Energy Independence --The “moonshot” for this generation. Lonnie Ingram*, S. Zhou, K.T. Shanmugam, B.E. Wood, & T. B. Causey Florida Center for Renewable.

Energy Independence --The “moonshot” for this generation.

Lonnie Ingram*, S. Zhou, K.T. Shanmugam, B.E. Wood, & T. B. Causey

Florida Center for Renewable Chemicals and Fuel

The University of Florida

Replacing Imported Petroleum with Renewable Fuel Ethanol

The US currently needs 200 billion gallons of automotive fuel.

This represents half of the total petroleum needed in the US.

Over half of the petroleum used in the US is imported.

Therefore –

Each year, the equivalent of all US automotive fuel is imported.

Corn-based renewable fuel ethanol is produced in 19 states, providing jobs and contributing to national energy security. Corn can do more!

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1950

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1960

1965

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1975

1980

1985

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1995

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2005

2010

2015

2020

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Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration; modified

U.S. Crude Oil Imports ~ Automotive Fuel (>200 billion gal in 2004; >$200 billion in 2005)

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2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Years

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Corn Ethanol 2005

Cellulosic Ethanol lagging

Total Ethanol

Projected Ethanol Usage as Automotive Fuel

Benefits from corn and cellulosic ethanol: Renewable, reduction in oil imports Oxygenate/Octane enhancer (MTBE replacement) Agricultural residues (corn stover, wheat straw, rice straw) New manufacturing -- jobs and rural economic development

(Modified from DOE, 2002)

Predicted Corn Ethanol

LATEST STUDY: ETHANOL HAS POSITIVE, GROWING ENERGY BALANCE

The U.S. Department of Agriculture released a new study of the energy efficiency of ethanol which concludes ethanol production yields 34% more energy

than is used in growing, harvesting and distilling grain into ethanol – an increase of 10% over its 1995 energy balance study.

The report can be accessed on USDA's web site at: www.usda.gov/oce/oepnu/aer-813.pdf.

Co-utilization of corn stover could double ethanol production per acre, cutting average fossil energy use per gallon by half. (LOI)

Stover can be used as a feedstock for ethanol and residues burned as boiler fuel for energy to operate the plant.

Current technology can produce 60-80 gal/dry ton cellulosics.

www.usda.gov/oce/oepnu/aer-813.pdf

Residues from corn fermentation (15% wt)are loaded for processing into animal feed.

Could be used to produce fuel ethanol.At 60-80 gallons per dry ton, 4.5 billion 5.2 billion gal/yr

Current corn stover (cobs, stems,and leaves) could be used to produce over 25 billion gallons of ethanol/year.

March 2005 Draft Report by USDA and DOEA Billion-Ton Feedstock Supply for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry Technical Feasibility of Supplying 1 Billion Dry Tons of Biomass

Current Availability of Crop Biomass ~2002(starch and cellulosic; ~ 20 B gal ethanol/yr)

0 50 100 150 200

Total Available ~2002

MSW

Manures

Corn Grain (fuel)

Small Grains (fuel)

Corn Stover

Wheat Straw

Soy & Other Crop Res.

(~50 M tons/yr in 2005)

(>> 2005 ?)

Million Dry Tons per Year

> 70% LIGNOCELLULOSE> 70% LIGNOCELLULOSE

YardYardWastesWastes17.9%17.9%

Paper &Paper &PaperboardPaperboard37.5%37.5%

PlasticsPlastics 8.3%8.3%

Glass and MetalsGlass and Metals 14.4% 14.4%

Food and woodFood and wood 13 %13 %

U.S. Feedstocks Available by Biomass Type

Forest Residues84 MdT

Agricultural Crop Residues156 MdT

Sludge50 MdT

Primary Mill Residues2 MdT

Biogas11 MdT

Potential Energy Crops159 MdT

Other Wastes161 MdT

Source: DOE, Biobased Products and Bioenergy Roadmap, July 2001 Draft

(manure and biosolids)

(primarily switchgrass, also hybrid poplar and willow)

(landfill, digester, and sewage gas)

(unused organic fraction of municipal solid waste, construction and demolition waste wood, urban tree residues)

(corn stover, wheat and rice straw, cotton stalks)

(excludes portion currently used for fuel wood, fiber, and misc. by-product)

Total Feedstocks Available: 623 Million dry Tons (MdT) per year

Energy Equivalent: 16 quadrillion Btu

Landfill MSW MSW

Mdt = million dry tons

-$-$

~$~$

+$+$US 2005 Potential for >1 Billion dry tons/yr (~100 billion gallons ethanol/yr)

Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Glucose polymer

Xylose and other sugars

Nature’s plastic glue

Primarily pentoses,5-carbon sugars.

Homopolymer of glucose,hexose, a 6-carbon sugar.

Black thermoplasticcontaining lots of energy for burning.

E. coliE. coli – The Workhorse of Modern Biotechnology – The Workhorse of Modern Biotechnology

1. This organism can metabolize all of the sugar components (hexose and pentose) of plant carbohydrates but makes a worthless mixtures of fermentation products.

2. Universally present bacterium in gut of all people and all mammals.

3. Best understood living organism in terms of functions and genes.

4. Currently used in industry -- robust, dependable and predictable. 5. Currently used to make amino acids as nutritional supplements and animal feed ingredients (phenylalanine, tyrosine, lysine, threonine, etc.).

6. Currently used to manufacture Nutrisweet (phenylalanine half of aspartame).

7. Currently used to make insulin and a large variety of medical and veterinary products.

E. coliE. coli producing ethanol from all biomass sugars – 1987 producing ethanol from all biomass sugars – 1987

Dept. of Commerce selected as Landmark Patent 5,000,000, issued 1991Dept. of Commerce selected as Landmark Patent 5,000,000, issued 1991 Over 20 additional patents issued and pending Over 20 additional patents issued and pending

1. Created jobs -- UF licensed to BC International, Dedham, MA1. Created jobs -- UF licensed to BC International, Dedham, MA

Wood to ethanol plant -- Marubeni-led Japanese consortiumWood to ethanol plant -- Marubeni-led Japanese consortium

2-ton per day Pilot Plants in Jennings, LA and in Tokyo2-ton per day Pilot Plants in Jennings, LA and in Tokyo

2. Stimulated academic research2. Stimulated academic research

3. Stimulated research for competing biocatalysts by:3. Stimulated research for competing biocatalysts by:

DOE – NREL and academic/industry groupsDOE – NREL and academic/industry groups (US, Germany, Australia, UK, France, Sweden, Denmark, Japan, China, Korea, Russia)(US, Germany, Australia, UK, France, Sweden, Denmark, Japan, China, Korea, Russia)

4. Stimulated industrial research and development4. Stimulated industrial research and development

But now full scale ethanol plantBut now full scale ethanol plant

using cellulosic biomass.using cellulosic biomass.

How can we reduce our need for 200 billion gal of gasoline?

1. Increase efficiency – each 1% increase in average vehicle mileage reduces the need for 2 billon gallons of fuel.

Increase mileage requirements and encourage US automakers to become more competitive with the rest of the world.

2. Near Term Expansion of Renewable Fuel Ethanol (current US production -- 4.5 billion gal/yr primarily from corn starch)

Additional corn to ethanol projected to exceed 6 billion gal/yr (~20% of total corn) + 1.5 billion gal

Additional 1 billion gal/yr from grain residues + 1.0 billion gal

Additional 30 billion gal/yr could be made from corn (cellulosic corn cobs, stalks, stems, leaves) + 30 billion gal

3. USDA/DOE - Potential for > 1 billion tons ~ 100 billion gal (approximately half of imported petroleum)

Potential Sustainable Biomass in US(starch and cellulosic; ~ 100 B gal ethanl/yr)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Total Resources

Agricul.Resources

Forest Resources

Million Tons per Year

March 2005 Draft Report by USDA and DOEA Billion-Ton Feedstock Supply for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry Technical Feasibility of Supplying 1 Billion Dry Tons of Biomass

This represents half of our automotive fueland half of imported petroleum.

Together with other alternative fuels and Improvements in efficiency, we should be ableto eliminate our dependence on imported oil.

We need significant Federal R&D&D Investment to reach US Energy Independence.

If we had dedicated 1/2 cent per gallon towardthe renewable fuel goal after the first oil crisis, we would not be in our current position today.

Office of Science, Energy BiosciencesEnergy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Biomass Program

National Research Initiative Biobased Products and Bioenergy Research

Joint USDA-DOE Biomass Initiative

Dependence on petroleum Dependence on petroleum remains as the remains as the single most important factor single most important factor affecting the world distributionaffecting the world distributionof wealth, global conflict, of wealth, global conflict, human health, and human health, and environmental quality.environmental quality.

Reversing this dependence Reversing this dependence would increase employment, would increase employment, preserve our environment, and preserve our environment, and facilitate investments to improvefacilitate investments to improvethe health and living conditionsthe health and living conditionsfor all. for all.

1989 - Professor Ohta conductingfermentation studies at Univ. Fla.

A 10-yr plan for US independence from imported oil should be a National Goal equivalent to the program that placed man on the moon.

A billion dollars/yr could be provided to support renewable fuels and chemicals by assigning ½ cent per gallon of current gasoline tax.

Florida Center for Renewable Florida Center for Renewable Chemicals and Fuels (FCRC)Chemicals and Fuels (FCRC)

GOAL: To reduce national dependence on imported petroleum & improve the environmental quality through the development of biocatalysts for renewable chemicals and fuels from lignocellulosic biomass.

Established: July, 2001Director: Dr. Lonnie O. IngramMembers: 17 active members across the campus

Acid Hydrolysis

Hemicellulose Syrup

Fiber Residue (cellulose+lignin)

Residue to Boiler

Beer

E.coli KO11(cellulase)

E. coli SZ20 (cellulase)

Fungalcellulase

Nutrients Nutrients

Lignocellulose to Lignocellulose to EthanolEthanol

SSF

BIOMASSBIOMASS

ETHANOLETHANOL

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Recombinantcellulase

Recombinantco-products

Syrup“Detox”

BioDiesel (B20)15% Ethanol Gasoline10% Ethanol Gasoline

DOE, 2005

Brazil currently burns E85in many vehicles. There areno technology barriers toexpanding the level of ethanolin automotive fuel.

Feedstocks Technologies

Municipal Solid Waste:

Agricultural Residues:

Forrest Residues:

Energy Crops:Poplar,willow

Thermo-ChemicalThermo-Chemical Combustion Gasification/Pyrolysis Chemistry/CatalysisSeparations Tech.

IntermediaryIntermediary ProductsProducts

MethanolMethanol

Biosynthesis gasBiosynthesis gasHydrogenHydrogenOrganic AcidsOrganic Acids

EthanolEthanol

MarketsMarkets

Final ProductsFinal Products ElectricityElectricity

Fuels 50%Fuels 50%+ Chemicals (15%)+ Chemicals (15%)PlasticsPlastics

Heat/SteamHeat/Steam

Bio-RefineryBio-Refinery

(Modified from DOE, 2002)

Bio-ChemicalBio-Chemical

Hydrolysis Fermentation Biocataysis