Energy deposition Electrons Lattice P e r t u r b a t i o n Strong non -linear regime Small linear regime Frenkel-pair creation linear cascades Non-linear cascades Classical radiolysis Radiation-induced material modifications nuclear, elastic energy deposition Ionising energy deposition Synergy? High LET effects Tracks regime
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Energy deposition ElectronsLattice Perturbation Strong non -linear regime Small linear regime Frenkel-pair creation linear cascades Non-linear cascades.
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Energy deposition
ElectronsLattice
Per
turb
a tio
n
Strongnon -linear regime
Smalllinear regime Frenkel-pair creation
linear cascades
Non-linear cascades
Classical radiolysis
Radiation-induced material modifications
nuclear, elasticenergy deposition Ionising
energy deposition
Synergy?
High LET effectsTracks regime
The displacement spectrum
1/2
d
D
1
T
1
T
D
N T d σ (E ,T)1 =2 σ (E )
d
T1
DD 1 T
1 d σ (E ,T)W(T) = N T dT
σ (E ) dT
! Nuclear reactions
Nuclear reactions
elastic
Abromeit C. JNM 216 (1994) 78
V. M Agramovich and V; V; KirsanovPhysics of rad effects in crystals R. A. Johnson and A; N Orlov Eds. N-H 1986
The cascades: the mean free path
T >
-50
0
50
100
150
0 50 100 150 200 250
50 keV
5 keV
TRIM
(Å)
Averback R. S. JNM 216 (1994) 49
Linear-non linearCascades sub-cascades
-50
0
50
100
150
0 50 100 150 200 250
50 keV
5 keV
One dense cascade
Sub-cascades
LinearAll the atoms in movementcollide with atoms at rest
dpa makes sense
Non-linearAtoms in movement collide together
collective motion of atoms local melting
shock-wave generation
Recombinations:one dpa is not a defect
D
2D 0
2D 0 r
dc=σ
dΦdc
=σ (1-V c)d
linea
Φdc
=(σ (1-V c) -σ c)d
r regime:1 dpa = 1 de e
Φ
f ct
Low T, low T1/2
r Dσ 10 σ
Low T, high T1/2
1/2 dT T
=
“re
sist
ivit
y” d
efec
t/ “
Kin
chin
and
Pea
se”d
pa
High T
Radiation-enhanced diffusion
Transient and stationaryregimes
Influence of: permanent sinks
flux
Averback R. S. JNM 216 (1994) 49
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0 5E+19 1E+20fluence
con
cen
trat
ion
Exemple : Cud 140 barnsn0 135 volumes atomiquesr 4000 barns
Recombinations:cascades
0.1 ps 0.3 ps
0.5 ps
2 ps
1 ps
6 ps
Au
NiAl
PKA 10 keV
0.62 ps 3.2 ps
5 ps
17.7 ps
11.5 ps
23 ps
Averback R. S. JNM 216 (1994) 49
Inelastic damage
What happens to the projectile
What happens to the solid
Stopping powerrangestragglings
What happens to: the projectile : secondary particles: electrons
recoils
Projectile ion : the atomic processes
proton on hydrogen
p eV V
proton on aluminium
2 4 21 1
2 21
4 2ln e
ee
Z e m vdE NZdx Im v
Bethe
0
200
400
600
800
0 20 40 60 80 100
mea
n io
niza
tion
pot
enti
al [
eV]
Z2
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
I=9,2 Z
Corrections :• Relativistic• Density• Deep levels• Effective charge
4 21 2
22 21
2
21ln
1
4 2lneff e
ee
e m vd CZ
E NZdx m v
Z
I
Projectile ion: the electronic stopping; high velocity
U
U
K r
K r
A r
A r
HH
p o uvo ir d 'a rrê t nuc lé a ire
p o uvo ir d 'a rrê t é le c tro niq ue
1001010 ,10 ,001 0 ,01
é ne rg ie (M e V / um a )
101
105
d E/d x(M e V / c m )
104
103
102
The Bragg peakThe Bragg peak
Projectile ion: the electronic stopping
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
(dE
/dx)
e (keV
/µm
)
Parcours (µm)
C 12.5 MeV/A
Velocity effect
Projectile: Swift heavy ionsSecondary particles: electrons
photons 60Co photons X 250 keV électrons 3H 5,5 keV
Fragmentation and grain rotation in NiO single crystals (Klaumuenzer REI-2007)
Polygonisation (UO2, CaF2)
Bibliography
CargèseSummer schoolsThe French summer school“Materials Under Irradiation”, Giens 1991, Trans Tech Publications, 1992 (in English)
The USA summer school “Fundamentals of Radiation Damage”, Urbana in 1993, J. Nucl. Mat., volume 216 (1994)
The French summer schools Lalonde les Maures 1999 et 2000, 2007 (PAMIR)Not published, but printed material (in French)
Bibliography
ClassicsChr. Lehmann, Interaction of Radiation with Solidsand Elementary Defect Production,Series on Defects in Crystalline solids, vol. 10. North-Holland, 1977
N. Nastasi, J. W. Mayer and J. K. Hirvonen, Ion-Solid Interaction, Fundamentals and Applications Cambridge Solid State Science Series, 1996
R. A. Johnson and A. N. Orlov EdsPhysics of Radiation Effects in Crystals,North-Holland, 1986
Specific to radiolysis
N. Itoh and A. M. StonehamMaterial Modification by Electronic Excitation,Cambridge University Press, 2001
H. Kurtz et al, Phys. Rev. A49 (1994) 4693
Projectile: electron capture Very very slow HCI
proton on hydrogen
p eV V
Bibliography
Never go to the beach without a good book
More specific to radiolysis
N. Itoh and A. M. StonehamMaterial Modification by Electronic Excitation,Cambridge University Press, 2001
F. Agullo-Lopez, C. R. A. Catlow, P. D. TownsendPoint defects in materialsAcademic Press 1988
N. Itoh edDefects Processes induced by electronic excitation in insulatorsWorld Scientific 1989
K. S. Song, R. T. WilliamsSelf-trapped excitonsSpringer-Verlag 1993
P. D. Townsend, P. J. Chandler, L. ZhangOptical effects of ion implantation Cambridge 1994
D
2D 0
2D 0 r
dc=σ
dΦdc
=σ (1-V c)d
linea
Φdc
=(σ (1-V c) -σ c)d
r regime:1 dpa = 1 de e
Φ
f ct
Low T, low T1/2
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0 5E+19 1E+20fluence
con
cen
tra
tion
Exemple : Cud 140 barnsn0 135 volumes atomiquesr 4000 barns
20
20
20
20
(1 )
( (1 ) )
( (1 ) )
(1 )
d
d
d r
F
F d r
F d rF
c
c V c
c V c c
c
V c c
dV
d
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 2 4 6 8 .cm)
d/ d
.cm
3/e
-)
F ~ 1 µ.cm / % defect
J. Dural et al, J. de Physique 38 (1977) 1007
The (dE/dx)e distributions
Fra
ctio
n of
the
dose
(dE/dx)e (keV/µm)
Bragg peakof electrons
(dE/dx)e of theprojectile over a given thickness
(dE/dx)e of thesecondary electrons
Fragmentation of H2O*
Fragmentation of H2O+
Hole migration
H3O+
OH
0.3 nm
dissociationHole migrationHole migration
H3O+
OH
0.3 nm
dissociation
H3O+
OH
0.3 nm
dissociation
0.8 nm
HO (3P)
0.8 nm
HO (3P)
0.8 nm
HO (3P)
The primary species
Distances empirically
*. 2 2; ;aqe HO HO
Low LET radiolysis: organics; water
Up to 60 reactions
< 10-12 s10-12 s < blobs and short tracks < 10-7 s