Energy-Water Nexus Vincent Tidwell and Mike Hightower Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, New Mexico Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
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Energy-Water NexusVincent Tidwell and Mike Hightower
Sandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerque, New Mexico
Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company,for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration
under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
Water for Energy
Water production, processing, distribution, and end-use requires energy
Energy for Water
• Thermoelectric Cooling
• Energy Minerals Extraction/Mining
• Fuel Processing (fossil fuels, H2,biofuels)
• Emission Control
Energy and power production requires water
• Pumping• Conveyance• Treatment• Distribution• Use
Conditioning
Estimated Freshwater Withdrawals by Sector: 320 BGD
Livestock2%
Thermoelectric39%
Irrigation39%
Public Supply14%
Industrial6%
Note: Hydropower and saline water uses are not included here!
Source: USGS Circular 1268, March, 2004
48% of total daily water withdrawals
U.S. Freshwater Consumption, 100 Bgal/day
Livestock3.3%
Thermoelectric3.3%
Commercial1.2%
Domestic7.1%
Industrial3.3%
Mining1.2%Irrigation
80.6%Source: Solley et al., 1998
U.S. Freshwater Consumption:100 BGD
Thermoelectric Water Consumption in the Continental United States: 2004
MGD
Total Water Consumption in the United States: 2004
MGD
Energy for Water Today• 27% of non-agricultural water is consumed
by the energy sector.• 3% of energy consumption is to lift, move
and treat water.• At this level of demand energy-water
Fossil or biomassk All ~90% increase in water withdrawal and consumption
National Withdrawals/ConsumptionThermoelectric Water Use
175000
200000
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
2022
2025
2028
Year
MG
D
Base
RPS
Pro Nuc
GDP
Thermoelectric Water Consumption
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
2022
2025
2028
Year
MG
D
Base
RPS
Pro Nuc
GDP
• The GDP case (increase of 6% in electricity demand) yields the highest water consumption at 5.2 BGD.
• RPS case yields the least at 4.6 BGD.
• Shift toward a richer renewables mix is capable of reducing overall thermoelectric water consumption by 5% in 2030, or 23% in terms of total post 2004 water consumption.
Projected Increase in Thermoelectric Water Consumption 2004-2030
MGD
Exploring the Nexus
1-2
2-10 >10
SupplyGW Pumping
Ratio of Sustainable Recharge to Groundwater Pumping: 2004
Future Siting at Risk
• 77 MGD consumption at risk
Future thermoelectric consumption in watersheds prone to groundwater stress
MGD
Exploring the Nexus
1-2
2-10 >10
SupplyConsumption
Ratio of Mean Stream Flow to Total Water Consumption:2004
Future Siting at Risk
• 180 MGD consumption at risk
Future thermoelectric consumption in watersheds prone to surface water stress
MGD
Exploring the Nexus
1-2
2-10 >10
SupplyConsumption
Ratio of 5th Percentile Stream Flow (Low Flow) to Total Water Consumption: 2004
Future Siting at Risk
• 1316 MGD consumption at risk
Future thermoelectric consumption in watersheds prone to drought stress
MGD
Impact of Carbon Capture and Sequestration on Water
Consumption
0.00
1000.00
2000.00
3000.00
4000.00
5000.00
6000.00
7000.00
8000.00
9000.00
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024
2028
2032
Mill
ion
Gallo
ns p
er D
ay No CCS Base
Full CCS
50% CCS
Full CCS w/Gas IGCC
Full CCS w/Gas IGCC RPS
Future Siting at Risk
• 2224 MGD consumption at risk
Future thermoelectric consumption in watersheds prone to drought stress
MGD
Environmental Controls
<1
1-1.25 >1.25
Mean FlowEnv. Flow
Ratio of Mean Stream Flow to Environmental Flow Requirements: 2004
Institutional ControlsStatus of Adjudications
Unadjudicated
Adjudication in Progress Adjudicated
SpecialAdministration
Normal Admin. Special Restrictions
Compact Basins
No Compact
Interstate Compact
Native American Nations
No Nations
10 Nations
Projected Increase in Non-Thermoelectric Water Consumption 2004-2030
MGD
Gas Shale Development• Water is used in
drilling, completion, and fracturing
• Up to 3 million gallons of water is needed per well
• Water recovery can be 20% to 70%
• Recovered water quality varies – from 10,000 ppm TDS to 100,000 ppm TDS
• Recovered water is commonly injected into deep wells
Water Demand for Transportation Fuels
Oil Shale Development• Reserves are in areas
of limited water resources
• Water needed for retorting, steam flushing, and cooling up to 3 gallons per gallon of fuel
• Concerns over in situ migration of retort by-products and impact on ground water quality
Biofuel Feedstock Impact on Cropland
No land use change for residues
equals 2006 corn ethanol acreage
37 M acres cropland as pasture and idle cropland37 M acres non-grazed forest land
2030 land use
Biofuel Water Consumption 2030
Residential/Commercial; 10750; 7%
Industrial; 8462; 6%
Mining; 901; 1%
Thermoelectric; 5083; 4%
Livestock; 3247; 2%
Irrigation; 106900; 74%Bio Irrigation; 6849; 5%
Bio Conversion; 1240; 0%
Represents 5.6% of total United States consumption up from 3.7% in 2007
Biofuel Water Demand
Non-traditional Water Resource Availability
Brackish Aquifers Oil and Gas Produced Water
Non-traditional Water Requires Energy
• Desal growing at 10% per year, waste water reuse at 15% per year
• Reuse not accounted for in USGS assessments• Non-traditional water use is energy intensive
(Modified from Water Reuse 2007, EPA 2004, Mickley 2003)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Kw
h/m
^3
1 2 3 4 5Sea WaterRO
Today The Future
ConventionalTreatment
BrackishRO
BrackishNF
Power Requirements For Treating
(Einfeld 2007)
Interconnection Wide Planning• Assist planners in the Western and Texas
Interconnections to analyze the potential implications of water stress on transmission planning.
Project Partners• Sandia National Laboratories
– Vincent Tidwell– Len Malczynski– Peter Kobos– Elizabeth Richards
• Argonne National Laboratory– John Gasper– John Veil– Tom Veselka
• Electric Power Research Institute– Robert Goldstein
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory– Jordan Macknick– Robin Newmark– Daniel Inman– Kathleen Hallett
• Idaho National Laboratory– Gerald Sehlke– Randy Lee
• Pacific Northwest National Laboratory– Mark Wigmosta– Richard Skaggs– Ruby Leung
• University of Texas– Michael Webber– Carey King
Contact: Vincent TidwellSandia National LaboratoriesPO Box 5800; MS 0735Albuquerque, NM 87185(505)[email protected]
More Information at:www.sandia.gov/mission/energy/arra/energy-water.html