ENGINEERING - CSBE-SCGAB · Canadian Agricultural Engineering publishes papers covering the general field of Agricultural Engineering that fit into one of the following classifications:

CANADIANAGRICULTURALENGINEERING

The Journal of the Canadian Society of Agricultural Engineering

CONTENTS:

SUPPLY AND DEMAND

K.W. Domier 41

AUTOMATIC ORIENTATION OF APPLES PRIOR TO PEELING AND CORING

G.E. Timbers and W.S. Reid - 42

SOIL COMPACTION BY AGRICULTURAL LAND PACKERS AND MODELS

I.K. Djokoto, F.W. Bigsby and R. Lai 46

HARVEST SIMULATION

W.D. Campbell and J.B. McQuitty 51

LATERAL GRAIN PRESSURES IN POLYETHYLENE CONTAINERS

D.K. Gupta and W.E. Muir 56

WINTER HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF BROILER MANURE

R.G. Bell and J. Pos 60

A PLOW-DOWN METHOD FOR RAPID COVER OF LIQUID MANURE

M. Feldman and F.R. Hore 65

THE INFLUENCE OF VENTILATION ON DISTRIBUTION AND DISPERSAL OF

ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS CONTAMINANTS

P.G. Brannigan and J.B. McQuitty 69

SUMMER TIME ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL IN THE CAGE LAYER HOUSE

R.G. Winfield 76

EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES FOR STUDIES ON BEEF HOUSING AND EQUIPMENT

Richard L. Witz and G.L. Pratt 81

NEWS HIGHLIGHTS 84

umber ecember 1971

CANADIAN

AGRICULTURAL

ENGINEERING

DECEMBER, 1971VOLUME 13, NUMBER 2

EDITORIAL BOARDF.R. HORE ChairmanEngineering Research ServiceCanada Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OC6H.D. AYERSUniversity of GuelphGuelph, OntarioE.B.MOYSEYUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, Saskatchewan

L.M. STALEYUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver 8, British Columbia

J.L. THOMPSONResearch Station, Canada AgricultureSwift Current, Saskatchewan

CSAE COUNCIL 1971-72K.W. DOMIERUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton 7, Alberta

J.C. McEACHREN Past-PresidentMacMillan, Bloedel Building Materials50 Oak Street, Weston, Ontario

J.E. BRUBAKER President-ElectOntario Department of Agriculture and FoodToronto, Ontario

G.E. LALIBERTE Vice-President (Technical)University of ManitobaWinnipeg, Manitoba

J.J. HOG ANDepartment of Agriculture and ColonizationParliament BuildingsQuebec, Quebec

R.S. FORREST Secretary-TreasurerAlberta Department of AgricultureBox 4370, Edmonton 62, Alberta

Regional DirectorsR.S. TAIT British Columbia3985 Norwood AvenueNorth Vancouver, British Columbia

E.H. HOBBS AlbertaResearch Station, Canada AgricultureLethbridge, AlbertaW.P. LAMPMAN SaskatchewanUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, Saskatchewan

O.B. CLARK ManitobaNew Holland Division, Sperry Rand1035 Waverly StreetWinnipeg 19, ManitobaR. WINFIELD OntarioOntario Hydro620 University AvenueToronto 2, Ontario

G. JACOB Quebec7475 Boulevard C'outhierCharlesburg, Quebec 7, P.Q.J.T. MacAULEY Atlantic ProvincesNova Scotia Department of AgricultureTruro, Nova Scotia

President

Vice-President (Regional)

Ex Officio Members

F.H. THEAKSTONUniversity of GuelphGuelph, OntarioF.R. HORE Chairman, Editorial BoardEngineering Research ServiceCanada Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontario Kl A OC6

AIC Advisory CouncilRepresentative

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS

SUPPLY AND DEMANDK.W. DomierMember CSAE

As an educator I continually worry whether the supply of agricultural engineering graduates will exceed the demand. Will the need asforecast by both the Smallman Commission and the Barber Royal Commission on Farm Machinery come to pass? Should universities be activelyrecruiting in the high schools in anticipation of this projected need?Before answering let us look at the number of agricultural engineeringgraduates expected in 1972. Current enrollment figures indicate that 90Bsc, 40 MSc, and 5 PhD degrees will be granted by Canadian universitiesthis year. Additional MSc and PhD degrees will be granted to Canadianagricultural engineers studying outside the country.Most foreign graduatestudents will return to their home country. Therefore, the final figuresare likely to be 90 BSc, 20 MSc and 5 PhD degrees. Are these figuresreasonable for Canada? Can these graduates be absorbed into the labormarket?

The number of professionals working in Agricultural Engineeringin Canada is approximately eight hundred. An attrition rate of six percentwill result in forty-eight positions. These will be mainly replacements inextension and other government services, hydros, and commercial companies. Twenty students will stay on for graduate studies. New positionsin areas such as pollution control, environmental studies and food processingwill require twelve to fifteen engineers. The remaining BSc graduateswill find employment in overseas work, farming, other areas of engineering, etc. On this basis we do not seem to be in danger of floodingthe BSc market.

The employment picture for MSc and PhD graduates is not as clear.Considering that only one Canadian agricultural engineer had received aPhD by 1953, seven by 1963 and thirty by 1972 we have made considerableprogress. Continued expansion in the federal government's agriculturalengineering activities will provide opportunities for graduates with higherdegrees. Commercial companies, although not noted for their hiring ofMSc and PhD graduates, have made noticeable improvements in the lastfew years. Thus although the graduate degree opens some doors whilelocking others, there is considerable room for agricultural engineers withadvanced degrees.

Yes, the future still looks bright for agricultural engineers.However, we must be continually looking for new areas in which ouragricultural engineering graduates can be useful to society. Agriculturalengineers should be able to take the lead in pollution and environmentalcontrol. Western Canada's problem of grain handling and storage is onewhere we have yet to make any major contribution. The processingindustry in the Atlantic Provinces is another .The demise of most ForestEngineering programs in Canada has left a gap that Agricultural Engineersmay be able to fill.

Fmployment in these new areas will require exposure to otherdisciplines. University programs are continually being changed to allowmore flexibility in course selection. This indicates an awareness tochanging conditions and gives our new graduates a better base on whichto start their professional career.

Canadian Agricultural Engineering publishes papers covering the general field ofAgricultural Engineering that fit into one of the following classifications: 1) a scientificpaper based on original research; 2) a technical paper based on design, development,testing, or analysis of machines, equipment, structures, processes, or practice; 3) ageneral paper on education relative to curricula and philosophy or trends in science, on asurvey or investigation of some phase of research or research methods, or on extension orextension methods. The Editoral Board may also publish abstracts of papers publishedelsewhere and interesting news items of members or developments in AgriculturalEngineering.

Manuscripts for publication should be submitted to the Chairman of the EditorialBoard.The papers must be originals and must not have been published elsewhere or copyrighted. The author, not the CSAE, is responsible for opinions expressed. Informationpublished in Canadian Agricultural Engineering may be quoted in whole or in partprovidedthat credit is given to the author and to the journal. Information on page, reprint, andother charges may be obtained from members of the Board.

Central Office Address: Suite 907, 151 Slater Street, Ottawa, Ontario KIP 5H4Published Semi-Annually (June and December)

Subscription Rate: $4.00 per annum

CANADIAN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING, VOL. 13, NO. 2, DECEMBER, 197 t41

SUMMARY

Confinement housing for beefcattle can provide a means of controlling water and air pollution, andat the same time it can be used toprovide a control of environment.

To study the two major problems,manure handling and control of theenvironment, a test facility was builtat North Dakota State University in1969 . The facility was built in twounits, each capable of holding a blockof 20 feeder calves. One unit usedconventional designs with a deepmanure storage under the slotted floorand two standard ventilating systemswere used in this area. The other unit

was designed with a sloping concretefloor about two feet below the slottedfloor. The liquids flow by gravity toone end and are pumped out to alagoon, and the solids are scraped tothe other end with a poultry-house typeof cable scraper and conveyed out ofthe building. This provides a methodof studying the treatment of manurethat has been separated into liquidsand solids. The ventilation systemuses a fan and heat sink on both theintake and exhaust. This flow of airis reversed on a five to ten minutecycle and the heat sinks are used toretrieve part of the heat from theexhaust air.

4U

REFERENCES

Giese, Henry, and T.E. Bond.1952. Design of a plate-type heatexchanger. Agr. Eng. 33:617-622.

Giese,Henry, and C.G.E. Downing.1950. Application of heat exchangers to dairy barn ventilation.Agr. Eng. 31: 167-170.

Giese, Henry, and Ibrahim, AminAly. 1950. Ventilation of animalshelters by use of he at exchangers.Agr. Eng. 31: 329-333.

U.S. Department of Commerce,.1968. Climatic atlas of theUnited States, June.

NEWS HIGHLIGHTS

In 1970, the Canadian Society of Agricultural Engineeringinitiated a program of Awards to honor Society memberswho have made noteworthy contributions to our profession.The first donor of an annual Award was the Canadian

Sheet Steel Building Institute for contributions in the

building field, and the first recipient was John E. Turnbull.The presentation of an engraved gold wristwatch wasmade by an Institute representative, Howard Bexon, atthe annual banquet in Lethbridge, July 6, 1971

84 CANADIAN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING, VOL. 13, NO. 2, DECEMBER, 197 1

NOTES TO CONTRIBUTORS

The Editorial Board will assesssuitability and essential detail ofpapers submitted for publication inCanada Agricultural Engineering. Oneor more reviewers will be used. Theircomments and suggestions will becompiled and submitted to the author.The review will ensure that:

1. A research paper does represent apiece of research carried to a well-defined stage of advancement andthat the conclusions are adequatelysupported by the experimentalresults.

2. A technical paper represents aclear, concise, and factual outlineand interpretation of the development, design, test, or analysisunder consideration and that it isa contribution in the field of agricultural engineering.

3. A general paper on education,research, or extension is pertinentto major changes in curricula, research, or extension or to forward-looking developments in theseareas.

MANUSCRIPT

The manuscript should be typeddouble-spaced on paper 8-1/2 x 11 in.(21.6 x 27.9 cm), with margins not lessthan 1-1/4 in. (3.3 cm). The first pageshould contain the title, author's nameand address, and any necessary footnotes. Tables and captions for illustrations should be on separate pagesplaced after the text. Manuscript paperwith numbered lines is preferred. Theoriginal and two copies are required.

The title of the paper should becapitalized and centred on the page.Ifthere is only one author, centre thename and address under the title. Ifthere are two or more authors, spacenames and addresses equally under thetitle. Use lower case except for thefirst letter of major words. Do not useabbreviations in the address. If theauthor is a member of the Society,designate as Member CSAE.

ORGANIZATION

The paper should be organized toconform with present Journal practice.Research and technical papers mustinclude a short Summary section ofabout 200 words.

Major headings — Centre on thepage with all words in capital letters.

Subheadings — Start at left-handmargin, capitalize first letter of majorwords.

Sub-subheadings —Start at left-handmargin, in lower case except firstletter of first word, and underline.

Technical and detailed informationshould be included in only one fashion— by description, table, graph, chart,or photograph.

References

List references alphabetically byauthors at the end. Include year ofpublication, title in lower case exceptfirst letter of first word, and source,with volume and page numbers whereapplicable. Names of periodicalsshould be abbreviated in the form givenin either the List ot PeriodicalsAbstracted by Chemical Abstracts orthe American Standard for PeriodicalTitle Abbreviations. Material in press,with the name of the journal, may beused as a reference. Private communi

cations and reports or numbered papersnot yet accepted for publication shouldbe referred to in parentheses in thetext or in a footnote. Designate footnotes by lower-case letters in alphabetical order using superscript lettersin the text. References in the manuscript should be designated by arabicnumerals in parentheses.

Tables

Designate tables at the top by tablenumber (Roman numerals) and title, allin capital letters. All headings andother information in tables are to be inlower case except first letter of firstword. Keep the table compact and placeit across the page wherever possible.Do not use vertical lines.

Measurements

Use the metric system in the textwhere practical or list metric equi-' dents in parentheses after Englishunits. Use only one system in tables,charts, or graphs.

Equations

Equations and formulas must beset up clearly. Use capitals for symbols as much as possible and lower

case for superscripts and subscripts.Greek and other characters should be

identified clearly. Equations shouldby numbered on the right-hand marginin large numbers and in line with diecentre of the equation.

Abbreviations

Typical phrases should be abbreviated (e.g., rpm, cps, hp, pto). Theyshould be typed in lower case withoutperiods. Abbreviate units of measuresonly when used with numerals. Do notuse abbreviations in the title or thesummary of a paper. Normally, numbersless than 10 should be spelled out,e.g., six.

Paragraphs

If paragraphs are to be numbered,designate by arabic numerals. Designate sub-paragraphs by lower caseletters in parentheses.

ILLUSTRATIONS

An illustration or a group of themshould be planned to fit, after reduction, into a space equal in width tothat occupied on the journal page byone column (preferred) or two or threecolumns if necessary. The originalshould not be more than three timesthe size of the final reproduction. Foridentification the figure number,author's name, and paper title shouldbe written lightly in the lower leftcorner of a photograph. Use a softlead pencil. Photographs should beprinted on glossy paper with strongcontrasts approximately 5x7 in.(12.7xl7.8 cm) in size. One set is requiredfor each copy of the paper.

Line drawings

Make line drawings with india inkon plain or blue-lined paper or othersuitable material. Letters, numerals,labels, and axis captions should bemade in capital size with a letteringguide (nor a typewriter). They shouldbe large enough that the smallestcharacter will not be less than 1 mmhigh when reduced. Type the figurenumbers and captions on a separatepage. One set of clear copies isrequired with each copy of the paper.The original drawings must be providedwhen the paper is accepted for printing.

The Canadian Society ofAgricultural Engineering

DOUBLE LL PRINTERSOTTAWA, CANADA