Energy

Energy

Project 3

Student 1

Diego Díaz

The forms of energy.

All forms of energy can be classified as kinetic or potential.

These two are the basic states of energy.

Potential energy is stored due to an object’s position.

Kinetic energy is energy of motion.

POTENTIAL ENERGY

1. It is stored due to the objects position.

2. Bigger objects have more potential energy than smaller objects.

3. An object at a higher elevation will have more potential energy than an object at a lower elevation

KINETIC ENERGY

1. It is energy of motion.

2. It depends on the speed and mass of an object.

3. Faster objects have more kinetic energy than slower objects.

KINETIC

ENERGIES

Thermal energy

It exists because objects have heat.

Heat is caused by the motion of tiny particles.

Thermal energy can changes matter:

Example of a use for thermal energy:

Mechanical energy

It is the energy associated with the motion and position of an object.

It is the sum of kinetic and potential energy.

Example of a use for mechanical energy:

Electrical energy

It is created by the movement of electrons.

Not all objects conducts electricity, this objects are call insulators. Ex: wood.

• Example of a use for electrical energy:

Magnetic energy

It is the energy made by the magnetic attraction or repel of two objects, for this to happen there should be two poles: negative (N) and positive (S).

Example of a use for magnetic energy:

POTENTIAL

ENERGIES

Chemical energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds that can be released. Ex: food, fossil fuels, battery acid.

The most common use of chemical energy is the food we consume to generate enough energy to live, work, think, etc.

Elastic energy

It is the energy stored in the form of a material or physical system as work is performed to distort its volume or shape and it happens when objects are compressed and stretched.

Example of a use for elastic energy include a rubber band, spring, bouncing ball, catapult, bungee cord, bow string and trampoline.

Nuclear energy

It is energy inside the nucleus of an atom. Atoms are tiny particles that make up every object in the universe.

The nuclear energy is created in a nuclear power station.

Example of a use for nuclear energy: human health, sterilization of food, determination of age, use in space and generating electricity.

Gravitational energy

It is due to the force of gravity caused by the attraction of all other masses to the mass of the earth.

At a higher elevation, you give the object more gravitational energy.

The most common use of gravitational potential energy is in hydroelectric power plants that use the GPE of water to generate electricity.

General classification of energy sources: renewable

and non-renewable.Advantages and

disadvantages of every group.

Advantages of renewable energy

1. Renewable energy: It is infinite.

2. Environmental Benefits: It is clean

3. Reliable Energy Source: Reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and the result is minor vulnerable to political instabilities for trade disputes and wars.

4. Economic Benefits: stables jobs, require a less amount of maintenance, which reduces the costs.

5. Stabilize Energy Prices: Non dependant of other countries.

Disadvantages of renewable energy

1. Reliability of Supply: It is dependant of the climate.

2. Difficult to Generate in Large Quantity: It cannot be sufficient for all the consumptions demand.

3. Large Capital Cost: It is careful planning and implementation.

4. Large Tracts of Land Required: It needs large extensions of land.

Advantages of non-renewable energy

1. They are easy to transport from one area to another. For example petroleum oils which can be transported via pipes.

2. Cost of producing is low since they are naturally available.

3. Most of this energy sources are abundantly available in different areas.

4. Their availability is not affected by climatic condition.

Disadvantages of non-renewable energy

 1. Environmental Consequences. They have a very negative effect on the environment when mined, processed and consumed.

2. Health Risks. Cancer, allergies and other illnesses are associated to the contamination that this energies produce in the Earth.

3. Supply and Demand. Because unsustainable energy reserves are limited, they will become more and more expensive as they are used.

4. Running Out. All non-renewable energy resources will spent.

Bibliography

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlpD6BT0YuM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCg81A6kwg0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=86PzkRbw4_U

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forms_of_energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_energy

Student 2

Lourdes Fontecha

Non-renewable energy

we have a low production and a high consumption of the product.

But first, what does non-renewable means?

Fossil Fuels.

They all come from organic matter.

Coal

Petroleum

Natural gas

CoalBurning coal .

Water heats up.

Pressure gets higher.

Turbine moves.

Coal is extracted from

mines.

Petroleum

We extract the oil with a pump controlled by a tower like structure of metal with weights.

Natural gas

Water is inserted in the reservoirs for making pressure increase and gasses will go up, then water an gas are divided.

Nuclear EnergyComes from

uranium

The nuclear energy is produced during the process of fission and fusion of atoms.

In blue we have protons and in red neutrons.

How does energy changes?From thermal to mechanical

As in coal energy we use thermal energy to heat up water.

The pressure in the circuit will increase and water vapor will get to a turbine.

This turbine will move transforming thermal energy into mechanical energy.

Student 3

Rocío Mosquera

TECHNICAL SYSTEMS

Alternative energies are obtained from inexhaustiblesources. The most used ones are:

• - Hydroelectric• -Tidal Power Plants• - Thermosolar Power Plants• - Photovoltaic panels • - Wind farms• - Biomass• - Geothermal

Hydroelectric : energy is generated by releasing the water from the reservoir through the lower part of the dam at high pressure.

Tidal Power Plants : a large dike is built across an estuary in the ocean in which there are channels in the lower part of the dam, in the seawater.

Thermosolar Power Plant : the idea is to gather solar radiation by means of mirrors and concentrate it all.

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

• We can obtain energy from natural phenomena related to the Sun, such as the wind, tides and waves

• Scientists are currently experimenting with alternative energy sources.

Photovoltaic panels: this system is based on a property of silicon crystals which allow them to generate electricity when they are illunated by light.

Wind Farms : it consists of a large rotor placed on top of a tower and drives the electricity generator.

Biomass : refers to biological material from iving organisms. Its energy can be obtained through three processes:

Pyrolysis: the result is a gas called methane.

Fermentation of plants : results in bioethanol.

Fermentation of organic waste from rubbish: generates a product known as compost.

Geothermal : in some countries there are geological traps that contain very hot rocks. They inject water from the outside and convert the water into steam to turn a turbine that drives a generator.

Student 4

Natalia Rehak

• Thermal Power Plants Generation

I. Fossil-fuels (natural gas, coal, petroleum) burned heat

II. The heat generated evaporates water

III. Steam TºC Pressure turbine turns

IV. Water is condensed liquid

with cold water

Process starts again

Burned coal rises through this pipe Cold water

renovates from the rivers, lakes…

30% efficiency

• Hydroelectric Power PlantsGeneration - uses the movement of water (rivers, waterfalls, reservoirs…)

- located certain height potential energy high speed of water

- water pipe turbine generator (electric current) water

returns to the stream

The bigger the height of water, the more energy generated

• Nuclear Power Plants Generation - Heat is produced by nuclear fission split atom 2 smaller

nucleiFission chain reaction: neutrons released split again and produce more energy (e.g., uranium 235)

Process:

1. Nuclear fission in reactor

2. Nuclear fission heats water

3. This makes the turbine turn

4. The generator transforms the energy into electricity

5. Water vapour is condensed with cold water and the cycle starts again

Transmission and Distribution systems

I. Step-up transformers: increases the voltage (note that there is an

electricity energy loss, called Joule effect, when it is transported)

intensity energy loss solution: voltage

II. Transmission lines: cables joined by towers. Air insulator cheap

It can also be underground

• Transmission

I. Step-down transformers: decreases de voltage (a high voltage is dangerous)

II. It is distributed to factories and houses by cables and tranformers

• Distribution

• Efficiency Energy can’t be destroyed nor created transforms from the total

energy

Consume less same work

Advantages: Example:

- saves energy -saving light bulb

- saves money

- pollutes less

Part of it transforms and is no longer useful

Traditional light bulb Energy saving light bulb

• Energy Saving

Advantages: Examples:• Save money

• Pollute less

• Make non-renewable resources

last longer

• Turn off the lights & TV when not using

• Not use half-empty washing machine

• Use energy saving devices

• Environmental impact

• Generation Air emissions: nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide,

methane (greenhouse gases) Water resource use: hot water from power stations are

poured into rivers and lakes. Oxygen cannot dissolve well in hot water

aquatic living things cannot live Polluted water Land resource impact (erosion, loss of soil quality, etc.) Solid waste generation (the rests of burned coal) Radioactive waste generation (nuclear power plants)

• Transmission

• Aesthetics: bad view contrasting with the natural landscape

• Dangerous for animals

• Distribution• Underground and transmission lines constructions. Bad effects

on land

• Noise pollution• High use of material to cover all the way to every house

• Use of energy

• Excessive or innecessary use of electricity more electricity

more pollution

• Need for more electrical devices more energy to make them in a factory more electricity

Bibliography

• http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys213/lectures/transform/transform.html

• http://www.alliantenergykids.com/EnergyBasics/AllAboutElectricity/000416

• http://www.duke-energy.com/about-energy/generating-electricity/nuclear-how.asp

• http://www.livescience.com/32137-what-is-nuclear-fission-.html

• http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa_pre_2011/energy/heatrev6.shtml

• http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/