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materials and components (something that can be used) that can
be found within the environment.Natural resources Ubiquitous
resources- resources can be found everywhere such as sunlight and
air- will not run out in foreseeable futureInexhaustible resources-
Examples are: solar radiation, geothermal energy, and air Biotic
resources- obtained from the biosphere (living and organic
material), such as forests, animals, birds, and fish and the
materials that can be obtained from them. - fossils such as coal
and petroleum are also included in this category because they are
formed from decayed organic matter.- those that come from
non-living, non-organic material. Abiotic resources- Examples:
land, water, air, heavy metals such as gold, iron, copper, etc.
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Renewability of Natural Resources1. Renewable- can be
replenished naturally considered renewable only so long as the rate
of replenishment/recovery exceeds that of the rate of consumption.-
Examples: sunlight, air, wind, etc., are continuously available and
their quantity is not noticeably affected by human consumption.2.
Non renewable - their rate of consumption exceeds the rate of
replenishment/recovery- examples: fossil fuels and mineral deposits
are in this category because their rate of formation is extremely
slow (potentially millions of years), which means they are
considered non-renewable from a human use perspective
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1. Solar energy -collected and converted by photovoltaic cells
known as solar cellsRenewable Energy Resources
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Hydroelectric power - The kinetic energy in the falling and
flowing of water in rivers and streams is used to produce
electricity
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3. Energy from heat stored in waterOcean Thermal Energy
Conversion (OTEC)Mechanics:1. Warm surface water is pumped through
a heat exchanger and used to evaporate liquid ammonia.The ammonia
gas (working fluid) is used to drive turbines that generate
electric currentThe used gas in converted back to liquid ammonia by
cold water from the deeper part of the ocean
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OTEC facilities
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Advantages of OTEC facilities1. minimal environmental impacts -
no greenhouse gas emissions 2. Produces desalinated water for
industrial, agricultural, and residential uses3. Provides
air-conditioning for buildingsDisadvantages2. Localized only in the
tropics 4. The cold, deep seawater used in the OTEC process is also
rich in nutrients, and it can be used to culture both marine
organisms and plant life1. Still not highly efficient
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4. Wind energyWind- simply air in motion- caused by the uneven
heating of the Earth's surface by the sun. the Earth's surface is
made of very different types of land and water, it absorbs the
sun's heat at different rates.The Daily Wind CycleSea BreezeA
coastal breeze blowing from sea to land caused by the temperature
difference when the land surface is warmer than the sea surface.
The sea breeze usually occurs during the day.Land BreezeA coastal
breeze flowing from land to sea caused by the temperature
difference when the sea surface is warmer than the adjacent land.
The land breeze usually occurs at night
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Wind- simply air in motion- caused by earths rotationthe equator
is hotter than the north and south polesforce created by the
rotation of the EarthCoriolis force it deflects air to the right
(east) in the Northern Hemisphere- the effect is the northeast
trade wind- at the lower hemisphere, the effect is called the
southwest trade wind
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Wind power- energy created and stored using the kinetic energy
that comes naturally from the wind- the process of capturing that
wind energy and converting it to electrical power that can be used
in households across the nation.- wind power is captured using a
wind electric turbine
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With an average of 14 34 miles per hour, a small turbine can
generate 10-1000kilowatt of electricity- approximately 2.5% of
electric consumption is generated by wind powerCompetitive price -
the overall cost per unit of energy produced is similar to the cost
for new coal and natural gas installations- the fastest growing
source of renewable energy todayWind TurbinesThe worlds largest
turbine which is in operation as of 2011 has an output of 340MW
(built by Siemens Power Generation).
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Advantages of wind power- produces no greenhouse gas emissions
represents a renewable source of energy, which decreases dependence
on foreign fossil fuelsDisadvantages- may cover a large area of
land- an increase of bird and wildlife mortality is observed closed
to these windmills- noise pollution- uneven and unpredicted wind
supply
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- renewable energy from plants and animals Biomass- an organic
plant material that can be burned directly as fuel or converted to
gaseous or liquid biofuels through chemical processes such as
distillation, pyrolysis, and esterifications a renewable energy
source because we can always grow more trees and crops, and waste
will always exist. - examples of biomass fuels are wood, crops,
manure, and some garbage. when burned, the chemical energy in
biomass is released as heat to produce steam for making
electricity, or to provide heat to industries and homes
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Harnessing energy from biomass by conversion technologies such
as1. Thermal conversion2. Chemical conversion -
transesterification3. Biochemical conversion- fermentation and
composting- burning, combustion, or pyrolysis
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wood waste or garbage can be burned to produce steam for making
electricity, or to provide heat to industries and homesthe rapid
oxidation of the feedstock producing energy. The energy is used to
heat a boiler. High pressured steam is is produced to rotate a
turbine which powers a generator. Combustion- Exothermic reaction:
Organic material + O2 CO2 + H2O + heat
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Pyrolysis is a thermochemical decomposition of organic material
at elevated temperatures without the participation of oxygen
producing organic gases and oils.
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Anaerobic digestion is a biological decomposition process where
bacteria are used in controlled anaerobic conditions to break down
biodegradable organic waste.The key by-product of anaerobic
digestion is methane gas which is produced by the bacteria
decomposing the organic waste and can be captured and utilised as a
biogas.
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- the presence of oxygen means than different bacteria are
employedAerobic composting - similar to anaerobic digestion with
the key difference being the presence of oxygen - aerobic
composting produces gases which can be captured and utilised for
energy- raw organic materials (such as crop residues, animal
wastes, food garbage, some municipal wastes and some industrial
wastes) enhance their suitability as fertilizers after
composting.
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Fermentation a biological process in which enzymes produced by
microorganisms catalyze chemical reactions- these microorganisms
digest sugars to produce the energy and chemicals they need for
survival while giving off by-products such as carbon dioxide,
organic acids, hydrogen, ethanol, and other products, which are
then collected and utilized for energy production
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Biofuels - include fuels derived from biomass conversion, as
well as solid biomass, liquid fuels, and biogasesExamples:biomass
wood, paper, sawdust, etcliquid fuels bioethanol derived from
fermentation- biodiesel derived from transesterification of
fatsbiogases- methane derived from anaerobic decomposition of
biomass but pure ethanol (or bioethanol) can not be used for
spark-ignition engines due to its low vapour pressure and high
latent heat of vaporization which make cold start problematicE5G to
E26G (5-26% ethanol, 95-74% gasoline)E85G (85% ethanol, 15%
gasoline)E15D (15% ethanol, 85% diesel)E95D (95% ethanol, 5% water,
with ignition improver)Bioethanol- the most widely used alternative
automotive fuel in the world,- blends used to increase
functionality of bioethanol worldwide, most bioethanol is produced
from sugar cane, molasses and corn, but other starchy materials
such as wheat, barley and rye are also suitable a feedstock of
around 3 tons of grains is needed for the production of 1 ton of
ethanol.
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Biodiesel is an alternative fuel similar to conventional or
fossil diesel, which is used to ignite diesel
enginesTransesterification - the process of converting a fatty acid
to biodiesel *11% of worlds energy was biofuel in 1984*15% by the
1st decade of the 21st century
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Non-renewable Energy Resources1. coal, petroleum, and natural
gas2. Geothermal resources3. Nuclear powerCoal - Coal is a
combustible, sedimentary, organic rock, which is composed mainly of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.Coalification - geological process of
forming materials of high carbon content from decayed organic
materials followed by a gradual transformation into coal by action
of moderate temperature (about 500 K) and high pressure in a
geochemical stages.formed from decayed plants, pressed between
fossilized by the combined effects of pressure and heat over
millions of years. - around 100 years of coal remaining
worldwide.
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Coke carbonized coal - the carbon content is increased by
changing the hydrocarbons to carbon and removing the moisture
content of coal. - CnH2n+2 + O2 C + H2OPeat - the precursor of
coal. It is formed by the action of bacteria on plant debris. Tar -
a brown or black liquid of extremely high viscosity. - a by-product
when coal is carbonized to make coke or gasified to make coal gas.
- a mixtures of phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),
and heterocyclic compounds, about 200 substances in all.
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Types of Coal-The softest and the lowest in rank of the four
types of coal. -Yellow to dark brown or rarely black. - Contains
about 25%-35% carbon (on a dry, ash-free basis) and has a calorific
value near 17 megajoules per kilogram (7,000 BTU per pound).1.
Lignite-Intermediate in rank between lignite and bituminous coal.
-Dark brown to black coal. -It contains 42%-52% carbon (on a dry,
ash-free basis) and has calorific values ranging from about 19 to
26 megajoules per kilogram (about 8,200 to 11,200 BTU per pound).
It is characterized by greater compaction than lignites as well as
greater brightness and luster. 2. Subbituminous
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-Most abundant form of coal.-Intermediate in rank between
subbituminous coal and anthracite. -The carbon content of around
60%-80%.-Calorific values of 24 to 35 megajoules per kg
(10,500-15,000 BTU per pound)3. Bituminous -The most highly
metamorphosed and highest in rank of coal. -It contains fixed
carbon of about 86%-98% on a dry, ash-free basis.-Has calorific
values near 35 megajoules per kilogram-Anthracite is the least
plentiful form of coal. 4. Anthracite
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- The main component is the hydrocarbon familyEx: methane,
CH4paraffins, aromatics, naphtenes, alkenes, dienes and
alkynesPropane, C3H8Butane, C4H10Octane, C8H18Petroleum- a
yellow-to-black liquid with a pungent odor made up of a mixture of
hydrocarbons and other organic materials that are found beneath the
surface of the earth. - a fossilized liquid- also called crude
oil
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Components of petroleum are separated in oil refineries
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Combustion:C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) + heatThe by products of
combustion are: sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and nitroxide. - NO2
and SO2 contribute to acid rain- CO2 is a greenhouse gasCoal and
petroleum are used as a fuel to generate electricity by
combustionIt is burned in a furnace to convert water to steam. The
energy of the steam is used to to spin turbines which turn
generators that create electricity. - Disadvantages of Coal and
Petroleum as Power Sources: 2. Non-renewable source of energy
CnH2n+2 CO2 + H2 O + heat
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fuel of the futurefound deep underground, or extracted through
driven wells. formed beneath the earths surface by the
decomposition of organic matter85-90% methane, with varying amounts
of ethane, propane, butane, and other hydrocarbon compounds. In its
natural state, the gas is colorless, odorless, and lighter than
air.
ExtractionNatural gas is formed along with oil fields and coal
bedsIt can also be obtained from coal through coal gasification.
Natural gas is often referred to as the cleanest alternative
burning fossil fuel. It can be used in the form of compressed
natural gas (CNG) or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).Natural Gas
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Advantages Is more environment friendly than oil or coal. For
same amount of heat, natural gas emit 30% less carbon dioxide than
burning oil and 45% less carbon dioxide than burning coal. Due to
clean burning process, doesnt produce ashes after energy release.Is
cheap (less expensive than gasoline) therefore, very cost
effective.Can be safely stored and burned.
Disadvantages Is highly volatile (highly flammable) and can be
dangerous.Is colorless, odorless and tasteless.The most common
cause of carbon monoxide deaths.Constructing and managing such
pipelines cost a lot.nonrenewable energy resource. Its availability
is finite. Critics also point that their extraction leaves out
large craters within the earth.
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one of the largest and most significant industrial endeavors in
Philippine history. the project is spearheaded by the Philippine
Department of Energy (DOE) developed and operated by Shell
Philippines Exploration B.V. (SPEX)to extract natural gas and
condensate from the sea floor. >>sub-sea facilities, a
shallow water production platform, an underwater pipeline, a
catenary-anchored leg mooring buoy, and an onshore processing gas
plant.In 1989, a small gas reservoir called Camago was
discovered.In 1992, SPEX discovered the Malampaya gas field, and
was later found to be connected to the Camago structure.In 1998,
former President Fidel V. Ramos signed the declaration of
commerciality of the venture. In October 2001, the Malampaya Deep
Water Gas-to-Power Project was inaugurated in a special ceremony at
the onshore gas plant in Batangas.
The Malampaya Project: The Philippine Natural Gas Source
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How to control the use of the natural resourcesHow to
rehabilitate the area after operationsHow to provide a proper and
formal mechanism for sustainable developmentMaintain health and
safety of the environment and peopleEnvironmental Concerns
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Nuclear reactions- reactions involving the nuclei of atoms-
these reactions occur with a simultaneous release of heat and
radiations- nuclear reactions maybe naturally occuring or
inducedTypes of radiations
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Types of Nuclear ReactionsNuclear fusion two or more small
nuclei fuse together to form a bigger nucleus accompanied by a
release of massive heat and radiation examples2. Nuclear fissiona
nuclear reaction in which a heavy nucleus splits spontaneously or
on impact with another particle, with the release of
energyexamples
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Nuclear power- an energy which is produced with the use of a
controlled nuclear reaction
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Nuclear power plant a thermal energy source in which heat is
generated from nuclear reactorsas of Jan. 2013, there is a total of
439 nuclear power reactors world wide.
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Advantages of Nuclear Power- Environmental friendly because no
CO2 and other greenhouse gases produced- More economical more
energy is produced from a lesser amount o fuel- price of fuel is
competitive with other fuel sources- Fuel source (Uranium) is still
very abundant and inexhaustibleDisadvantages- Fuel source is
radioactiveUranium radiation may cause cancer- Fuel source is a
heavy metalIngestion of uranium metal may cause kidney failure-
Proper disposal of fuel wastes should be observed- Possibility of
power plant meltdown- Security measures may be very expensive