Top Banner
Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany
51

Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Apr 05, 2015

Download

Documents

Franz Bolich
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization:

Part III: Therapeutic Options

Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany

Page 2: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Adipocyte Biology

Page 3: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Adipocyte-Based Therapies

Alteration of Insulin/EC/GIP Signalling

Obesity, Insulin Resistance

Premature Mortality

Lipo

gene

sis

3-Adrenoceptor Agonists/TZD/CNTF

Conversion of WAT to BAT

Obesity

Insulin Resistance

Ther

mog

enes

is

Leptin/Adiponectin/Visfatin Analoga

11-HSD-1 Inhibitors

PAI-1/RAS/Adipotensin Blockers

RBP4 Urinary Excretion Enhancer

Insulin Resistance, Dyslipidemia, Obesity

Amenorrhea, Hypertension,

Atherosclerosis

Hor

mon

e Sec

retio

n

Klein 2006Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism

Page 4: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Farooqi et al., N Engl J Med, 1999

Page 5: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Oral, E. A. et al. N Engl J Med 2002;346:570-578

Mean ({+/-}SE) Plasma Glucose Levels in Response to an Insulin-Tolerance Test (Panel A) and an Oral Glucose-Tolerance Test (Panel B) in Nine Patients at Base Line and after Four Months of

Leptin-Replacement Therapy

Page 6: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Oral, E. A. et al. N Engl J Med 2002;346:570-578

Clinical Course of Patient 1, as Assessed by Changes in Mean Triglyceride Levels, Glycosylated Hemoglobin Values, and Serum Leptin Values

Page 7: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Welt, C. K. et al. N Engl J Med 2004;351:987-997

Follicular, Ovarian, and Endometrial Ultrasonographic Measurements at the Beginning and End of the One-Month Baseline Period and at Their Maximum during r-metHuLeptin Treatment

Page 8: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Welt, C. K. et al. N Engl J Med 2004;351:987-997

Representative Patterns of LH Pulsatile Characteristics at Baseline and after Two Weeks of r-metHuLeptin Therapy in Eight Subjects

Page 9: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Survival

Individual Protection Against Environment:

Fit for Fight & Flight:

Immune System

Preservation of Species:

Reproduction:

Endocrine System

Energy storage & release:Energy management

Klein, Discovery Medicine 2006

Page 10: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Fit for Fight & Flight

Reproduction

Energy storage & release

Adipose Tissue

ImmuneFunction

Endocrine Function

Energy Management

Klein, Discovery Medicine 2006

Page 11: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Mögliche Ursachen einer Dysregulation des Energiestoffwechsels

I) „Afferenz“ gestört:

- veränderte Regulation der Energieaufnahme/-verwertung

II) „Efferenz“ gestört:

- Effektormechanismen der Energieabgabe gestört

Mögliche Ursachen:- genetisch: Leptin-Mangel, Melanokortin-Rezeptor-Mutationen (MC4), Ghrelin?- Umwelt:

- Medikamente: Cortison, Cannabis- Lifestyle bei kumulativem Effekt von „Meßfehlern“ (Insuffizienz des Systems, Regelschwankungen zu korrigieren)

Mögliche Ursachen:- genetisch: 3-Adrenozeptor-, UCP-1-Mutationen- Umwelt:

- Medikamente: beta-Blocker- Lifestyle bei inadäquater „Sympathikus-Adaptation“

Page 12: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Adipositas: Therapieansätze

Page 13: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

• Diät: Low Calorie Diet, Very Low Calorie Diet, Lower-Fat Diets

• Bewegung

• Verhaltenstherapie

• Bariatrische Chirurgie (u. a. gastric banding, Y-Roux-Anastomose, Gastroplastie)

• Pharmakotherapie

•„priming“ in utero?

Adipositas: Therapieansätze

Page 14: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Equation of Energy Homeostasis

Food Influx = Energy Efflux

FatFat

EnvironmentGenes

Page 15: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Mögliche Ursachen einer Dysregulation des Energiestoffwechsels

I) „Afferenz“ gestört:

- veränderte Energieaufnahme/-verwertung

II) „Efferenz“ gestört:

- Effektormechanismen der Energieabgabe gestört

Mögliche Ursachen:- genetisch: Leptin-Mangel, Melanokortin-Rezeptor-Mutationen (MC4), Ghrelin?- Umwelt:

- Medikamente: Cortison, Cannabis- Lifestyle bei kumulativem Effekt von „Meßfehlern“ (Insuffizienz des Systems, Regelschwankungen zu korrigieren)

Mögliche Ursachen:- genetisch: 3-Adrenozeptor-, UCP-1-Mutationen- Umwelt:

- Medikamente: beta-Blocker- Lifestyle bei inadäquater „Sympathikus-Adaptation“

Page 16: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Medikamentöse Adipositastherapie

I Afferenz:Orlistat (Resorptionshemmer)Phentermin

II Efferenz:3-Adrenozeptor-Agonisten

Schilddrüsenhormon T3

III Afferenz u. Efferenz:SibutraminCannabis-Rezeptor-AntagonistLeptinCiliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF)Inkretine?

Page 17: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

The slim obesity market

Page 18: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

An appetizing choice to the slim market?

Page 19: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Johannes KleinDepartment of Internal Medicine I

UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL

Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck

Das Endocannabinoid-System: Von der Unterkühlung der Maus zum Hot Topic beim Menschen

Page 20: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Johannes KleinDepartment of Internal Medicine I

UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL

Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck

Molekulare Angriffspunkte und Wirkmechanismen Der Endocannabinoide

Page 21: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Das Endocannabinoid-System

1990 – Klonierung des CB1-Rezeptors

1964 – Chemische Identifizierung von THC

Page 22: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Johannes KleinDepartment of Internal Medicine I

UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL

Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck

Vorkommen von “Endocannabinoid”-Rezeptoren

• Gebiete im Gehirn, die für Regelung des Energie- haushaltes bedeutsam sind (z. B. Appetit)

• Nervensystem d. Darmes

• Fettzellen • Leberzellen

CB1

Page 23: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Cannabinoid-Rezeptoren, Endocannabinoide

E

LL

M

472

1

1

360

1990: CB1-Rezeptor1993: CB2-Rezeptor

CB1

CB2

7-Transmembran-Rezeptoren

NOH

O

H

Anandamid

1992

2-Arachidonoyl-Glycerin

1995O

OH

OOH

Lipide

Page 24: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Eigenschaften der Endocannabinoide:Biochemie

• werden schnell wieder abgebaut (durch Enzyme)

• werden « bei Bedarf » (nach Stimulation) synthetisiert

(werden nicht in Vesikeln aufbewahrt !)

(daneben auch konstitutive Produktion möglich)

• sind Lipide (Arachidonsäure-Abkömmlinge, ähnlich Prostaglandinen)

Page 25: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Gi/o

CB1

Cannabinoide

Aktivierung von CB1-Rezeptoren

► Verminderung der Erregbarkeit der Neuronen

Adenylat-cyclase

↓ cAMP

-

Ca2+-

↓ Kalziumkanäle

K++↑ Kaliumkanäle

Page 26: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Basal 100nM 1µM

UC

P1

Pro

tein

(% o

f B

asa

l)

**

**

CB Agonist

Terminal Differentiation

Control

B

4

0 (

h)

100

60

(% of Basal)

mRNA Levels

A

Perwitz N, Klein J, Horm Metab Res, 2006

Page 27: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Cb1-Receptor agonists induce hypothermia in rodents and primates

Rawls et al. 2002, Compton et al. 1992, Fan et al. 1994, Spina et al. 1998, Fox et al. 2001

Page 28: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Das Endocannabinoid-System ist ein vielseitiges Signalsystem im Körper

aktiviert um ...

zu ruhenReduktion der Bewegungsaktivität

zu habituieren Modulation der Gedächtnisverarbeitung

zu schützenReduktion der neuronalen Aktivität

zu entspannen Reduktion von Schmerz. Reduktion der Körpertemperatur

zu essenInduktion des Essens, Aufbau von Fetten, Verstärkung des Belohnungsverhaltens

Page 29: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Das Endocannabinoid-System

1990

1992

1993

– Klonierung des CB1-Rezeptors

– Erstes Endocannabinoid: Anandamid

– Klonierung des CB2-Rezeptors

1964 – Chemische Identifizierung von THC

1999 – Erste Charakterisierung von Mäusen ohne CB1

Page 30: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Science, 1999

Page 31: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

CB1-Rezeptor-KO-Mausmodell

Zimmer et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci 1999

Page 32: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Johannes KleinDepartment of Internal Medicine I

UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL

Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck

Page 33: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Increased mortality in CB1 receptor knockout mice

Zimmer et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci 1999

Page 34: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Das Endocannabinoid-System

1990

1992

1993

1994

– Klonierung des CB1-Rezeptors

– Erstes Endocannabinoid: Anandamid

– Klonierung des CB2-Rezeptors

– Erster CB1-Rezeptor-Blocker: Rimonabant

1964 – Chemische Identifizierung von THC

1999 – Erste Charakterisierung von Mäusen ohne CB1

Page 35: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Johannes KleinDepartment of Internal Medicine I

UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL

Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck

Rimonabant: Cb1-Rez.-Hemmer

Page 36: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Cb1-Receptor agonists induce hypothermia in rodents and primates

Rawls et al. 2002, Compton et al. 1992, Fan et al. 1994, Spina et al. 1998, Fox et al. 2001

Page 37: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Rimonabant (µg) -- --

--

30

50

30

Rimonabant blockiert diesen Effekt

Anandamid-Injektion in den Hypothalamus schon gesättigter Ratten induziert “Fress-Sucht”

Ku

mu

lati

ve F

utt

erau

fnah

me

(g

/100

g K

örp

erg

ewic

ht)

0,0

1,5

1,2

0,9

0,6

0,3

2,11,8

Endocannabinoide und Futteraufnahme

Jamshidi et al, Br J Pharm 2001;134:1151-4

-- 50Anandamid (ng)

*

CB1-Blockade verhindert Überfüttern

Page 38: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.
Page 39: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.
Page 40: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.
Page 41: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Version 1.2

15 June 2005

Sites of CB1 receptor and effects of CB1 blockade

Site of Action Mechanism(s) Addresses

Hypothalamus /

Nucleus accumbens Food intake

Body weight

Intra abdominal adiposity

Adipose tissue Adiponectin Lipogenesis

Dyslipidemia

Insulin resistance

Muscle Glucose uptake Insulin resistance

Liver Lipogenesis Dyslipidemia

Insulin resistance

GI tract Satiety signalsBody weightIntra abdominal adiposity

DiMarzo 2001; Ravinet Trillou et al 2003; Cota et al 2003;Pagotto et al 2005; Van Gaal et al 2005; Liu et al 2005; Osei-Hyiaman et al 2005

Page 42: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Das Endocannabinoid-System

1990

1992

1993

1994

– Klonierung des CB1-Rezeptors

– Erstes Endocannabinoid: Anandamid

– Klonierung des CB2-Rezeptors

– Erster CB1-Rezeptor-Blocker: Rimonabant

1964 – Chemische Identifizierung von THC

2001 – Endocannabinoide als Neurotransmitter

1999 – Erste Charakterisierung von Mäusen ohne CB1

2005 – Rimonabant: Phase III-Ergebnisse

Page 43: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

RIO-Programm: Studiendesign

Rimonabant 20 mg

Rimonabant 5 mg

Plazebo

Plazebo

Woche 104Woche 52EinschlussRandomisierung

Woche 0EinschlussRandomisierung

Woche - 4Woche - 6

Leichte Diät, Kalorienbedarf reduziert um 600 kcal/Tag

ScreeningPlazebo

Run-in Phaseeinfachblind

Behandlungsdauer: 1 oder 2 Jahre doppelblind

Pi-Sunyer. Obes Res 2004, 12(Suppl)108-OR, A27

Plazebo

Rimonabant 5 mg

Rimonabant 20 mg

Wiederholte Randomisierung:

RIO-North America

Rimonabant 20 mg

Rimonabant 5 mg

Plazebo

Plazebo

Page 44: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Consistent Weight Change

Pooled data from:L.Van Gaal, Lancet 2005; 365: 1389-97, X. Pi-Sunyer, Circulation 2005:111(13);1727, JP. Després, Int J. Obes. Relat Metab Disod 2004, 28 (Suppl1) pS28; T5:O2-005

RIO~EuropePlaceboR 20 mg

RIO~LipidsPlaceboR 20 mg

RIO~NAPlaceboR 20 mg

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 LOCF

Wei

ght c

hang

e (k

g)

Weeks

-8.6 kg*

-3.6 kg*

* For RIO EU, completers

Page 45: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

X. Pi-Sunyer, Circulation 2005:111(13);1727.

RIO~NA: Prevention of Weight Regain by Chronic Therapy

Weight (kg) Change from Baseline over 2 Years (Mean +/- SEM)

-7.4 kg ± 0.4

-2.3 kg ± 0.5

-3.2 kg ± 0.4

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100 104 LOCF-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 LOCF

Weeks

Wei

ght

chan

ge (

Kg)

Placebo

Rimonabant 20 mg Rimonabant 20 mg/PLB

ITT, LOCF

Version 1.2

15 June 2005

Page 46: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

RIO~Program: Placebo-substracted change for metabolic syndrome

parameters

SBP (mmHg)

Waist circumference (cm)

Triglycerides (%)

HDL-cholesterol (%)ITT, LOCF

Mean (+ SEM)

-13.2 -15.1 -12.4 -16.4

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

** *

*

%

*p<0.001

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

7.2 8.9 8.1 8.4

** * *

*p<0.001

%

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

*

*p<0.001

cm-3.6

*

-4.2

*

-4.7

*

-3.30

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6

-3

-2,5

-2

-1,5

-1

-0,5

0

0,5

P<0.05P<0.05NSNS

-0.2 -1.2 -1.7 -2.3mmHg

0

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

-2.5

-3

0.5

Page 47: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Johannes KleinDepartment of Internal Medicine I

UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL

Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck

Nebenwirkungen von Rimonabant

Beschwerde (%)Placebo

Rimonabant 5 mg

Rimonabant 20 mg

n=348 n=358 n=339

Übelkeit 5.7 6.1 12.1

Schwindel 4.9 3.1 9.1

Gelenkschmerzen 8.0 9.8 8.8

Durchfall 6.6 6.1 7.4

Rückenschmerzen 6.9 6.1 7.1

Erbrechen 2.3 3.9 5.9

Hypoglykämie 1.7 1.4 5.3

Müdigkeit 3.7 5.3 5.3

Angst 2.6 1.1 5.0

Page 48: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Das Endocannabinoid-System

1990

1992

1993

1994

– Klonierung des CB1-Rezeptors

– Erstes Endocannabinoid: Anandamid

– Klonierung des CB2-Rezeptors

– Erster CB1-Rezeptor-Blocker: Rimonabant

1964 – Chemische Identifizierung von THC

2001 – Endocannabinoide als Neurotransmitter

1999 – Erste Charakterisierung von Mäusen ohne CB1

2005 – Rimonabant: Phase III-Ergebnisse

2006 – Rimonabant: Markteinführung in Europa

Page 49: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

Johannes KleinDepartment of Internal Medicine I

UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL

Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck

Cb1-Antagonists (Rimonabant and Successors):

Smoking Cessation

Cb2-Agonists:

Osteoporosis

Anandamide Breakdown Inhibitors (FAAH Inhibitors)

EpilepsyParkinson‘s DiseaseAlzheimer‘s DiseaseNociceptive PainStress-induced pain:Anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorderLearning – ExtinctionInflammatory Conditions: Multiple Sclerosis, IBD?Tumor cell proliferation

Potential Indications of Modulators of the Endocannabinoid System

Page 50: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/497960

Page 51: Energy Metabolism & Diseases of Modern Civilization: Part III: Therapeutic Options Johannes Klein, University of Lübeck, Germany.

• Grundkomponenten der Energiehomöostase-Gleichung

• Brennwerte, Diät-Zusammensetzung von Hauptnährstoffen

• Regelelemente der Energiehomöostase

• Fettzellfunktionen

• Differenzielle Ansätze zur Therapie von „diabesity“

• Biologie des Endocannabinoidsystems

Sie sollten nach der heutigen Vorlesung Fragen zu folgenden Themen

beantworten können: