Energy and Environment - Michael C. Trachtenberg, PhD Carbozyme, Inc

Michael C. Trachtenberg, PhD

Carbozyme, Inc.

Rutgers Energy

InstituteMay 4, 2010

REI 5th Annual Energy Symposium

Energy and Environment

© Carbozyme, Inc. 2

The Importance of Energy / Electricity

© Carbozyme, Inc. 3Energy is Key

Energy is Central to Economic GrowthThe Energy Economy underlies the Product and

Service Economies = Machines & Food

"Energy has always been the basis of cultural complexity and it always will be."

Jos. A. Tainter (1966)

Energy Economy

Product Economy

Service Economy

Servitization

Materials Processes

Energy Economy


Energy Refinement Drives Energy Value

• Goal: Increase flexibility, portability, reliability, consistency, and convenience

• Path: Increase processing, refinement and effectiveness

• Societal growth (consumption - GDP) is dependent on a high level of energy processing to achieve predictability and flexibility and avoid uncertainties and difficult conversions

Electricity is the most refined, most fungible, most

flexible, most reliable and convenient energy product


• Early Industrial – Water power - 1750 to 1880– Localized to powerful streams; Inherently local because water flow could not be relocated– Power and object production occur at the same site– Energy source and production site are coupled

• Middle Industrial – Steam – 1712 - 1884 to today– Limited by energy distribution system – rail, barge, pipeline – Power is created at the object production site– Energy source and production site are partly uncoupled

Energy is Key

Decoupling Carrier Availability, Power Generation and Power Use Energy: Transformation Stages - 1


• Late Industrial – Electricity – 1880s to today (first commercial power station - 1882)Three factors control power plant location: Access to energy carrier; cooling water; to end users (line loss)

– Stage 1 – Line loss and water availability control– coal, gas, nuclear, water, grid• Energy source, power generation and production use are more fully decoupled

– Stage 2 – High voltage lines – coal, water, grid – Power plant far from use point• Energy source, power generation and production use are fully decoupled

Energy is Key

Decoupling Carrier Availability, Power Generation and Power Use Energy: Transformation Stages - 2

High voltage power linesWater Recycling


Electricity Grids

www.DESERTEC.org


CAUSE: Key Assumption - Economic Expansion is Mandatory

CONSEQUENCE

Increased Population

Increased Standard of Living

Increased Demand for Energy

Increase by 2030 - IEA 200553% Energy demand - US 34% Fossil fuel use - US83% Fossil fuel use - World

The Causes

2030 Projected Usage –

33,264 TWh -

IEA 2008

Current Worldwide

Usage - 17,320 TWh

92% Increase

Growth in Demand for Electricity


Consequences of More Electricity

© Carbozyme, Inc. 10Solution Options

8%

13%

18%

20%

41%

2004

2030

Impact 90% Conversion of Road Transport from Gasoline to Electric

Sources: 1) IEA World Energy Report 2006 Table 2.4 Emissions by Sector, page 80. 2) eia.doe.gov World Energy Projection (2008). 3) Carbozyme Internal Estimates.

59%

7%10%

17%

7%

Conversion to EV results - Emissions transfer from Transport to Power Sector = Increased Need for Scrubbers at Power Plant

GHG Emissions by SectorImpact of Increased Use of Electricity on CO2


Limits to Growth1798 - 1826

Malthus KayaEhrlich Meadows et al

Lester & Finan

20091967 19931972

I = P × A × TI = Environmental Impact, P = Population, A = Affluence, T = Technology

CO2 = Pop GDPPop ** * - SEnergy Cost

GDPCO2 Produced

Energy

Demand Supply Efficiency Sequestration

Significant Increase

Relatively Flat

{ } { }

Energy Intensity

Declining

CO2 Intensity

2004

Meadows et al

2008

Turner


Lester and Finan Operationalize Kaya

*C = CE

EY

YP* * P

C = Carbon emitted in a given time period E = Energy consumed in that time periodY = Economic output (output per capita) P = Population

Y/P = Broadest measure of productivity and important long run determinant of prosperityC/Y = Carbon use per unit of economic outputE/P = Energy use per capita

∂C C

=∂(C/E) (C/E)

+ ∂(E/Y) (E/Y)

+ ∂(Y/P) (Y/P)

+ ∂P P

To put it in simpler differential forms:

∂C C

=∂(C/Y) (C/Y)

+ ∂(Y/P) (Y/P)

+ ∂P P

& ∂C C

=∂(C/E) (C/E)

+ ∂(E/P) (E/P)

+ ∂P P

Lester, R.K; Finan, A. 2009. MIT IPC


Lester and Finan Conclusions• If energy intensity declines at the same rate as it has for the last

25 years– Economy does not grow faster than 1% per year per capita between

now and mid-century• If the economy grows at a 2% per year per capita

– Even the best decarbonization measures would fail to yield desired emission reductions unless energy intensity also rapidly declines

• Decarbonization, based on current production, cleanup and storage technologies and solution sets, is inadequate

• There is an overwhelming need for the continuous flow of innovations and their rapid implementation to lower the cost of low-carbon alternatives to current power sources

Lester, R.K; Finan, A. 2009. MIT IPC


Solution Options


Y/P – Solution Options & Evaluation – Efficiency, Cleanup, GDP, Population

• Repair– Demand side

• Decrease demand– Decrease GDP– Decrease inefficiencies– Decrease population– Make costs more visible

– Supply side• Increase efficiency

– Production– Delivery

• Remediate, Recycle– Pyrolysis

• Control– CCS– CC – Beneficial Use– Geoengineering

• Replace– Alternate technologies

– Energy, food, water

The recent worldwide recession led to a 9% decrease in CO2 emissions.

US expenditures on healthcare R&D are >10x expenditures on energy. If agriculture is included (biological energy) it is >15X.


Energy Production OptionsNON-HYDROCARBON HYDROCARBON

RENEWABLE NON-RENEWABLEEpisodic

Solar - TerrestrialWindOcean - Wave, Tide

Non-Episodic Conversion

MESFlywheelCompressed AirDammed Water

Contributory

Geothermal EthanolBiodieselBio Jet Fuel

Peak Load

Natural GasOil

Base Load

Solar - Space Trash Pyrolysis Natural GasOcean - Osmotic - Ocean/River Wood / Grass OilHydrothermal CoalNuclear

UraniumPlutoniumThorium


Non-Hydrocarbon Fuels

Wind

Wave

Geothermal

Solar

NuclearHydro

¢/kWh - 4.0-6.0$/GGE - 3.00

¢/kWh - 21.33-37.34$/GGE - 9.50

¢/kWh - 11.1-14.5$/GGE - 2.50

¢/kWh - 5.1-11.3

* $ 1996; Combined capex & opex


TECHNICAL

Non-Hydrocarbon Fuels

Hydrocarbon Fuels

Increased Efficiency

Improved Implementation

Economics / Politics

SOCIOECONOMIC

Control Population Steady-State Economics

Time to Benefit: 10-50y



Response Options

Time to Benefit: >50y Time to Benefit: >100y

“Creative destruction”

Solution Options

Technology is Enabling, Only


Solar

Current Production Past Production Reserve

Gas Oil Coal

Pre-Combustion Oxy-Combustion Post-Combustion

H2, CO2 O2, CO2

CO2, SOx, NOx, Acids, CO, Hg, VOC, Particulates, Radioactivity

SOx, Hg, Particulates, Radioactivity

NOx, SOx, Hg

Biomass

CO2 Production / Electricity Generation AlternativesFuel Switching

CO2 Capture is Mandatory


Keys to CO2 CaptureMinimize parasitic load - <20% Minimize additional Cost of Electricity

<35%

Solution paths: • Maximize mass transfer• Minimize energy of desorption• Maximize absorption / desorption rates


CO2 Capture Chemistry

Adsorption Absorption Reaction

ZeolitesClay

MOFs

Polymer Membranes

Solid Oxides, Hydroxides

Rubbery GlassyMixed Matrix

Physical Chemical(Facilitation)

Aqueous

Ionic Liquid

Dendrimer Clathrate

Ammonia / Alkanolamine

Catalyst

Lone Pair Rate Promoters Carbonic AnhydraseCarbonic Anhydrase

HydroxidePolar Organic Solvent

Carbonate / Bicarbonate

Post-Combustion CO2 Capture Approaches

Decision bases: Parasitic load <20%; COE increase <35%


CA Reaction Chemistry Overview

CO2

E-Zn*OH

E-Zn*HCO3

E-Zn*HOH

H*E-Zn*OH

H2O

HCO3-

B-

BH

Hydration

Dehydration

kcat

KM

Absorption

Desorption

Carbozyme Inc.Copyright

23

-CA II -CA Cam

Two Isozymes Studied by CZ

Carbonic Anhydrase

Carbonate Hydrolyase E.C. 4.2.1.1A metalloenzyme

6 Families~30 Isozymes

Maximal operating temperature >85°C (185°F)


Carbonic AnhydraseProduction, Purification and Stability

80 KDa

60 KDa

25 KDa

15 KDa

50 KDa

1 2 3 4 5

Control

Native,20h at 65°C

Support: Edison Fund, NJCST


Hollow Fiber Membrane Permeator

95%

0%

15%

1.5%

CLM

Rich

CO

2

CA CA

Flue G

asL

ean CO

2

Vacuum

HCO3-

CA =Carbonic

Anhydrase

N2

CO2

O2 N2

O2

CO2

Features BenefitsEnzyme catalyzed rate promotion Rapid, low energy, specific CO2 reactions

Pressure Swing Absorption Low pressure, no temperature swings

Hollow fiber G-L-G design, contained liquid membrane (CLM)

Efficient mass transfer, maximal surface / volume

HFCLM Design

High packing density Maximal interfacial contact No channelingNo foamingNo dead zonesMembranes 10 X > contact efficiency vs. trays

Carbozyme Post-Combustion CO2 Capture Approach


Comparison of Hollow Fiber Permeator Designs

Loose fibersMembrane module(2 tubesheets)

Hydrophobic nature of membrane keeps pores filled with gas

Pore Dimensions 0.03 x 0.2 m (W x L)

Hollow Fiber Array

Hollow Fiber

Microporous Membrane

random well ordered

CZ spiral wound(multi-tubesheet design)

Well ordered structure provides better performance

Solution Options



Permeator Performance


Carbozyme Absorber / Stripper


Furnace/Boiler SCR / NOx FGD / SOx

FGD Polisher

FF/Particles

Compressor

Pipeline Stack

Carbozyme Permeators

Flue Gas CO2 Capture

CO2 Lean Air

Natco / Cynara

Stack Gas without CO2 Capture

CO2

N2

H2O

O2

SOx Nox Hg, Acids

CO2

N2H2O O2

Product Side Acceptance

Standard

CO2N2 H2O O2

Feed Side Acceptance

Standard

Final Polisher



Sequestration Problems

Conflicting economic and political positionsRegulations – to be establishedPipelines – must be installedNIMBY / NUMBYInsurance requirements neededLitigation at all stages is guaranteed

CCarbonCCaptureSStorage =

CC / TTransport, SStorage, MMonitoringMMeasurementVVerification


Sources of CO2

Solution Options

CO2 Generation Sites


Oil Fields

Saline Reservoirs

Unminable Coal Seams

CO2 Sinks

Solution Options

Candidate CO2 Storage Sites


Biofuels

EOR / EGR

Whitening

CO2 reduction / reuse

Beneficial Use: The Immediate Solution

The move from hunter gatherer to energy farmer

© Carbozyme, Inc. 34Conclusions

Clean Energy Paradigm ShiftThe Stone Age did not end due to lack of rocks

The Oil Age will not end due to lack of oiland

The Coal Age will not end due to lack of coal

Germany – Green Efficiency 2009: • 8% decrease in CO2

• 17% increase in industrial output

Questions?


Technologies for the Future• Salvation thru sapience – Paradigm Shift

– Super industrial farming– Artificial meat / fish

Outsourced

Save

• Feed• WaterAvoid• Methane burps, flatus


Impact of U.S. Voluntary Program to Reduce Energy Intensity on GHG Emissions

WRI, 2002


GDP Population

Technology / Efficiency

Repair / Replace

Develop / Deploy

© Carbozyme, Inc. 39Importance

Refinement of Energy SourcesForm Transportability Energy Density Storage

CapabilityHuman / Animal labor Good Low FairHeat – Gas expansion

Wood Moderate - Good Low GoodDung Poor - Good Low PoorOil Excellent High ExcellentNatural Gas Excellent High Excellent Coal Excellent High ExcellentNuclear Good High Excellent Solar N/A Moderate Poor

Wind N/A Moderate Poor Water Moderate Moderate - High ExcellentElectron Transfer

Chemical reaction (fuel cell) Excellent High ExcellentPhotovoltaic Poor Good ModerateHeat – Peltier-Seebeck effect Poor Low PoorMotion – Piezoelectric effect Poor Low Poor

Electrons Excellent High Poor

© Carbozyme, Inc. 40Problems

Adverse impact – GHG

• Magnitude now & near-future– How much– What kind - distribution– What growth pattern– Sea level– Storms– Rain / No rain– Global conveyor belt– Methane leaks

Problems


Population GDP

Earth Recovery

Technology

Sweet Spot

The Sweet Spot

Do Nothing

Which path to take?

Solution Options


Option Matrix

Increased Energy /

ElectricityBAUMore and greater

environmental impact

Greater cost for clean-up

Improvement of existing technologies /

Replacement by new technologies

Despoliation of Air, Land and Water Sea level riseStorm increaseRain pattern changesGlobal conveyor beltMethane leaks

Solution Options

Technology

GDP Population

Values

Enabling Growth in the Anthropocene Age

The recent worldwide recession led to a 9% decrease in CO2 emissions.

The faster I go, the behinder I get.L. Carroll


The Tipping Point

GHG DamageWater DemandLand Quality / Quantity DeclineSpecies LossHabitat Loss

Novel Clean EnergyDecrease GDP

Decrease PopulationMaintain Gross GDP Inequality

Abandon Homocentrism

Concerns Solution Options


GHG and Climate Change ViewpointsGRADUALISTS CATATROPHISTS

POSITIVISTS Technology has been and will be the salvation (including geoengineering).

Sever alterations in global climate will follow BAU. Only radical changes in technology and human lifestyle offers any chance for survival of humanity and planet Earth.

NEGATIVISTS (REALISTS)

Human / planetary survival requires decreases in GDP and / or population. Efficiency alone is insufficient.

The die is cast. Civilization is at risk and will disintegrate. Species collapse is imminent.

Energy and Environment - Michael C. Trachtenberg, PhD Carbozyme, Inc

Documents

e y carbozyme

energy consumed p

g e n e ra ti n

uncoupled e n e rg y

e ci carbozyme

po w e r i e

p e y p ey

grid energy source