Energy Storage: Enabling Grid-Ready Solutions for Renewables Integration Research Advisory Committee 31 March 2010
Energy Storage: Enabling Grid-Ready Solutions for Renewables Integration
Research Advisory Committee 31 March 2010
2© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Variability & Uncertainty in Renewables: Potential Operating Challenges
High Levels of Wind and Solar PV Will Present an
Operating Challenge!
3© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
A Portfolio of Balancing Solutions for Renewables…
Traditional Low VG System
Planning Margin1.0 2.01.51.25 1.75
1.15 – 1.20
Same System + High VG 1.8 – 1.9
+ Available Transmission 1.5 – 1.6
+ Liquid Markets 1.4 – 1.5
+ Energy Storage 1.3 – 1.4
+ Demand Response 1.2 – 1.3
Storage is a Vital Component of the Balancing Portfolio!
Assumed Values forIllustration Only
4© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Energy Storage at EPRI
2020
2030
2010
EPRI Storage
Blueprint
Near Term: Enable Grid-Ready Storage Solutions
by 2015
Near Term: Enable Grid-Ready Storage Solutions
by 2015
5© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
• EPRI goal: Reliable, cost- effective storage solutions in three areas:– Large-scale bulk storage as
a balancing resource for renewables (> 50 MW for several hours)
• EPRI goal: Reliable, cost- effective storage solutions in three areas:– Large-scale bulk storage as
a balancing resource for renewables (> 50 MW for several hours)
– Substation storage for transmission and distribution asset upgrade deferral (1 – 10 MW for 2 – 6 hours)
• EPRI goal: Reliable, cost- effective storage solutions in three areas:– Large-scale bulk storage as
a balancing resource for renewables (> 50 MW for several hours)
– Substation storage for transmission and distribution asset upgrade deferral (1 – 10 MW for 2 – 6 hours)
– Distributed energy storage systems at neighborhood level (15 – 25 kW for 2 – 4 hours)
Near-term Focus: Grid-Ready Storage Solutions
• EPRI goal: Reliable, cost- effective storage solutions in three areas:
6© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 2 4 6 8 10Discharge Duration (hours)
Cap
ital C
ost (
$/kW
)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 2 4 6 8 10Discharge Duration (hours)
Cap
ital C
ost (
$/kW
)
Pumped Hydro
Aboveground CAES
Lead-Acid Batteries
NaS BatteriesLithium Ion: Most cost-effective for short durations
CAES: Most cost-effective for long durations
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 2 4 6 8 10Discharge Duration (hours)
Cap
ital C
ost (
$/kW
)
Lithium Ion (Projected, 2020)
All costs in 2010 Dollars Costs are installed costs and include all necessary power electronics and balance of plant
Underground CAES
Energy Storage: Technology Directions
Data from Electric Energy Storage: Technology Options (EPRI White Paper to be released 2010)
Lithium Ion: Most cost-effective for short durations
CAES: Most cost-effective for long durations
In the near term, EPRI technology demonstrations will focus on Lithium Ion and CAES
7© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
EPRI Storage
Blueprint
Near-term Initiatives in Storage
2020
2030
2010
EPRI Board Demonstration: Lithium Ion
Grid Storage
EPRI Board Demonstration: Lithium Ion
Grid Storage
EPRI Board Demonstration:
CAES Grid Storage
EPRI Board Demonstration:
CAES Grid Storage
Near Term: Enable Grid-Ready Storage Solutions
by 2015
Near Term: Enable Grid-Ready Storage Solutions
by 2015
EPRI Storage
Blueprint
8© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Energy Storage at EPRI
2020
2030
2010
Near Term: Enable Grid-Ready Storage Solutions
by 2015
Near Term: Enable Grid-Ready Storage Solutions
by 2015
Long Term: Creating Technologies and Strategic Tools to
Improve the Value of Storage
Long Term: Creating Technologies and Strategic Tools to
Improve the Value of Storage
9© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Energy Storage at EPRI
2020
2030
2010
Near Term: Enable Grid-Ready Storage Solutions
by 2015
Near Term: Enable Grid-Ready Storage Solutions
by 2015
Long Term: Creating Technologies and Strategic Tools to
Improve the Value of Storage
Long Term: Creating Technologies and Strategic Tools to
Improve the Value of Storage
Business CasesBusiness Cases- Secondary Use of
Vehicle Lithium Ion
Advanced TechnologiesAdvanced Technologies- Adiabatic CAES
- Advanced Lithium Ion
- Metal Halide Batteries
- Fuel Cells
Strategic ToolsStrategic Tools
- REGEN Analyses
- Tools development
10© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
EPRI as Observer: Silicon Anodes for Lithium IonHow will EPRI Innovation make a difference?
DEVELOPER/LEADER(Lead the
Development)
DEVELOPER/PARTNER(Get dirty)
PARTICIPANT(Seat at
the table)OBSERVER(In the room)
Silicon Nanowires for Advanced Lithium Ion
Sodium Beta Batteries Adiabatic CAES Zinc Air
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EPRI as Observer: Silicon Anodes for Lithium Ion OBSERVER
(In the room)
Silicon anodes offer substantial energy density advantages over today’s graphite anodes
372 mAh/g
4200 mAh/g
Carbon Silicon
But a big problem: 400% volume expansion during cycling
Source: (1) A
ngewandte C
hemie International
Edition, doi: 10.1002/anie.20080435
12© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sou
rce:
Nex
eon,
Inc.
Pulverized Silicon
EPRI as Observer: Silicon Anodes for Lithium Ion OBSERVER
(In the room)
Images C
ourtesy Am
prius, Inc. Silicon Particles
Silicon Nanowires
Nanowires allow volume expansion without pulverization
13© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Images C
ourtesy Am
prius, Inc.
EPRI as Observer: Silicon Anodes for Lithium Ion
• Nanowire anode with existing cathode allows 40% increase in energy capacity
275 Wh/kg 400 Wh/kg40 mile range 56 mile range
OBSERVER(In the room)
EPRI monitoring progress, working with developers where
opportunities exist
• Advanced cathodes will allow 6 times present energy capacity250 Wh/kg 1500 Wh/kg
40 mile range 240 mile rangeYang, et. al “New Nanostructured Li2S/Silicon Rechargeable Battery with
High Specific Energy”, Nano Letters, Feb 25, 2010
14© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Other vendors now investing in production capacity for similar technologies– GE – for locomotives– FIAMM – for electric vehicles
OBSERVER(In the room)PARTICIPANT
(Seat atthe table)
EPRI as Participant: Sodium Beta Batteries
• High-temperature sodium batteries popular in utility applications– More than 300 MW installed – Over 250 MW on order– Almost all from one vendor
$250M$420M
$600M
2008 2009 2010*
Estimated worldwide investment in high-temperature sodium battery
production capacity
* projectedEPRI working with developers to influence how technologies
are used for grid storage
15© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
PARTICIPANT(Seat at
the table)
DEVELOPER/PARTNER(Get dirty)
EPRI as Developer/Partner: Zinc-Air Batteries
• Zinc-air batteries are a next-generation battery technology– Higher energy density than
lithium ion– Potentially lower cost than
lithium ion• Technology still faces major
technical hurdles– Air cathode life– Rechargeability
• Obstacle: Lack of research funding– EPRI can help with seed
funding and cost shareEPRI funding developers to
develop fundamental technologies
Images C
ourtesy ReV
olt Technology.
16© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Thermal Oils Molten Salt Pebble Beds
PARTICIPANT(Seat at
the table)
DEVELOPER/LEADER(Lead the
Development)
Conventional compressed air energy storage (CAES) requires a fuel input to operate, and so is not carbon neutral.
Heat Fuel
EPRI as Technology Leader: Adiabatic CAES
Air Store (Below Ground or Above Ground
Compressor ExpanderMotor
Generator
Inlet Air
Clutches
Exhaust Air
Off-peak Electricity
Electricity Output
Heat
Thermal Storage
Conventional compressed air energy storage (CAES) requires a fuel input to operate, and so is not carbon neutral.
Adiabatic CAES stores the heat of compression in thermal energy storage
EPRI is developing Adiabatic CAES technology in-house, with
the goal of proof of concept within five years
17© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Storage Technologies: Risk and Reward for the Utility Enterprise
Ris
k / P
oten
tial R
ewar
d
2010 2020 20252015
Metal Halide
Lithium Ion
CAES
Advanced Lithium Ion
Zinc AirFuel Cells
Adiabatic CAES
EPRI is researching a balanced portfolio of technologies to
maximize future options
18© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Summary
• The future of utility storage– Storage is likely to be dominated by technologies that can achieve
scale – Cost, life, and efficiency are the key performance metrics for
technology options– Common functional requirements and standard test protocols will
speed this process
• EPRI pursuing a balanced research portfolio to ensure storage options are available– Enable grid-ready storage options by 2015– Demonstration of system-integrated CAES and lithium ion battery
storage systems– Advanced technology development that maximizes EPRI impact
19© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Together…Shaping the Future of Electricity
A “concrete” look at EPRI
Maria Guimaraes
My work for Technology Innovation
13© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Why is R&D in concrete needed?
Brief introduction on concrete degradation
A “concrete”
look at each sector in EPRI
–
Concrete structures
–
Challenges
–
Solutions
A roadmap for concrete research?
14© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Concrete = $$$??? (some examples)
Concrete pipe
Concrete containment
Foundations transmission line
The licensee identified leakage of contaminated water from cracks in the spent fuel pool (SFP)….
Spent fuel pool
15© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
How reinforced concrete degrades?
CONCRETEREINFORCEMENT
TENSILE STRENGTH
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
PROTECTS REINFORCEMENT
↑pH
16© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
What causes concrete degradation?
4”
x 6”
wood in containment wall
POOR DESIGN
POOR MAINTENANCE
POOR CONSTRUCTION
UNEXPECTED STRESSESBlocked
drainage channel in spent fuel
pool
Broken wires in concrete pipes
17© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Nuclear Generation PDU Renewables Environment
www.hpschapters.org
STRUCTURES CHALLENGES SOLUTIONS
Containments
Spent fuel pools
Torus –
suppression pool
RPV pedestals
Concrete pipes (PCCP)
Dry casks
LTO –
concrete structures
Remaining life
Design for inspection!
Efficient inspection Data processing!!!
Address each item on slide 4
18© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cooling towers
Chimney stacks
Concrete dams
Concrete pipes (PCCP)
Nuclear Generation PDU Renewables Environment
Inspection and maintenance not as strict as nuclear
Lacks an industry wide support
LTO –
concrete structures
Remaining life
Guidelines on inspection and data management
Many structures are similar to nuclear
STRUCTURES CHALLENGES SOLUTIONS
19© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Foundations of transmission towers
Concrete poles
Foundations and pedestals in substations
Nuclear Generation PDU Renewables Environment
Inspection and maintenance
~157,000 miles of transmission lines
STRUCTURES CHALLENGES SOLUTIONS
Can we inspect them remotely?
A risk-management program?
High risk lines
Underground vaults
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Nuclear Generation Environment Renewables PDU
Last year presentation on sensors for PDU –
Andrew Phillips
Sensors …?
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WIND POWER
Nuclear Generation PDU Renewables Environment
Post-tensioned concrete
Foundations
Same structures as a coal plant
GEOTHERMAL (dry rock)SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICHYDRO-
tides and waves
Energy storage!!
BIOMASS
SOLAR FIRED POWER PLANTS
Still looking…
Laing et al., 2008
22© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Concrete as high volume use of CCP
Beneficial uses of fly ash in
concrete
Nuclear Generation PDU Renewables Environment
Crushed concrete as a potential sink for CO2 ?
CONCRETE CHALLENGES (related to concrete)
Coal ash a hazardous material??(new EPA proposal)
Increase the use of CCP in concrete –
innovation!
www.acaa-usa.org
23© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
An ideal roadmap for concrete research?
R&D AREAS MEDIUM TERM GOALS LONG TERM GOALS
Concrete inspection
Data processing and use
Outreach –
utilities and Colleges
Non contact NDE –
Embedded sensors
NDE for in depth inspections
New construction opportunities
Real-time monitoring of vibration during placement of concrete
Outreach -
designers and builders
Inspection programs
Life management program
Existing construction opportunities
LTO in concrete
Life management program
Concrete ageing relevant to 60-80 years
24© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
A “concrete”
look at EPRI
Questions?