Energy Efficient Routing Approaches in Ad-hoc Networks

Energy Efficient Routing Approaches in

Ad-hoc Networks

CONTENTS:• ROUTING• FUNDAMENTAL STEPS IN ROUTING• MANET VS TRADITIONAL ROUTING• ROUTING PROTOCOLS/TYPES OF

MANETS ROUTING REACTIVE PROTOCOL PROACTIVE PROTOCOL HYBRID PROTOCOL• SECURITY IN MANET’S• BIBLOGRAPHY

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ROUTING

Routing is to find correct path between the source and destination for forwarding packets.

Routing is complex task in MANET’s because• The Traditional algorithm will not be suitable.• Centralized approaches will not be appropriate.• “Flooding” can be applied in ad-hoc network but is not efficient

method.• For removing that we use hop counter.

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Start

Node send the signal to find the no. of other nodes within range.

Synchronization b/w nodes

Sender node send msg. to receiver node

Isreceiving

node Ready

Receiving node send

back Ready signal

Wait for sometime

Comm.begins

Term. process

Stop

YES NO

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FUNDAMENTAL STEPS IN ROUTING

• Forwarding the packets to next hop. Is it like input interface to an output interface in a traditional network.

• While forwarding packet sender much check the parameters:

a) Packet reaching the destination.b) Minimize the number of hops/path length.c) Minimize the delay.d) Minimize the packet loss.e) Minimize the cost involved.

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MANET VS TRADITIONAL ROUTING

There is limited physical security in a MANET compared to a traditional routing

Increased possibility of eavesdropping, spoofing, and denial-of-security attacks

Traditional routing protocols for wired networks do not work well in most MANETs

MANETs are too dynamic

Wireless links present problems of interference, limited capacity, etc.

The MANETs consider the layer 2 and 3 information whereas in traditional routing must consider on layer 3 information. Main Issue to be addressed by routing protocol in MANET are:-

1) Routing discovery

2) Data forwarding.

3) Route maintenance

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TYPES OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS

Mobile ad hoc network’s routing protocols are characteristically subdivided into three main categories. These are proactive routing protocols, reactive routing protocols, hybrid routing protocols and hierarchical routing protocols

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REACTIVE ROUTING PROTOCOLS

AD HOC ON DEMAND DISTANCE VESTOR(AODV)

DYNAMIC SOURCE ROUTING(DSR)

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Re-active routing protocols

• Does not take initiative for finding routes• Establishes routes “on demand” by flooding a query• Pros and cons:• Does not use bandwidth except when needed (when

finding a route)• Much network overhead in the flooding process when

querying for routes• Initial delay in traffic

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Re-active routing9

Re-active routing10

Re-active routing11

PROACTIVE ROUTING PROTOCOLS

DESTINATION SEQUENCED DISTANCE VECTOR (DSDV)

OPTIMIZATION LINK STATE ROUTING (OLSR)

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Pro-active routing protocols

• Routes are set up based on continuous control traffic• All routes are maintained all the time

1. Neighbor/link sensing

2. Optimized flooding/forwarding(Multi point relaying)

3. Link-State messaging and route calculation• Pros and cons:• Constant overhead created by control traffic• Routes are always available

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MULTI POINT RELAYING14

MULTI POINT RELAYING..15

MULTI POINT RELAYING..16

MULTI POINT RELAYING..17

MULTI POINT RELAYING..18

HYBRID ROUTING PROTOCOLS

• A mix of both proactive and reactive routing protocols• Basic idea behind hybrid routing protocols is to use

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Example : ZONE ROUTING PROTOCOL(ZRP)

HIERARCHICAL ROUTING PROTOCOLS

• Hierarchical routing protocol is a scalable routing strategy which is based on multiple level clustering.

• If node in one cluster want to send a request to another outside cluster’s node, sanction of outside cluster will be required.

• Node’s hierarchical information is stored in a Hierarchical State routing Protocol (HSR) table denote the location of the node in a hierarchy.

Example :• CLUSTER BASED ROUTING PROTOCOL (CBRP)

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CONVENTIONAL PROTOCOLS COMPARISION

Parameter OLSR DSDV AODV DSR ZRP CBRP

Full Form Optimization Link State Routing

Destination Sequence Distance Vector

Ad-hoc On-demand

Distance Vector

Dynamic Source Routing

Zone Routing Protocol

Cluster Based Routing Protocol

Protocol Type Proactive Proactive Reactive Reactive Hybrid Hierarchical

Central Administrator

No No No No Yes Cluster Head

Control Message

HELLO,TC

HELLO,UPDATE

RREQ, RREP,RERR

RREQ, RREP,RERR

For inter-zoneRREQ,RREP

HELLO, RREQ, RREP,

RERRMetric Cost Shortest Path Shortest Path Shortest Path Shortest Path Shortest Path

Scalable No No Yes No Yes No

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CONTINUE…Parameter OLSR DSDV AODV DSR ZRP CBRP

Merit Does not require central point to handle the route process;It is more suitable in dynamic behaviour of nodes;Does not allow packets that take more time in terms of packet traversal.

Suitable for small network;Infinity count problem can be solve by DSDV;Best path selection instead of choosing the multipath.

Does not require central point to handle the route process;It is loop free that share higher bandwidth;Reduce the control message overhead by keeping the address into the packet.

It maintains the nodes into the routing process to reduce the routing maintenance overhead;Route discovery overhead can be reducing.

Repeatedly flooding packet is useful in reducing the control packet;Require less bandwidth than proactive approach.

Minimize the reactive rout-discovery and overhead;“Locally Repair” mechanism is use in terms of link break.

Demerit Require high bandwidth to discover shortest routes;Consuming more power resourcesTakes more time to find a broken link.

Require mode battery power for maintaining the route table;Sequence number must be generated new whenever topology of network changes;Not scalable in complex network.

Inconsistent routes due to esse of source sequence number;Heavy control overhead due to multiple RREP packets;Consuming maximum bandwidth;Time takes more in terms of route construction.

Not scalable in astronomically immense; networksRequire more processing resources;Higher delay time to establish the connections.

Difficult to find new route due to the overlapping routing zone;Communication with outer zone node is not possible.

Packet size increase proportional to network size;Not scalable in large cluster.

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ENERGY EFFICIENCY ISSUES

• The energy-efficient routing is voluminous concern in the MANET. All nodes are battery-driven, powered by constrained battery capacity. Due to the lack of energy, Node cannot communicate efficiently with another node.

• The parameters or process define as below in which node consuming more Energy.

- During transmit the packets

- On receiving the packets

- In a idle mode

- In a slumber mode

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CONTINUE…Various Energy Challenges :• Limited bandwidth• Battery constraint• Packet losses due to transmission errors• Security threats• Mobility-induced route changes• Routing overhead

Other few reasons for energy efficient is:• Lack of central administration• Difficult to supersede battery during exchange information• Limited power supply

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LITERATURE REVIEWTopic Name Protoc

olDescription Mechanism

/ AlgorithmMethodology Performance /

QoS

Energy-Efficient Adaptive Routing for Ad hoc Networks with Time-Varying Heterogeneous Traffic

EAGER Eager Protocol works based on two routing protocol: Intra-cell proactive routing andInter-cell reactive protocol

Energy Aware Geo-location aided Routing

Partitioning the network into equal sized cells

Large-scale energy,Overhead,Difficult to maintain the location of nodes

LRCA: Enhanced Energy-Aware Routing Protocol in MANET

LRCA LRCA is utilized to transmute the route if a node is dead or have a less battery life

Local Route Change Algorithm

Route change with the help of HELP, OK, RCRQ message

Packet loss rate,Route recovery,Power consumption

Enhanced Optimized Link State Routing Protocol for VANET using Fuzzy Rough Set

FR-OLSR

FR-OLSR based on Fuzzy Rough Set theory which is obviate the problem that is incapable to defence

Fuzzy Rough Set Theory

FR is used to define the similarity between objects to remove the uncertainty

Uncertainty in routing information, Vagueness due to broken link in OLSR

Power Optimization Using EPAR Protocol In MANET

EPAR EPAR aim to check the discrepancy among energy level of sundry nodes into the network

Power Aware Routing Protocol

Path selection based in energy using min-max composition

Network lifetime,Packet delievery ratio,High load networks

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LITERATURE REVIEWTopic Name Protocol Description Mechanism

/ AlgorithmMethodology Performance /

QoS

A Routing Protocol for throughput Enhancement and Energy Saving in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

TEES based on DSR

TEES find the optimal path based on two levels Lower Bound and Upper Bound

Throughput Enhancement and Energy Saving

Choose path by comparing three cases (LC,MC,HC) with two energy level UB and LB.

Throughput,Control packet overhead

Designing Energy Routing Protocol with Power Consumption Optimization in MANET

EPAR, MTPR,

DSR

EPAR calculate the lowest hop energy which is given battery power for each path

Conventional Power Aware Algorithm

Path selection based on energy

Network lifetime,Energy consumption,PDR,Throughput

EE-OLSR: Energy Efficient OLSR Routing Protocol For Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

EE-OLSR Modified OLSR works on two method such as Willingness setting and Overhearing exclusion

EA-Willingness Setting Mechanism

Node willingness can quantified by battery capacity and predicted life time

Battery consumption,Network lifetime,Network performance

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LITERATURE REVIEWTopic Name Protocol Description Mechanism

/ Algorithm

Methodology

Performance / QoS

A Novel Energy-Efficient Approach to DSR Based Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Network

NCE-DSR

NCE-DSR calculate the cost function by considering two values Mean and Max for elongate the duration of network lifetime

Number of times send Constraint Energy DSR

Route selection using cost function

Energy consumption,Hardware overhead,Network lifetime

Energy-Efficient Reliable Routing Considering Residual Energy in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

RMECR, RMER

New routing protocol use genetic routing algorithm which calculate the MECP between every two nodes of the network

Genetic Routing Algorithm

Energy reduction using MECP (Minimum Energy Cost Path)

Energy efficiency,Reliability,Network lifetime,End-to-end delivery

Efficient Routing Algorithm for MANET using Grid FSR

Grid FSR GFSR partitioning the network in two dimensional virtual grid and select the best gateway through minimum distance between virtual grid and node

Fisheye State Routing Algorithm

Path selection by choosing alternative gateway in grid

Bandwidth

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LITERATURE REVIEWTopic Name Protocol Description Mechanism

/ Algorithm

Methodology

Performance / QoS

An Efficient DSDV Routing Protocol for MANET and its usefulness for providing Internet Access to Ad Hoc Hosts

Eff-DSDV

Eff-DSDV utilizes the temporary routes in case of broken link

Efficient DSDV

Route establish by creating the temporary link.

End-to-end delay, PDR, Mobile-IP overhead

Energy Efficient Cluster Based Routing in MANET

CBRP SEEC consider the alternative node as a cluster head (CH) while previous CH’s power level fall down to the certain threshold value

Signal and Energy Efficient Clustering (SEEC)

Minimize the energy cost by selecting the other node as a cluster head

Energy level, Signal strength, Battery power level

A New Approach to Geographic Routing for Location Aided Cluster Based MANETs

ILCRP ILCRP (Improved Location aided Cluster based Routing Protocol) used to maintain the nodes location using GPS. Due to advantages of GPS, it reduce the control overhead

Cluster Based Routing Algorithm

Providing location information of nodes by utilizing the GPS

Performance metrics (end-to-end delay, control overhead, PDR)

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LITERATURE REVIEWTopic Name Protocol Description Mechanism

/ Algorithm

Methodology

Performance / QoS

An Efficient Cluster based Routing Protocol for MANET.

MCGSR MCGSR amalgamate the two approaches, proactive and reactive, to improve the routing performance by utilizing the cluster head and good candidate

Modified Cluster Head Gateway Switch Routing Protocol

By utilizing the cluster heads and gateways

Performance metrics

PEEBR: Predictive Energy Efficient Bee Routing Algorithm for Ad-hoc Wireless Mobile Networks

PEEBR PEEBR is a swarm based optimization algorithm that work on two phases, Node level and Network-level

Swarm Intelligent Routing Algorithm

Potential path selection based on integrity ratio

Optimal path,Energy consumption,Battery power saving

FEA-OLSR: An Adaptive Energy Aware Routing Protocol for MANETs Using Zero-Order Sugeno Fuzzy System

FEA-OLSR

The paper utilizes the FLS to adjust the willingness parameter to check the willingness of node

Zero-order Sugeno Fuzzy Logic System

Node willingness computes by the use of FLS

Energy-efficient routing

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LITERATURE REVIEWTopic Name Protocol Description Mechanism

/ Algorithm

Methodology

Performance / QoS

Energy Efficient Routing Protocol to Increase MANET Life Time Using Cluster

AODV The CH aim is to amass the energy related information from the group member node

Cluster Based Routing Algorithm

Partitioning the network into clusters.

Network lifetime,Power level

Tuning ZRP Framework for CR Networks and MANETs

ZRP Bordercasting use IERP to broadcast the packet to node in zone boundary to control the overhead packet

Query Control Mechanism, Selective Bordercasting Procedure

By utilizing IERP mechanism which is differ from IERP in ZRP

Delay in route acquisition, Congestion,Throughput

Energy Efficient Routing in MANET With ZRP and ANYCAST

ZRP ZRP with anycast is utilized to calculate the total energy consuming by node, as well as , check the total active nodes of network

ZRP with Anycast Addressing

By applying anycast in ZRP

Energy-efficient

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CONCLUSION

• Maintaining the energy level and network life is voluminous concern in ad-hoc network. For that, efficient routing protocols are required to discover the routes which facilitate the secure and reliable communication.

• It is infeasible to compare the routing protocols with one another because protocols are dependent on network parameters or each protocol has a different goal with different postulation.

• The network parameters affect the overall performance of the protocol in the network. As well as, each modified routing protocols perform independently in case of energy cognate issue. Due to this reasons, Results cannot be compared with one another.

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FUTURE SCOPE

• There are many open questions in case of maintaining the energy level such as QoS guarantees, adaptability, and security.

• QoS and adaptability is most crucial during communication process in ad-hoc network which are found missing in most of the routing protocol being proposed.

• Therefore, new optimization techniques or energy-efficient routing protocol that address QoS and adaptability need to be developed.

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Thanks

For Your Support And Understanding…

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