): 모든 유한 구간에서 구분연속

• x → ∞ 일 때, f(x) → 0

gbfabgaf

gbfabgaf

sss

ccc

FFF

FFF

02

''

0'2

''

'

02

'

2

2

wfxfwxf

fxfwxf

xfwxf

fxfwxf

ss

cc

ss

sc

FF

FF

FF

FF

Page 19: Engineering Mathematics IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Engineering Mathematics II School of Mechanical Engineering 11.1 Fourier Series

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.8 Fourier Cosine and Sine Transforms

적분 변환(integral transform)

– Ex. 3

22

22

222

2

22

2

2

20'

2''

''

''&'

0

wa

aef

afwa

afwffwffa

xfxfa

xfaeaxfaexf

aexf

ax

cc

c

cccc

axax

ax

FF

F

FFFF

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.9 Fourier Transforms. Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms

푸리에 변환(Fourier transform)

– 푸리에 코사인 변환 & 푸리에 사인 변환: 실수 변환

– 푸리에 변환: 복소수 변환 • 복소 푸리에 적분(complex Fourier integral)

• 푸리에 변환

• 푸리에 역변환(inverse Fourier transform)

dwdvevfxf vxiw

2

1

ffdxexfwf iwx ˆ

2

F

ffdwewfxf -iwx

ˆˆ

2

1 1F

Page 20: Engineering Mathematics IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Engineering Mathematics II School of Mechanical Engineering 11.1 Fourier Series

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.9 Fourier Transforms. Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms

푸리에 변환(Fourier transform)

– 푸리에 변환의 존재 • f(x) 가 x 축 상에서 절대 적분 가능이고 모든 유한 구간에서 구분

연속 → f(x)의 푸리에 변환이 존재함

– Ex. 1

w

w

w

w

iw

wi

iw

eeee

iw

eiw

dxedxexfxfwf

xxf

iwiwiwiw

x

x

iwxiwxiwx

sin2

2

sin2

2

sin2

2

1

2

1

1

2

1

2

1

2

otherwise0

11

1

1

1

1

F

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.9 Fourier Transforms. Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms

푸리에 변환(Fourier transform)

– 선형성

– 도함수의 푸리에 변환 • f(x): x축 상에서 연속

• f‘(x): x축 상에서 절대 적분 가능

• x → ∞ 일 때, f(x) → 0

gbfabgaf FFF

xfwxf

xfiwxf

FF

FF2''

'

Page 21: Engineering Mathematics IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Engineering Mathematics II School of Mechanical Engineering 11.1 Fourier Series

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

11.9 Fourier Transforms. Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms

푸리에 변환(Fourier transform)

– Ex. 3

– 합성곱(convolution)

• 합성곱 정리

– f(x)와 g(x)가 구분연속이고 유계(bounded)하며, x축 상에서 절대 적분 가능한 경우,

4/4/ 22

222

222

2

222

1

2

1

2

1'

2

1'

2

1

'2

1'

2

1

ww

xxx

xxx

x

eiw

eiw

eiweef

exfexe

xexf

FFFF

dppgpxfdppxgpfxgf *

dwewgwfxgfgfgf iwxˆˆ*2* FFF