ENERGY MANAGEMENT. A combined design and management function which embraces the disciplines of engineering mathematics accounting operations research.

ENERGY MANAGEMENT

A combined design and management function which embraces the disciplines of

engineering

mathematics

accounting

operations research

software engineering

environmental management

THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION

THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION

Measure

THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION

Measure Analyse

THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION

Measure Analyse Criticise

THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION

Measure Analyse Criticise

GenerateOptions

THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION

Measure Analyse Criticise

GenerateOptions

EvaluateOptions

THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION

Measure Analyse Criticise

GenerateOptions

OptimiseEvaluateOptions

THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION

Measure Analyse Criticise

GenerateOptions

Modify OptimiseEvaluateOptions

THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION

Measure Analyse Criticise

Control GenerateOptions

Modify OptimiseEvaluateOptions

THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION

Measure Analyse Criticise

Control GenerateOptions

Modify OptimiseEvaluateOptions

REVIEW

ENERGY ACCOUNT

A balance sheet of energy

INPUTS

OUTPUTS

THROUGHPUTSflowing through a site boundary

The INPUT sideAn analysis of

FUEL

and

ELECTRICITY bills for a representative

annual period

The OUTPUT sidedetails the ultimate energy rejection to

the external environment via

• heat transmission through the building fabric

• heat lost to ventilating air

• flue gas losses

The THROUGHPUTS

What happens inside the building

may require microaudits or energy balances over individual items of

plant and equipment:

furnaces, boilers, refrigerators, compressors, etc.

to ascertain efficiencies and to quantify sundry gains

Energy Audit

Energy Audit

Energy Audit

Energy Audit

Energy Audit

Fuel

Energy Audit

Fuel

Combustion

Stack Loss

Energy Audit

Fuel

Combustion

Boiler

Stack Loss

Energy Audit

Fuel

Combustion

Boiler

Distribution

Stack Loss

Distribution Loss

Energy Audit

Fuel

Combustion

Boiler

Distribution

People Stack Loss

Distribution Loss

Energy Audit

Fuel

Combustion

Boiler

Distribution

People LightsStack Loss

Distribution Loss

Energy Audit

Fuel

Combustion

Boiler

Distribution

People Lights PowerStack Loss

Distribution Loss

Energy Audit

Fuel

Combustion

Boiler

Distribution

People Lights Power

Processes

Stack Loss

Distribution Loss

Energy Audit

Fuel

Combustion

Boiler

Distribution

People Lights Power

Processes

Stack Loss

Distribution Loss

Electricity

Energy Audit

Fuel

Combustion

Boiler

Distribution

People Lights Power

Processes

Stack Loss

Distribution Loss

Electricity

Fuels Fuel

Food

Energy Audit

Fuel

Combustion

Boiler

Distribution

Sundry Gains

People Lights Power

Processes

Stack Loss

Distribution Loss

Electricity

Fuels Fuel

Food

Energy Audit

Fuel

Combustion

Boiler

Distribution

Space Heat Delivered

Sundry Gains

People Lights Power

Processes

Direct Reject

Stack Loss

Distribution Loss

Electricity

Fuels Fuel

Food

Energy Audit

Fuel

Combustion

Boiler

Distribution

Space Heat Delivered

Sundry Gains

People Lights Power

Processes

Direct Reject

Stack Loss

VentilationFabric Transmission

Distribution Loss

Electricity

Fuels Fuel

Food

Energy Audit

Energy Audit Equation

Fuel Energy Input =

Energy losses during combustion

+ Energy losses during conversion

+ Energy losses during distribution

+ Energy losses during utilisation

+ Energy losses from utilisation

For a heated building, INPUT side

Heating fuel energy input

+ Sundry gains from electricity

+ Sundry gains from people

+ Sundry gains from directly-fired process plant and equipment

- Sundry losses to cold plant

For a heated building, OUTPUT side

= Energy losses in flue gases

+ Energy losses during conversion

+ Energy losses from external distribution pipelines

+ Energy losses via fabric transmission

+ Energy losses in ventilating air

+ Energy losses in process materials directly rejected to the external environment

Heat Loss = Fabric Transmission Losses+Ventilation Losses

Heat Loss (W)= U A DT + m cp DT

U = Overall U-value (W/m2K)A = Area for heat loss (m2)m = Ventilating Air (kg/s)cp= specific heat of air (J/kg K) DT= Temperature difference between inside and outside (oC)

Mean Annual Heat Loss (W)= U A DT + m cp DT

m = Ventilating Air (kg/s)

= number of air changes per second (1/s) x building volume, V (m3) x density of air, r (kg/m3)

Mean Annual Heat Loss (W)= U A DT + m cp DT

m = Ventilating Air (kg/s)

= number of air changes per hour, n (1/hr) x hours/second (1/3600) x building volume,V (m3) x density of air, r (1.2 kg/m3)

Heat Loss (W)= U A DT + m cp DT

cp= specific heat of air (= 1000 J/kg K))

Heat Loss (W)= U A DT + m cp DT

= U A DT + (r V n/3600) cp DT

= U A DT + (1.2 V n/3600) x 1000 DT

= U A DT + (V n/3) DT= (U A + nV/3) DT

Fuel Burnt by Boiler (W)

= ((U A + nV/3) DT) / h

whereh is the boiler efficiency (%) expressed as a fraction

Annual Heat Loss (kWh/annum)

= (U A + nV/3) DT x heating hours per annum/1000

whereDT = mean annual temperature difference between inside and outside (oC)

Monthly Heat Loss (kWh/month)

= (U A + nV/3) DT x heating hours per month/1000

whereDT = mean monthly temperature difference between inside and outside (oC)

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES

purpose and functionnumber of occupantsoccupational patterms

environmental temperatures environmental humidities

lighting levelsventilation requirements

plans and details of constructionheating and cooling system details

FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT

COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSdegree-day data

outside air temperatures and humiditieswind speeds

solar databuilding orientation

OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS

AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS

Internal Data Fuel Data

TRACE ENERGY RELEASESYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE

OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES

DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION

LOSSES

ENERGY IN

External Data

CARRY OUT SITE SURVEYESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS

VENTILATION RATESEXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES

ENERGY OUT

ENERGY AUDIT

ASCERTAINSUNDRY GAINS

EXAMINEPROCESS LOSSES

OR GAINS

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES

purpose and functionnumber of occupantsoccupational patterms

environmental temperatures environmental humidities

lighting levelsventilation requirements

plans and details of constructionheating and cooling system details

FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT

COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSdegree-day data

outside air temperatures and humiditieswind speeds

solar databuilding orientation

OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS

AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS

Internal Data Fuel Data

TRACE ENERGY RELEASESYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE

OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES

DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION

LOSSES

ENERGY IN

External Data

CARRY OUT SITE SURVEYESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS

VENTILATION RATESEXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES

ENERGY OUT

ENERGY AUDIT

ASCERTAINSUNDRY GAINS

EXAMINEPROCESS LOSSES

OR GAINS

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES

purpose and functionnumber of occupantsoccupational patterns

environmental temperaturesenvironmental humidities

lighting levelsventilation requirements

plans and details of constructionheating and cooling system details

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES

purpose and functionnumber of occupantsoccupational patterms

environmental temperatures environmental humidities

lighting levelsventilation requirements

plans and details of constructionheating and cooling system details

FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDITInternal Data

OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS

AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES

purpose and functionnumber of occupantsoccupational patterms

environmental temperatures environmental humidities

lighting levelsventilation requirements

plans and details of constructionheating and cooling system details

FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT

OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS

AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS

Internal Data Fuel Data

COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS

degree-day dataoutside air temperatures

and humiditieswind speeds

solar databuilding orientation

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES

purpose and functionnumber of occupantsoccupational patterms

environmental temperatures environmental humidities

lighting levelsventilation requirements

plans and details of constructionheating and cooling system details

FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT

COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSdegree-day data

outside air temperatures and humiditieswind speeds

solar databuilding orientation

OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS

AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS

Internal Data Fuel Data External Data

TRACE ENERGY RELEASESYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE

OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES

purpose and functionnumber of occupantsoccupational patterms

environmental temperatures environmental humidities

lighting levelsventilation requirements

plans and details of constructionheating and cooling system details

FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT

COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSdegree-day data

outside air temperatures and humiditieswind speeds

solar databuilding orientation

OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS

AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS

Internal Data Fuel Data

TRACE ENERGY RELEASESYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE

OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES

External Data

DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION

LOSSES

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES

purpose and functionnumber of occupantsoccupational patterms

environmental temperatures environmental humidities

lighting levelsventilation requirements

plans and details of constructionheating and cooling system details

FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT

COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSdegree-day data

outside air temperatures and humiditieswind speeds

solar databuilding orientation

OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS

AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS

Internal Data Fuel Data

TRACE ENERGY RELEASESYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE

OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES

DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION

LOSSES

External Data

CARRY OUT SITE SURVEYESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS

VENTILATION RATESEXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES

purpose and functionnumber of occupantsoccupational patterms

environmental temperatures environmental humidities

lighting levelsventilation requirements

plans and details of constructionheating and cooling system details

FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT

COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSdegree-day data

outside air temperatures and humiditieswind speeds

solar databuilding orientation

OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS

AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS

Internal Data Fuel Data

TRACE ENERGY RELEASESYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE

OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES

DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION

LOSSES

External Data

CARRY OUT SITE SURVEYESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS

VENTILATION RATESEXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES

EXAMINEPROCESS LOSSES

OR GAINS

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES

purpose and functionnumber of occupantsoccupational patterms

environmental temperatures environmental humidities

lighting levelsventilation requirements

plans and details of constructionheating and cooling system details

FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT

COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSdegree-day data

outside air temperatures and humiditieswind speeds

solar databuilding orientation

OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS

AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS

Internal Data Fuel Data

TRACE ENERGY RELEASESYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE

OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES

DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION

LOSSES

External Data

CARRY OUT SITE SURVEYESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS

VENTILATION RATESEXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES

EXAMINEPROCESS LOSSES

OR GAINS

ASCERTAINSUNDRY GAINS

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES

purpose and functionnumber of occupantsoccupational patterms

environmental temperatures environmental humidities

lighting levelsventilation requirements

plans and details of constructionheating and cooling system details

FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT

COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSdegree-day data

outside air temperatures and humiditieswind speeds

solar databuilding orientation

OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS

AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS

Internal Data Fuel Data

TRACE ENERGY RELEASESYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE

OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES

DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION

LOSSES

External Data

CARRY OUT SITE SURVEYESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS

VENTILATION RATESEXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES

ASCERTAINSUNDRY GAINS

EXAMINEPROCESS LOSSES

OR GAINS

ENERGY IN

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES

purpose and functionnumber of occupantsoccupational patterms

environmental temperatures environmental humidities

lighting levelsventilation requirements

plans and details of constructionheating and cooling system details

FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT

COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSdegree-day data

outside air temperatures and humiditieswind speeds

solar databuilding orientation

OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS

AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS

Internal Data Fuel Data

TRACE ENERGY RELEASESYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE

OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES

DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION

LOSSES

ENERGY IN

External Data

CARRY OUT SITE SURVEYESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS

VENTILATION RATESEXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES

ASCERTAINSUNDRY GAINS

EXAMINEPROCESS LOSSES

OR GAINS

ENERGY OUT

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES

purpose and functionnumber of occupantsoccupational patterms

environmental temperatures environmental humidities

lighting levelsventilation requirements

plans and details of constructionheating and cooling system details

FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT

COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSdegree-day data

outside air temperatures and humiditieswind speeds

solar databuilding orientation

OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS

AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS

Internal Data Fuel Data

TRACE ENERGY RELEASESYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE

OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES

DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION

LOSSES

ENERGY IN

External Data

CARRY OUT SITE SURVEYESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS

VENTILATION RATESEXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES

ENERGY OUT

ASCERTAINSUNDRY GAINS

EXAMINEPROCESS LOSSES

OR GAINS

ENERGY AUDIT

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES

purpose and functionnumber of occupantsoccupational patterms

environmental temperatures environmental humidities

lighting levelsventilation requirements

plans and details of constructionheating and cooling system details

FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT

COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSdegree-day data

outside air temperatures and humiditieswind speeds

solar databuilding orientation

OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS

AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS

Internal Data Fuel Data

TRACE ENERGY RELEASESYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE

OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES

DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION

LOSSES

ENERGY IN

External Data

CARRY OUT SITE SURVEYESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS

VENTILATION RATESEXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES

ENERGY OUT

ENERGY AUDIT

ASCERTAINSUNDRY GAINS

EXAMINEPROCESS LOSSES

OR GAINS

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES

purpose and functionnumber of occupantsoccupational patterms

environmental temperatures environmental humidities

lighting levelsventilation requirements

plans and details of constructionheating and cooling system details

FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT

COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSdegree-day data

outside air temperatures and humiditieswind speeds

solar databuilding orientation

OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS

AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS

Internal Data Fuel Data

TRACE ENERGY RELEASESYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE

OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES

DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION

LOSSES

ENERGY IN

External Data

CARRY OUT SITE SURVEYESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS

VENTILATION RATESEXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES

ENERGY OUT

ENERGY AUDIT

ASCERTAINSUNDRY GAINS

EXAMINEPROCESS LOSSES

OR GAINS

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES

purpose and functionnumber of occupantsoccupational patterms

environmental temperatures environmental humidities

lighting levelsventilation requirements

plans and details of constructionheating and cooling system details

FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT

COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSdegree-day data

outside air temperatures and humiditieswind speeds

solar databuilding orientation

OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS

AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS

Internal Data Fuel Data

TRACE ENERGY RELEASESYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE

OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES

DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION

LOSSES

ENERGY IN

External Data

CARRY OUT SITE SURVEYESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS

VENTILATION RATESEXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES

ENERGY OUT

ENERGY AUDIT

ASCERTAINSUNDRY GAINS

EXAMINEPROCESS LOSSES

OR GAINS

ENERGY AUDIT

Energy Audit

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum

Fuel Energy

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum

Energy ReleaseFuel Energy

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum

Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum

Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy

Distribution Distribution Losses

Space HeatingHeat Delivered

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum

Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy

Distribution Distribution Losses

Processes

Sundry Gains

Direct Reject

Space HeatingHeat Delivered

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum

Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy

Distribution Distribution Losses

Processes

PeopleSundry Gains

Direct Reject

Space HeatingHeat Delivered

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum

Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy

Distribution Distribution Losses

Processes

PeopleSundry Gains

Electricity

Direct Reject

Space HeatingHeat Delivered

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum

Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy

Distribution Distribution Losses

Processes

People

Lights, Power, Processes

Sundry Gains

Direct Reject

Electricity

Direct Reject

Space HeatingHeat Delivered

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum

Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy

Distribution Distribution Losses

Processes

People

Lights, Power, Processes

Sundry Gains

Direct Reject

ElectricityElectrical Space

Heating

Direct Reject

Space HeatingHeat Delivered

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum

Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy

Distribution Distribution Losses

Processes

People

Lights, Power, Processes

Sundry Gains

Direct Reject

Electricity

Air compressors

Electrical Space Heating

Direct Reject

Space HeatingHeat Delivered

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum

Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy

Distribution Distribution Losses

Processes

People

Lights, Power, Processes

Sundry Gains

Direct Reject

Electricity

Air compressors

Electrical Space Heating

Direct Reject

Space HeatingHeat Delivered

Compressor Loss

Compressed Air

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum

Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy

Distribution Distribution Losses

Processes

People

Lights, Power, Processes

Sundry Gains

Direct Reject

Electricity

Air compressors

Electrical Space Heating

Direct Reject

Space HeatingHeat Delivered

Compressor Loss

Compressed Air

Ventilation

Fabric Transmission

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum

Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy

Distribution Distribution Losses

Processes

People

Lights, Power, Processes

Sundry Gains

Direct Reject

Electricity

Air compressors

Electrical Space Heating

Direct Reject

Space HeatingHeat Delivered

Compressor Loss

Compressed Air

Ventilation

Fabric Transmission