Energy Geotechnology J. Carlos Santamarina Georgia Institute of Technology Hellenic Society For Soil Mechanics And Geotechnical Engineering Athens September 16, 2013 Thessaloniki September 17, 2013
Energy Geotechnology
J. Carlos Santamarina Georgia Institute of Technology
Hellenic Society For Soil Mechanics And Geotechnical Engineering
Athens September 16, 2013
Thessaloniki September 17, 2013
Distribution Copy:
References added for further reading
Click on links to see pdf files
Note: Academic use only
Today Energy
Geotech Geo-
Chemistry
Frozen
Ground
Future Unsat. Soil
Mechanics
Ground
Thaw
Use
&
Sources
Bio-Geo Fractures
Soils
(revisited)
Repetitive
Loading
Explosion: 4/20/10 (@10 pm) Deepwater Horizon
Sinks: 4/22/10 (~10 am) Oil slick: 5/6/10
Energy: News Deepwater Horizon (April 20, 2010)
Energy: News
abcnews.go.com
www.dailykos.com
Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant (March 11, 2011)
Energy: Civic Journalism
Energy: Civic Journalism
Energy: Civic Journalism
Energy: Civic Journalism
Energy: Civic Journalism
Energy: Civic Journalism
Energy: Civic Journalism
Energy: Civic Journalism
Energy: Civic Journalism
Energy: Civic Journalism
Energy: Civic Journalism
Time & The Economist (one week)
Energy: Advertisement
Carbon capture & storage Efficiency and conservation Alternative sources
Renewable sources C-free energy & the grid Smart grid
Energy
Geotech Geo-
Chemistry
Frozen
Ground
Future Unsat. Soil
Mechanics
Ground
Thaw
Use
&
Sources
Bio-Geo Fractures
Soils
(revisited)
Repetitive
Loading
0
50
100
0 0 1 10
WA
[%
]
PC [kW/person]
40
60
80
0 0 1 10
LE
[yrs
]
PC [kW/person]
1
10
100
0 0 1 10
IM
[d
ea
ths/1
00
0 b
orn
]
PC [kW/person]
0
5
10
15
0 0 1 10
MY
S [yrs
]
PC [kW/person]
0
50
100
0 0 1 10
EL [%
]
PC [kW/person]
100
1000
10000
100000
0 0 1 10
GN
I
[$/p
ers
on]
PC [kW/pers]
LE
[y
ea
rs]
WA
[%]
EL
[%]
105
104
103
102
GN
I
[US
$/p
ers
on]
0.01 0.1 1 10
MY
S
[years
]
IM
[de
ath
s/1
03 b
orn
]
water
life expectancy
infant mortality
schooling
electrification
income
Energy
and
Life
Greece: 100%
Greece: 79 yr
Greece: 3.8/1000 born
Greece: 9.8
Greece: 97%
Greece: 26130 U$A
4.5
4.5
0
50
100
0 0 1 10
WA
[%
]
PC [kW/person]
40
60
80
0 0 1 10
LE
[yrs
]
PC [kW/person]
1
10
100
0 0 1 10
IM
[d
ea
ths/1
00
0 b
orn
]
PC [kW/person]
0
5
10
15
0 0 1 10
MY
S [yrs
]
PC [kW/person]
0
50
100
0 0 1 10
EL [%
]
PC [kW/person]
100
1000
10000
100000
0 0 1 10
GN
I
[$/p
ers
on]
PC [kW/pers]
LE
[y
ea
rs]
WA
[%]
EL
[%]
105
104
103
102
GN
I
[US
$/p
ers
on]
0.01 0.1 1 10
MY
S
[years
]
IM
[de
ath
s/1
03 b
orn
]
5
5
0.1
0.1
water
life expectancy
infant mortality
schooling
electrification
income
Energy
and
Life
5
15
25
1980 2010 2040
PT
[T
W]
Historical
This Study (Status Quo)
EIA (2010)
IEA (2009)
0
2
4
6
8
10
1980 2010 2040
QL
glo
ba
l
4
6
8
10
1980 2010 2040
Pop. [B
illio
n] UN (2010)U.S.C.B. (2011)
PT2040= 25.5 TW
QL2040= 6.3
P2040= 8.9 b
17 TW
5.0
7 b
Status Quo
Today
Future
Geo-
Chemistry
Frozen
Ground
Unsat. Soil
Mechanics
Ground
Thaw
Bio-Geo Fractures Repetitive
Loading
Energy
Geotech
Use
&
Sources
Soils
(revisited)
Sources
37% petroleum transport
24% natural gas heat&power
23% coal power
4 % biomass (renewable) industrial
8% nuclear power power
2% hydroelectric power
< 2% renewable non-hydro power
~88% fossil fuels
1 By
4.5 B
2 By 3 By 4 By 0
1 By
4.5 B
2 By 3 By 4 By 0
0 My 2 My 4 My 6 My 8 My 10 My
1 By
4.5 B
2 By 3 By 4 By 0
0 My 2 My 4 My 6 My 8 My 10 My
1 By
4.5 B
2 By 3 By 4 By 0
0 2000 yr -2000 yr -4000 yr -6000 yr
C
CO2
Fossil Fuel: 88%
Summary: Energy and Life
Quality of life: current development patterns: HDI Energy
By 2040: Δ-energy ~50%
most of the growth: developing countries
Resources: adequate …. C-dependency → global warming
Sustainable energy system:
quality of life > 1 kW/person
developing technological leapfrogging
QL population growth
developed technological breakthroughs
efficiency and conservation < 4 kW/person
world energy-for-life efficient governments
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Santamarina_2006www.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Pasten_2012a.pdf
FOSSIL FUELS (C-BASED) RENEWABLE Nuclear
Petroleum Gas Coal Wind Solar
• fines & clogging
•sand production
• shale instability
• EOR
• heavy oil & tar sand
• gas hydrates
• gas storage
• low-T LNG found. • characterization
• optimal extraction
• subsurface conv.
• off/onshore
• periodic load
• ratcheting
??
• engineered soils
• decommission
• leak detect
• leak repair • mixed fluid flow, percolation
• contact angle & surface tension = f(ua)
GEOLOGICAL STORAGE (energy and waste)
CO2 sequestration (Fly Ash) • mineral dissolution shear faults
• long-term containment
• upscaling geological properties
Energy Storage • for peak demand
(e.g., compressed air)
• pile-exchangers
• phase-change mixtures
Waste storage
105 yr BTHCM
GEO-ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION • Bio-chemo-geo phenomena and methods
CONSERVATION • Energy efficient construction technology: "Embodied Energy" in infrastructure projects
• Bio-mimetization: ant excavation: tunneling and new infrastructure; tree roots: smart/adaptable foundations
Hydro-electric: capacity almost saturated
Biofuels: strongly geo-related, BUT: water? land? food? energy efficiency?
Geothermal: viable in "hot-spots“ (high T rock performance, tools, monitoring, processes)
Tidal: foundation engineering
Electric grid: critical for renewable sources, CO2 capture and storage
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Santamarina_2011a.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Santamarina_2012b.pdf
Today
Future
Energy
Geotech Geo-
Chemistry
Frozen
Ground
Unsat. Soil
Mechanics
Ground
Thaw
Bio-Geo Fractures
Soils
(revisited)
-pores-
Repetitive
Loading
TVA – US EPA
Kingston Fossil Plant (12/22/2008)
oil
water
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2
Fre
qu
en
cy
Gs
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2
SE -USA
Specific Gravity
Critical fines
Content FC*
finecoarse
coarse
total
fine*
ee1
e
M
MFC
Grain Size Distribution: The Role of Fines
Critical Fines Content
Critical fines
Content FC*
1 103
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1 103
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Specific Surface m2/g
Cri
tic
al fi
ne
s C
on
ten
t F
C*
USCS
eC=emax eF=e100 kPa
eC=emin eF=e1 kPa
K I B
Fines Migration and Clogging
fines migration
& clogging
Critical fines
Content FC*
Bridges at Pore Throats
Particles
Container
Orifice
Mica
Sand
Glass Beads
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Pore throat -to- particle diameter O/d
min
max
min
min
max
max
5
Clogging in radial flow
?
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Valdes_2008c.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Valdes_2008c.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Valdes_2006b.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Valdes_2006b.pdf
Clogging in radial flow
Clogging in radial flow
Clogging in radial flow
Clogging in radial flow
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00
Sta
nd
ard
de
via
tio
n o
f d
[m
icro
n]
Mean of d [micron]
μln=ln(μd)-0.5(σd/μd)2
σln2=ln[1+(σd/μd)
2]
d
d
0.4
2
dln(b)
2.5 dP(d b) exp ln 0.05 dd
4
Bioactivity - Probabilistic ~1 μm
1μm
P(dpore>b)
sed fl fl
ec c n P(d b) c P(d b)
1 e
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
1000.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12D
ep
th (
m)
Log10 of cell count per ml of sediment
0.0451070Ss [m2/gr]: 300
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Rebata-Landa_2006b.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Phadnis_2011a.pdf
Parkes et al. (1994, 2000)
COARSE
> 50%
retained
sieve #200
Gravel:
> 50% retained
sieve #4
< 5% fines
Cu>4, 1Cc3
GW
else …
GP
> 12% fines
Below 'A' line
GM
Above 'A' line
GC
Sand:
< 50% retained
sieve #4
< 5% fines
Cu>6, 1Cc3
SW
else …
SP
> 12% fines
Below 'A' line SM
Above 'A' line
SC
FINE
< 50%
retained
sieve #200
LL50
MH
CH
OH
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
pla
sti
cit
y in
de
x
liquid limit
CL-ML CL
ML
CL
OL or
ML
CH
OH or
MH
A line
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
?
Today
Future Fines
Bacteria
Energy
Geotech Geo-
Chemistry
Frozen
Ground
Unsat. Soil
Mechanics
Ground
Thaw
Fractures Repetitive
Loading
CO2 Storage
Caprock
Two phase flow: CO2 & brine
Single phase reactive flow
CO2 dissolved brine
Q
CO2(aq)
H+
CO2 Brine
buoyancy
capillarity
M
CO2
M
B
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Espinoza_2011a.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Espinoza_2012a.pdf
Kim and JCS – Several publications – Contact authors
CO2 Dissolution and H2O Acidification
10 mm
ES Bang (KIGAM)
1mm
1mm1mm
100m
1m
Droplet
zone
Calcite substrate
Water in CO2
acidification dissolution drying precipitation
wind
Volcanic Ash Soils: Formation
e= 0.8-1.5
Ss~0.1-1 m2/g
volcanic glass
time
e= 2.0-7.0
Ss=50-to-200 m2/g
hallosite
imogolite
alophane
ko= ?? ko=1-sinφ
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 1000 2000
Time (sec)
La
tera
l s
tre
ss
co
eff
icie
nt,
k
0.00
0.02
0.04 Ve
rtic
al s
tra
in 90% glass bead + 10% NaCl
Experimental Results
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2009b.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2008d.pdf
Emergent: Shear Localization
Cha and JCS – contact authors
1km
250m
seabed
Polygonal Fault Systems
Cartwright (2005)
diffusion
Q
capillarity
pH
dissolution
contraction
ko shear CO2 Brine
buoyancy
advection convection
capillarity
HR
tensile fracture
-fingering
HCO2
Caprock
CO2 Storage ?
C
CO2
Today Fluids
Future Fines
Bacteria
Energy
Geotech
Frozen
Ground
Unsat. Soil
Mechanics
Ground
Thaw
Fractures Repetitive
Loading
Mixed Fluids
BBC News In pictures Visions of Science.jpg
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Santamarina_2010a.pdf
Surface Tension & Contact Angle: H2O-CO2
atm 20 MPa gas liquid
water droplet in CO2
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Espinoza_2010c.pdf
Time
Suction
wate
r co
nte
nt
a b c d e
a
b
c
d
e
Crack initiation
1 mm http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2011b.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2011a.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2010e.pdf
Shale: structured rock
Don Duggan-Haas
Marcellus shale outcrop
Thermogenic
zhistory > 5000 m
ztoday 1000-3000 m
L/D= 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Directional
Drilling
unconstrained
terra incognita
Laparoscopy
Catheter
Angioplast
y
known body
within artery rigid tool
Step 1: Drill
Step 2: HF "fracking"
But shales…
structured rock
Kirsch (1898)
Griffith (1921)
Irwin (1957) ???
Roshankhah et al – Contact JCS.
East Texas (2009)
1 km
Pads (several wells per pad)
Energy
Geotech
Frozen
Ground
Ground
Thaw
Repetitive
Loading
Multiple articles. Please, visit http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu go to publications then, search for "hydrate"
0
5
10
15
20
0 5 10
axial strain [%]
d
ev [
MP
a]
Sands
50%
0%
100%
2
h
u o h
SS a bq
n
Clayey Sediments
J Karl Johnson – NETL
Gas replacement in hydrates
30
min
Hydrate-bearing sand in liquid CO2
CO2
injection
[4.2MPa,275.4K]
[4.3MPa,274.1K]
Hydrate-bearing sand in CH4
0s 190s
Initial Sw=0.045
0.0h
0.5h
1.0h
-0.5h
1.5h
Gas replacement in hydrates
Today Frozen
Ground
Future Fines Capillarity
Bacteria
Energy
Geotech
Repetitive
Loading
Repetitive Loading - Coupling
Wind
Weight
Waves
Motor Compressor HP
Turbine
LP
Turbine
Generator
Salt Dome
Compressed
Air
Wind Turbine Compressed Air Energy Storage
Repetitive Loads:
•Mechanical
•Thermal
•Wet-Dry
•Chemical
Bakun-Mazor et al. (2011) http://www.jibe-edu.org
Masada - Israel
Delphi – Greece
Delphi – Greece
Thermo-Mechanical Ratcheting
Positive
displacement
η
INSULATED BOX
Thermo-Mechanical Ratcheting
24 C
49 C
Block T
Air T
Displacement
Articles in progress . Please, visit http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu go to publications then, search for "Pasten"
HF
Energy
Geotech
Energy: critical for development
high increase in demand in next decades
resources: sufficient – but inadequate spatial distribution
C-economy → global warming
efficiency and conservation (primarily: top consumers)
Further developments in geotechnology: Rich & Complex
enhanced understanding of soil behavior
coupled processes
spatial variability and emergent phenomena
discontinuities
long time many repetitions ratcheting & terminal density
Geotechnology: central role
urgency …. fascinating !
Team
Thank you !
Hellenic Society For Soil Mechanics And Geotechnical Engineering
National Technical University of Athens
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki