Energy Conversion System Lab

7/24/2019 Energy Conversion System Lab

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ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM LAB

6thSEM MECHANICAL

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

SL.NO.

NAME OF EXPERIMENTS PERFORMEDON

REMARKS

01. Study of Lamont boiler and its various parts in

detail.

02. Study of Velox boiler and its various paths indetails.

03. Study of Benson boiler and its various parts indetails.

04. To study the Flat Plate collectors.

05. To study the solar parabolic collector.

06. To study photo-voltaic cell.

Signature of Teacher


2/23

HIGH PRESSURE BOILERS

The modern trend in central power station is to generate a steam at a high pressure

& efficiency. The modern high pressure boilers used for power generation are for

steam capacities ranging from 30 to 650 tons/h and above with a pressure up to 200

bar a maximum steam temperature about 600oC. Now, it is possible to generate

steam above the critical pressure of water (221.2 bars). But these supercritical

boilers are different than subcritical boilers in both design and operation because of

the fact that properties of steam in critical range are different. The high pressure

boilers are characterized by the following: -

(1) Forced circulation of water: in high pressure boilers, circulation of water

is forced instead of natural. Therefore, a pump is used to force the water in boiler.

(2) Arrangements of drums & tubing: in order to avoid any large resistance

to flow of water, these boilers have a parallel set of tube arrangement. They have a

very small steam separating drum or may be entirely free of drum.

(3) Improved method of heating: The following methods are used to improve

heating: -

a) superheated steam is used to heat the water.b) Saving of latent heat by evaporation of water at pressure above critical.

c) The heat flow through the tube walls may be increased with the use of hot gases

travelling with supersonic velocity.

Advantages of high pressure boilers:

The following are the advantages of high pressure boiler: -

(a) Smaller bore and therefore lighter tubes make the unit more compact. The

space and weight requirements are minimized reduces the erection time and cost.

(b) Reduction in the number of drums.

(c) There is greater freedom for the heating surface and greater evaporation for a

given size.

(d) Lighter structure for a given output.

(e) The boiler is capable of making rapid changes of load without the use of


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complicated or delicate control device.

(f) All the parts are heated uniformly which eliminate the danger of overheating

and setting up thermal stresses.

(g) Due to uniform temperature of parts, the differential expansion are minimized,

this reduces the leakage of gas and air.

(h) There is complete elimination of high head which is needed for natural

circulation.

(i) Due to high circulation velocity the tendency to form scales is eliminated to

a large extent.

(j) If an external supply of power is available, very rapid start from cold state is

possible. Hence the boiler is suitable for carrying peak loads. It is also useful for

standby purpose in hydraulic stations.

The system is slightly complicated and a certain percentage of consumed by thecirculating pump.

Examples of high pressure boilers are Lamont, Benson, Velox, Monotube,

radiant etc.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the main purpose of high pressure boilers?

2. Write about boiler mountings.

3. State importance advantages of high pressure boilers.

4.Name important advantage of high pressure boilers.

5. What are the appliances known as boiler accessories?


4/23

EXPERIMENT NO: 1

LAMONT BOILER

AIM: Study of LaMont boiler and its various parts in details.

SPECIFICATIONS:High pressure, forced circulation boiler

Water pressure: 3.5 bar

Steam pressure: 120 atm

Superheated temp.: 500oC

Size: 45 to 50 tons.

Operating pressure: 130-140 bar.

Steaming capacity: 45 to 50 TSD (tones of steam per day)

Type of boiler: Water tubeNature of water circulation: Forced circulation.

PART LIST WITH DETAIL:

ECONOMISER: Function of economizer is to recover some of the heat

carried away in the flue gases up the chimney and utilize for heating the feed

water to the boiler.

SUPER HEATER: The function of a super heater is to superheat the steam

up to the desired temperature. It is generally located in the passage of hotflue gases.

AIR PREHEATER: The heat carried with the flue gases coming out of

economizer are further utilized for pre heating the air before supplying to the

combustion chamber. They are usually installed on steam generators that

burn solid fuels but rarely on gas or oil fired units.

RADIENT EVAPORATORS: They are placed in one or more walls of the

furnace of steam boilers where the super heaters tubes received heat by

direct radiation from fire and re-radiation from refractory walls behind them.

CHIMNEY: It is used for separating the flue gases to the atmosphere

BLOWER: It blows the cold air in to the air preheater.

ANTI-PRIMING DEVICE: It is used for separating out suspended

moisture and allowing as for separating out suspended particles.

Radiant surface of tubes in which radiant heat is supplied by combustion.


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WORKING: This is a high pressure forced circulation, water tube type boiler

invented by Lamont in 1925. The feed water from the hot well is supplied through

an economizer to a separating & sorting drum that contains a feed regulator, which

controls the speed of the feed pump. Since the economizer is placed in the boiler at

a place from where hot combustion gases pass, the economizer supplies sensible

heat to the feed water. Water from the boiler drum flour by gravity to a circulating

pump, which discharge in to a distributing header. Water from the distributing

header flows through long small diameter boiler tubes located in the walls & roof

of furnace to the drum where theSteamis separated and water returns to the pump.

Orifice located at inlet to each circuit on the disturbing headers correctly

proportion the water along the many parallel circuits so that each receiver its

proper shares. The circulating pump raiser the water pressure to about 3.5 bar

above the drum pressure to overcome the resistance to the flow controlling orifices

and the long circuit of small diameter tubing. At normal load the quantity of watercirculated in each tube is about 3.8 times the steam evaporated in the long circuit

of small tubes. This avoids the overheating of the tubes. Since three circuit tubes

are placed in the combustion chamber through which the hot gases are passing

upwards the steam is generated in them. The mixture of water and steam from

these tubes enter the boiler drum where the moisture is separate from the drum.

Now the steam is led to the super heater steam goes to ultimate destination through

the steam stop valve. It is essential to maintain a constant level of water in the

drum. This is possible by supplying feed water equivalent to the steam quantityblow off continuously. The pump consumes about 0.5 to 0.6% of the boiler output

which is supplied by the power unit raising the steam from boiler. For economic

combustion forced air preheater by the flue gases is used.

The basic elements of a controlled circulation boiler:

It employs a steam and water drum which receives a mixture of steam and water

from the steam generating tubes and feed water from economizer. The steam drum

internals separate the steam from the excess boiler water. The saturated steamcontaining a minimum of impurities discharges from the top of the steam drum

through a pipe or tube into a saturated header, and thence to the super-heater

position of the boiler. The separated excess boiler water mixes with the feed water

in the steam drum, and the mixture is discharged to the steam generating tube inlet


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header by circulating pumps. Orifices in the inlet header control the flow of water

to the steam generating circuit.


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Examples for La Mont boilers are:

Waste heat steam boilers at processes with hot gases and dust content.

Waste heat steam boilers behind fluidized bed combustion.

Waste heat system in nitric acid and caprolactum hydroxylamine plants.

Waste heat steam boilers in roasting processes. Waste heat systems in sulphuric acid plants.

Potential fuels are:

Oil,

Gas,

Coal,

Biomass,

Waste, Waste heat.

Advantage of the La Mont system compared to natural circulation system

Water circulation runs before heating starts. Inevitably, water is distributed on all

tubes according to heat absorption of each single tube. Even at very high specific

heat load of single locations there is no danger of a local tube overheating, as mass

flow is adjusted to that high load.

Material stress of the heated tubes

The possibility to use tubes with smaller diameter leads to thinner tube wall

thickness and therewith to decreased material stress of the tubes due the difference

between tube outer and inner temperature. Forced circulation provides an even

temperature in all tubes at start-up yet.

Steam and Water separation

Water circulation ratio is limited to a factor 2 to 5. Thereby, separation of steam

and water in the drum will be ease. As a consequence the drum can be smaller at

constant steam quality.


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Quick Start-Up from cold Circulation

Start-Up can be carried out with high combustion capacity as a water circulation in

the tube already exists before start-up. At wastes heat boilers the tubes can be

loaded with the full heat amount immediately. For the actual boiler the start-up

velocity is only given by the valid temperature gradient in the drum wall, whichDepend on the wall thickness. The drum diameter at a La Mont can be smaller

than at a natural circulation boiler, so that the wall thickness can be smaller, which

leads to advantage at start-up. At start-up superheater and preheater can be cooled

with forced circulation by a corresponding circuit.

Fast load changes

Load changes from small to large can be carried out very quickly as mass flow in

the tubes already exists at small load. At natural circulation boilers mass flow hasto speed up at heating. At start-up from cold condition and at load increase a part

of water is displaced from the heating surfaces into drum by steam bubbles. A LA

MONT boiler has a smaller amount of water compared to a natural circulation

system as on the one hand circulation number is smaller and on the other hand

heating surfaces contains less water due to smaller tube diameter.

Pressure decreases

The valid pressure decrease velocity depends on the water velocity in the down

comers. At a natural circulation boiler this velocity is limited by the frictional

resistance, which again is given by natural buoyancy height, i.e. the boiler height.

At a LA MONT boiler the water velocity in the down comers can be optimized by

choosing the net pressure of the circulation pump.

Design freedom

Compared to natural circulation boiler where gravity has to be regarded at tube

arrangement, the tube in a LA MONT boiler can be arranged arbitrarily as water

circulation can be arranged independent by the special LA MONT circulation

pump.

All the reasons prove that a LA MONT boiler is an ideal waste heat boiler.

Tube arrangement can be adapted to the site condition without limitation. Even at

very high heating very long horizontal tube arrangements are possible. Utilization


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of remaining heat from chemical or metallurgical processes is possible without

danger for the heating surfaces even with the highest temperatures. Additionally,

utilization of remaining heat from processes with relative low temperatures, but

very high fuel gas amount, where large draught cross section is required is

possible. Despite this high fuel gas amount the boiler can be adapted to the existing

site condition.

Usually for forced distribution of the water also the single tube banks are

provided with LA MONT nozzles. Exact water circulation calculations show if

nozzles are necessary.

Viva Questions:

1.

Write about LA MONT boiler?

2. What is the major disadvantage of LA MONT boiler?

3. List the names of various types of boiler mountings & accessories?

4. Define boiler efficiency?

1. What do you mean by boiler trial?


10/23

EXPERIMENT NO-02

VELOX BOILER

AIM:- Study and performance of Velox Boiler.

SPECIFICATION:

High pressure, Forced circulation boiler,

Evaporative capacity: 10200 kg/hr

Size: 100 tons

Pressure range: 70 to 80 bar

Superheating temperature: 500 c

Thermal efficiency: 90 to 95 %

WORKING: Air is compressed to about 2.5 bar in an axial compressor (which at

the time of start is driven by motor) before being supplied to oil fuel furnace. The

purpose of this compression of air is to secure a high velocity of gas and also at the

time release of a great amount of heat .The fuel and the compressed air are injected

downwards into a vertical combustion chamber, Which is surrounded by hollow

evaporator tubes .on reaching the bottom of the combustion chamber the products

are deflected upwards into the evaporators tubes consisting of by means of a spiral

water coil. The evaporator tubes consist of outer annuals through which 10 to 20

times the water evaporated is circulated at high velocity. The care of the lower half

of the evaporator tube or element is occupied by a central pipe, which supplies

water to the outer annulus , while the upper half is occupied by U-type super heater

tubes. In the space between the inner and outer, the flue gas rushes at speed of

about 250 m/s. There is provision of a ring main which collects the steam and

water and discharge it tangentially in to the separating chamber. His forms a forced

vortex, which by centrifugal loading on water particles ,allow steam release,without priming about two hundred times as great as in boiler of normal design.

The dry steam then passes up the central tube the superheating main, which

distribute it to various super beater element s. The mud drum collects the separated

water, which is extracted by means of a circulating pump. This circulating pump

also creates a high water velocity through the evaporator tubes. The flue gases,


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after passing through the super heater enter exhaust gas turbines that drives the

compressor. The exhaust from the turbine passes through the counter flow feed

beater where the feed water is preheated and which is discharged tangentially into

the separating drum. This boiler is very compact steam generating plant of great

flexibility. It is capable of quick starting and its thermal efficiency is about go to

95%.

Velox Boiler


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PARTLISTWITHDETAIL:

ECONOMISER:Functionofeconomizeristorecoversomeoftheheatfromthe

heatcarryaway from the fluegasesupthechimneyandutilize forheatingthe

feedwatertotheboiler.

SUPER

HEATER:

The functionofsuperheater is tosuperheat thesteamup to

thedesiredtemperature.Itisgenerallylocatedinthepassageofhotfluegases.

MAINHOLE:The functionofmainhole istoprovideopening throughwhicha

mancanentertheboilerforcleaningandinspections.

FEEDPUMP:Function

of

a

feed

pump

is

to

pump

water

space

of

a

boiler.

There

aremanytypesoffeedpump,rotaryandreciprocating.Rotarypumpareeither

arecontinuedrunbythesteam fromthesameboilertowhichwaterdrivenby

electricmotorsorsmallsteamturbines.Reciprocatingpumpsistobefed

MERITS:

Very high combustion rates are possible as 8 to 10 million Kcal per cu m of

combustionchambervolume.

Low

excess

air

is

required

as

the

pressurized

air

is

used

and

the

problem

ofdraughtissimplified.

Itisverycompactgeneratingunitandhasgreaterflexibility.

It can be quickly started even though the separator has a storage capacity of

about10%ofthemaximumhourlyoutput.


13/23

EXPERIMENT NO: 03

BENSON BOILER

AIM: Study and performance of Benson Boiler.

SPECIFICATION:

High pressure, Forced circulation boiler,

Operating pressure 210 bar

Evaporating capacity 13500 kg/hr

Super heating Temperature 405 C

Efficiency 90%

THEORY:The Benson boiler was developed by Siemans-Schuckert-Werke and

has passed through many modifications. It is the first boiler to be designed for

operation above critical pressure. This drum less once-Through Boiler takes boiler

feed water at one end and discharges it as superheated steam as other. The presence

of steam bubbles in contact with surface of tubes retards the heat transmission from

the hot gases to water. This Boiler can operate at super critical pressure and that

question of bubble formation of latent heat of vaporization does not arise. The

water transforms into steam without boiling. But, raising of water to a pressure ofabout 221.2 bar will mean large feed pump work and the efficiency of the plant

may reduce. This light weight boiler which has no drum, can we started in 15

minutes and is designed for pressures up to 50 bar and much more and steam rates

up to 13500 kg/hr & much more.

(a) Radiant evaporator section, where most of the heat is transmitted and water

get heated almost to the critical temperature (Water cooled walls from the

portion of the section).

(b)

Residual evaporator and initial super-heater or transition super-heater whereany water that has not evaporated in the radiant evaporator may evaporate

and further super-heated to some degree.

(c) Radiation super-heater to ensure a proper designed degree of super-heat.

This has parallel circuits.

(d)Convection super-heater to obtain final desired temperature of super-heat.


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Modern steam power plants working on sub critical pressure have efficiency of

35% and above. Supercritical pressure plants works at higher efficiency of about

40%. In supercritical boilers plants, about 65% of heat is transferred in

superheating of steam and reheating of the steam bled from steam turbine at

intermediate pressures. And to limit gas temperature a radiant type super heater is

used.

Benson Boiler

Working: Once-through water tube boiler demand for higher efficiency and

enlargement of energy demand led to higher pressure, temperature and

performance. This demand affects steam generator design and types. At natural

circulation pressure above 180 bar lead to the presented complications. However,

already in the 1930 the development of Once-through system was encouraged,

because big drums and down comers are not necessary in that system.

Additionally, a larger combustion chamber (for difficult coal types) can be design

due to higher design freedom compared to natural circulation systems. It was also

recognized that owing to a more flexible reaction on heat input a more frequent


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start-up and shut down is not a problem. Obviously, the once-through system,

where feed water is pre-heated, evaporated and superheated in one step, allows

applying the highest yet controllable pressure and temperature. Supercritical

pressure of 400 bar, superheated temperature of almost 700oC at capacity of over

2000 ton/h steam and thermal efficiency of 43% in condensation power plant are in

realm of possibility.

Benson Boiler Arrangements: Benson boilers are designed and constructed in

two basic arrangements, the two-pass or lower type. Both perform equally well.

The selected arrangement is generally driven by customer preference and site

selection factors. Some particular advantages of two-pass design are:

Small plant profile (height)

Lower cost construction.

More optimized heating surface size because of decoupling back-pass from

furnace section,

Smaller stack height requirement, depending on regulations.

The tower arrangement also has certain advantages. They are:

Small plant footprint, especially if fitted with SCR.

Even flow distribution of flue gas and particulates.

Lower flue gas velocity and erosion potential.

Direct load transmission to the boiler roof and free expansion.

No temperature differences between adjacent wall systems,

Ease of extreme cycling operation.

Part List with Details: This boiler consist of-

Air preheater in which air is preheated for economical combustion.

Economizer in which sensible heat is imparted to feed water.

Radiant surface of tubes in which radiant heat is supplied by combustion.

Evaporative surface where the major quantity of water is evaporated.

Super heater tubes in which steam is superheated and led to the work.


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Merits:

There are no pressure limitations and it may be as high as super critical.

Absence of circulating pump and down comers.

Absence of drum hence the cost is less.

Lighter in weight, height specific output with high safety factor. Evaporation is quick.

Self-contained unit can be easily erected.

Demerits:

Evaporation process is accompanied by formation of salt and solids in the

tubes. Special arrangements are required to remove this.

On evaporative surface there is chance of corrosion of the tubes.

Overheating of the tubes in case of insufficient water supply.

Since the storage capacity is small, it requires close coordination between

steam, feed water and fuel input.

Viva Questions:

1. Write about Benson boiler? State some important advantages of Benson

boilers?


17/23

EXPERIMENT NO. 4

SOLAR FLAT PLATE COLLECTORS

AIM: To study the solar plate collectors.

THEORY: A typical flat-plate collector is a metal box with a glass or plasticcover (called glazing) on top and a dark-colored absorber plate on the bottom. The

side and bottom of the collector are usually insulated to minimize heat loss. Sun

light passes through the glazing and strikes the absorber plate, which heats up,

changing solar energy into heat energy. The heat is transferred to liquid passing

through pipes attached to the absorber plate. Absorber plates are commonly

painted with selective coatings which absorbed and retain better than ordinary

black paint. Absorber plates are usually made of metal- typically copper and

aluminum- because the metal is good heat conductor. Copper is more expensive,but is a better conductor and less prone to corrosion than aluminum. In locations

with available solar energy, flat plate collectors are sized approximately one-half-

to one square foot per gallon of one days hot water use.

Flat plate collectors may be divided into two main classifications based on the

types of heat transfer fuel used.

1) Liquid heating collector is used for heating water and non-aqueous solution

and occasional for non-aqueous heat transfer fluids.

2) Gas heating collectors are employed as solar air heaters.

The majority of flat collectors have five main components. They are as

follows:-


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a) A transparent corner which may be one or more sheet of glass or

radiation transmitting plastic film or sheets.

b) Tubes, fine passages or channels are integral with the collector absorber

plate or connected to it which carry the water air of other fluids.

c) The absorber plate normally metallic or with a blank surface although a

wide variety of other materials can be used with air heater.

d) Insulation which should be provided at a back side to minimize the heat

losses. Standard insulating materials such as fiber glass hydro foam are

used for this purpose.

Applications: The main use of this technology is in residential buildings wherethe demand for hot water has a large impact on energy bills. This generally meansa situation with a large family, or a situation in which the hot water demand isexcessive due to frequent laundry washing. Commercial applications include

Laundromats, car washes, military laundry facilities and eating establishments. Thetechnology can also be used for space heating if the building is located off-grid orif utility power is subject to frequent outages. Solar water heating systems are mostlikely to be cost effective for facilities with water heating systems that areexpensive to operate, or with operations such as laundries or kitchens that requirelarge quantities of hot water. Unglazed liquid collectors are commonly used to heatwater for swimming pools. Because these collectors need not withstand hightemperatures, they can use less expensive materials such as plastic or rubber. Theyalso do not require freeze-proofing because swimming pools are generally used

only in warm weather or can be drained easily during cold weather. While solarcollectors are most cost-effective in sunny, temperate areas, they can be costeffective virtually anywhere in the country so should be considered.

Advantages:

They have the advantages of using both beam and diffuse solar radiation.

They do not require orientation towards the sun.

They require little maintenance.

They are mechanically simpler than the concentrating reflector observingsurfaces and orientation devices of focusing collectors.

Viva Questions:

What are the main components of flat plate collectors?

Give various applications of solar air heaters?


19/23

EXPERIMENT NO. 5

SOLAR PARABOLIC COLLECTORS

AIM:To study the solar parabolic collector.

THEORY: Focusing collector is a device to collect radiation on the energyabsorbing surface. The main difference between focusing and non focusing type is

that the form concentrate only direct radiation converting coming from specific

direction. Since the diffuse radiation arrives from all direction only a very small

proportion is from the direction for which focusing occurs.

Focusing collectors may be of two types:

1. Line focusing type

2.

Point focusing type.

The parabolic trough collector is line type of focusing collector. The solar

radiation coming from the particular direction is collected over the area of the

reflecting surface and is concentrated at the focus of parabola if the reflector is in

the form of trough with cross section, the solar radiation is focused along line

mostly cylindrical parabolic concentrators are used in absorber is placed along

focus axis. The collector pipe preferring with selective absorber coating is used as

an absorber. For solar radiation to be brought to focus by parabolic through

reflective the sun must be in such direction that its plane passing through the focalline and vertex of the parabola.

Solar power is energy from the sun. Although the sun is 150 million kilometers

away it is still extremely powerful. The amount of energy it provides for the earth

in one minute is large enough to meet the earths energy needs for one year. The

problem is in the development of technology that can harness this free energy

source.

Solar collectors are one way of focusing the sun rays to heat up fluids. A typicalarray of solar collectors is seen opposite. They are basically unusually shaped

mirrors (parabolic in shape) that focus the heat of the sun on a pipe carrying a

special fluid. The temperature of the fluid in the pipe increases as it flows down the

pipe, along the solar collectors. The pipe extends the entire length of the mirrors.


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This type of set up works at its best in desert areas where there is no shortage of

sunlight and very little cloud. The hot fluid in the pipe can be used, through a

system of heat exchangers, to produce electricity or hot water.

ADVANTAGES:

1. Reflecting surfaced require less material and structurally simpler than the flat

plate collector.

2. The absorbers are a concentrator system in the smaller than that of flat plate

collector solar energy collection and therefore the installation energy is generated.

3. Because of the area from which the heat lost to surrounding percent of the solar

energy collector used is less than for flat plate collector.

4. Owing smaller area of absorber unit if solar energy collector areas select the

surface treatment and vacuum insulation efficiency is economically feasible.


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5. Focusing or concentrating system can be used for electric solar generator when

not used for heating or cooling.

6. Because of temperature attainable with the amount of heat which can be spread

per unit volume is larger.

7. In solar heating cooling is separate on due to higher temperature attaining the

higher efficiency.

DISADVANTAGES:

1. Out of the beam and difficult solar radiation component only beam component is

collected in case of focusing collector because diffused component cannot be

reflected and is thus lost.

2. Addition requirement of maintain particular to retain the quality of reflectingsurface against air, weather, oxidation etc.

3. Non uniform flux on the absorber.

Viva Questions:

1. Enumerate the different types of concentrating type collectors?

2. Why orientation is needed in concentrating type collectors?

3. Advantages and disadvantages of concentrating collectors over a flat plate

collector?


22/23

EXPERIMENT NO. 6

PHOTO-VOLTAIC CELL

AIM-To study photo-voltaic cell

THEORY: Direct connection of solar energy to electrical by means of photovoltaic effect takes place i. e production of electromotive forces as a result of

ionized radiation. As single converter is called solar cell or more called photos

voltaic cell. they are model of semiconductor that revive 5.electrical when they

absorbs light .As photons are revive free electrical energy are generated that can be

collected on contacts applied to the surface of semiconductor .It has theoretical

efficiency o nearly 25% but alternate it is less than even its half.

INTRODUCTION: The ability to produce electricity directly from the suns

energy is a revolutionary development. THE technology involved in the production

of these silicon cell is complicated and the efficiency are still not even close to

those of thermal solar applications ,but these unique energy devices are now seen

in places as common as the yard , the highway one of course the common

calculator. Some material exhibit known as the photoelectric effect that case them

absorb photons of light $ release elections. When these free electrons are captured,

an electric current results that can be used as electricity .This diagram illustrates

the operation of a basic photovoltaic cell, also called solar cell. When light energy

strikes the solar cell, electrons are knocked loose from the atoms in thesemiconductors material. If electrical conductors are attached to the positive and

negative sides. Forming an electrical circuit, the electrons can be captured in the

form of an electric current that is electricity.


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APPLICATIONS:

1. Power generation in spacecraft.

2. Calculator.

3. Power generation source in houses.

The silicon solar cell used has an efficiency of 12-15%.

A photo voltaic system consist of-

1. Solar cell worry.

2. Leveler.

3. Storage system.

4. Tracking system (when necessary).

Viva Questions:

1. Give application of solar photo-voltaic system.

2. Give advantages and disadvantages of photo-voltaic system.

3. What is the principle of solar photo-voltaic power generation?

4. What are the main elements of a photo-voltaic system?

Energy Conversion System Lab

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