Energy Requirements • Living tissue is maintained by constant expenditure of energy (ATP). • ATP is Indirectly generated from – glucose, fatty acids, ketones, amino acids and other organic molecules. • Energy of food is commonly measured in kilocalories.
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Energy Requirements Living tissue is maintained by constant expenditure of energy (ATP). ATP is Indirectly generated from –glucose, fatty acids, ketones,
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Energy Requirements
• Living tissue is maintained by constant expenditure of energy (ATP).
• ATP is Indirectly generated from – glucose, fatty acids, ketones, amino acids and
other organic molecules.
• Energy of food is commonly measured in kilocalories.
Anabolism• Synthesis (build up):
– Synthesizing:
• Proteins.
• Triglycerides.• Glycogen.
• Must occur constantly to replace molecules that are hydrolyzed.
Catabolism• Hydrolysis (break down):
– Hydrolysis reactions.
A + B + H2O OH A + H B
Gluconeogenesis − from stored Glycogen = Glycogenolysis− from stored fat = Lipolysis
Regulation of Adipose Tissue
Adipocytes secrete Leptin:
This Hormone signals the hypothalamus to indicate the level of fat storage.
Neuropeptides that stimulate appetite are inhibited by leptin.
Obesity• Obesity is often diagnosed by using using a body mass
index (BMI).• BMI = w
h 2
• W = weight in kilograms• H = height in meters
• Obesity in childhood is due to an increase in both the size and the # of adipocytes.
• Obesity defined as BMI > 30.
• Healthy weight as BMI between 19 – 25.
Energy Regulation of Pancreas
• Islets of Langerhans3 cell types:
Alpha or A glucagon.Beta or B insulin.Delta or D somatostatin.
Regulation of Insulin and Glucagon
Increased plasma glucose.• Glucose binds to receptors in cells stimulating
production and release of insulin.
Insulin: • Stimulates skeletal muscle cells and adipocytes to
incorporate a facilitated diffusion carrier for glucose.
Promotes anabolism.
Regulation of Insulin and Glucagon• Parasympathetic Nervous System: