Energy efficiency of buildings - European Economic and ... · Energy efficiency of buildings ... standards for new and existing buildings; Certification schemes for ... Energy performance

Energy efficiency of buildings

from Europe to Slovakia

Prof. Dušan Petráš, PhD.

Slovak University of Technology

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Department of Building Services

mail.: [email protected]

Final energy consumption by sector

Source: www.ec.europa.eu

Individual energy consumption

Source:www.geojis-as-energyissues.wikispaces.com

To promote the improvement of the energy performance of

buildings through cost effective measures (new and existing

buildings)

The Directive require the following to be introduced:

Methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings (EN ISO

13790);

Application of performance standards for new and existing buildings;

Certification schemes for buildings;

Regular inspection and assessment of boilers, heating systems and

air conditioning systems

Objective:

To prepare “Certificate” and identify “Cost effective

measures” Energy Auditing (Directive 2006/32 EC, EN 15217)

EU Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings

Energy Performance and Energy Requirements

Energy Performance: overall indicator EP = weighted sum of net delivered energy per

energy carrier (per m2 conditioned area). EP may represent:

Primary energy;

CO2 emissions;

Net delivered energy weighted by any other nationally defined parameters

EP may be completed by other indications, defined by national bodies.

Energy Requirements: minimum level of EP to be achieved.

To ways of expressing the energy requirements EPr:

1. Overall EP requirement

2. Specific requirements:

Energy use for heating, ventilation, DHW, cooling and lighting

Energy need for heating, ventilation, DHW, cooling

Characteristics of the building itself or its technical building systems

considered as a whole

Characteristics of the building itself or its technical building systems

components

New buildings and major renovations: one overall EP requirement shall be included

Standard

Standard

Building geometry

Actual/standard

Climate Actual

Use Actual

Actual Tech. systems

EE Measures Investment Net savings PB

[euro] [euro/yr] [year]

1. Energy efficient showers 400 450 0,9

2. Automatic control system 20 000 12 270 1,6

3. O&M / EM 15 000 2 140 7,0

4. Heat recovery, ventilation 25 000 4 510 5,5

5. Thermostatic radiator valv 22 500 3 050 7,4

6. Insulation of pipes, valves. 9 500 1 640 5,8

7. Insulation of roof 12 500 1 970 6,4

Profitable measures 104 900 26 030 4,0

Energy Auditing of Buildings

Climate

Use

Tech. systems

Software for Auditing/Certification

Energy use

for heating & cooling

Energy need

External climate data (ISO 15927-4)

Delivered energy per energy carrier

Energy use

for hot water, ventilation, lighting, ...

Internal heat sources.

Ventilation and

transmission heat

transfer

Monthly method

Specified indoor

conditions

13790: 2008

Recoverable thermal losses

Non-recoverable

thermal losses +

auxiliary energy

Building zone

Lighting systems (EN15193-1)

Ventilation systems (EN 15241)

Room conditioning systems

(EN 15243)

Hot water systems (EN 15613-3)

Heating systems

(EN 15316-2-1, 2-3 and 3-1)

Indoor criteria, automation and

controls (EN 15251, EN 15232)

Building data (EN 15603)

Solar properties

Air flow/infiltration (EN 15242)

Transmission properties (ISO 13789)

Energy need for

heating and cooling

Software results – existing situation

Budget item Existing

situation

Global indicator

[kWh/m² a] [kWh/m² a]

Heating 94,3 95,4

Ventilation 11,4 11,8

Domestic hot water 14,5 14,6

Fans (ventilation) 9,4 9,4

Pumps, heating 1,1 Incl. in heating

Pumps, ventilation 0,4 Incl. in ventilation

Pumps, DHW 0,1 Incl. in DHW

Pumps, cooling 0 -

Lighting 30,1 30,1

Various 8,8 -

Cooling 0 -

Total 170,1 161,3

Global indicator -

heating

Primary energy and CO2 emissions

Results – after EE measures

Budget item After

measures

Global indicator

[kWh/m² a] [kWh/m² a]

Heating 33,5 34,6

Ventilation 8,8 9,2

Domestic hot water 12,9 13,0

Fans (ventilation) 9,4 9,4

Pumps, heating 1,1 Incl. in heating

Pumps, ventilation 0,4 Incl. in ventilation

Pumps, DHW 0,1 Incl. in DHW

Pumps, cooling 0 -

Lighting 15,0 15,0

Various 8,8 -

Cooling 0 -

Total 90,0 81,2

Global indicator -

heating

ENergy CONservation (ENCON) :

is saving energy with

an economic and environmental profit !

Energy conservation?

1.

2.

3.

Energy Conservation Project

Objectives :

Evaluation of the ENCON potential

Implementation in order to achieve profitable energy savings

Achievement of calculated energy saving potential and keeping it permanently on the right level

Detailed Auditing with guarantee

Simplified Auditing

Operation

Implementation

Scanning

Project Identification

ENCON Potential USD, kWh/year

Profit

Training

Maintenance

Project Management

Energy Monitoring

Business Planning

The ENCON Process

What is influencing the Energy Conservation Potential?

Electrical systems

Operation / user pattern

HVAC systems

Building envelope

EAS v1.0

• Quick and easy handling application based on European standard

• The database contains:

• 42 apartment buildings (most built)

• 8 typical single family houses

• Countable in two climatic zones (-12°C and -18°C)

• Structure of EAS v1.0:

1. Photo documentation

2. Drawing documentation

3. Building description

4. Energy – economy calculation

5. Grafical presentation

6. What is an energy audit...

1. Photo documentation

• View on the selected type of building

• Identification of the building

2. Drawing documentation

• Technical recods (ground-plan, typical

floor,...)

• Necessary dimensions (calculation of

heated areas,...)

• Description of BE, HS, HW

EAS v1.0 - structure

3. Energy – economy calculation

• Calculations of:

– Energy savings

– Investments

– Profitability

• Calculate measures individually (depends

on the customer)

• Three basic domains of energy measures:

Heating

System

Building

Envelope

EAS v1.0 - structure

Hot Water

Prof. Application of measurement Energy saving measures

Insulation of external walls

Insulation of f loor or insulation of unheated basement

Insulation of roof

New windows

Building Env elopeBE

Table 1 Energy saving measurements of Building Envelope

Prof. Application of measurement Energy saving measures

Automatic control sy stem and temperature set back f or HS

Insulation of pipes, v alv es,... on the HS

Reconstruction of boiler room (new boiler, accessories,...)

Balancing of the HS and installation of thermostatic v alv es

Heating Sy stemHS

Table 2 Energy saving measurements of Heating System

Prof. Application of measurement Energy saving measures

Water sav ing shower heads

Thermostatic mixer, showers

New automatic control sy stem on the HW

Insulation of pipes, v alv es,... on the HW

HW Hot Water

Table 3 Energy saving measurements of Hot Water

Three basic domains of energy measures

Profession Measurements Percentage of energy saving possibilities

BE Building Env elope 20 - 30 %

HS Heating Sy stem 10 - 25 %

HW Hot Water 5 - 10 %

Table 4 Energy potential for individual energy saving measures*

Input values:

Cost of GJ heat or m3 of natural gas

Calculation of the whole building vs. just

one flat

Investments for the profitability

calculations are running behind and they

contains from costs of:

Investment

Cost of supply

Design work

Installation

Test (running, pressure,…)

Taxes (VAT)

Energy potencial

Energy savings:

Building Envelope (blue)

Heating System (green)

Hot Water (red)

Energy consumption before /

after

Contribution percentage of each

profession

4. Graphical presentation

• Energy Efficient

• Environmentally friendly HOUSING

From old to new building

Process

Refurbishment

Panel buildings are dominant type of residential buildings

Energy performance of buildings - HEATING

110 ~ 140 kWh / m2 ( E –F )

40 ~ 80 kWh / m2 (B –C )

• Do not comply with current requirements on thermal protection and energy efficiency • High energy consumption, poor insulation, leaky constructions (envelope, roof) • thermal discomfort

CASE STUDY in SLOVAKIA

• To clarify the relationship between energy consumption, energy efficiency measures and the indoor environment • To study occupant´s behavior and habits • To show results at three time points: A) Before renovation B) After renovation with no-balanced heating system C) After complex renovation

Objective of the case study

Description- general

• Prefabricate building built in 1987

• 9.NP : 1.NP – common premises, storage space 2.-9. NP – residential

• 32 apartments

The Facade Windows, doors

Heating system and DHW

Heat sources- Heat exchange station

Distribution - Instalation space - Instalation shafts

Description- building services

Insulation of the roof

Energy efficient measures

Insulation of the facade

New windows, doors

Hydraulic balance of the heating system

Installation of saving shower heads

Energy consumption of heating system

Year

Energy consumption* real measured values

[kWh]

Energy consumption* values from simulation program

[kWh]

2007 248 472 239 192

2008 190 733 194 472

2009 93 095 107 344

23 %

YEAR 2009 Hydraulic balance of the

heating system

Table: Comparison of energy consumption in each year

51 %

YEAR 2008

Insulation of the facade New window, doors Insulation of the roof

YEAR 2007

Original conditions

After renovation with no-balanced heating system :

After complex renovation: Before renovation :

D

106 kWh/m2 72 kWh/m2

C

35 kWh/m2

B

Energy certification

Heating system BEFORE: 106 AFTER: 35

Domestic Hot Water system BEFORE : 41 AFTER: 30

GLOBAL INDICATOR BEFORE : 147 AFTER: 65

E B

D C

D B

EPBD recast – Nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB)

In the directive „nearly zero-energy building‟ means a building that has a very high energy performance. The nearly zero or very low amount of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including energy from renewable sources produced on-site or nearby. nZEB= very high energy performance + on-site renewables • Definition of “a very high energy performance“ and “significant extent of renewables” let for Member States

Source:Kurnitsky et al., 2011

Zero energy buildings

Towards nZEB:

•Roadmap of some countries

towards nearly zero energy

buildings to improve energy

performance of new buildings

•Many countries have prepared

long term roadmaps with

detailed targets

•Helps industry to

prepare/commit to the targets

Source:Kurnitsky et al., 2011

How to integrate nZEB into energy certificate scale?

nZEB as technically reasonable achievable

cost optimal for new buildings, category B or C

req. for new buildings (typically not cost optimal yet)

Revision of certificates scales needed:

•Cost optimal requirements for new buildings cannot be any

more in D category, as calculated for 30 years period with 3%

interest rate

•Existing A may be split(A+, A++) or changed

Source:Kurnitsky et al., 2011

Cost optimal performance levels vs. nZEB

Source: The Buildings Performance Institute Europe (BPIE): http://dl.dropbox.com/u/4399528/BPIE/BPIE_costoptimality_publication2010.pdf

THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION!

Contact: [email protected]