Energy

FORMS OF

ENERGY

Introduction

DEFINITION

Energy is the ability to do work,

measured in joules (J).

Power is the amount of work done

per unit of time. The unit of power is

the watt, defined as one joule per

second.

Energy is usually expressed as

kilowatt per hour, the energy

consumed in one hour by an object

doing a work of 1,000 joules per

second.

ENERGY

WORK

POWER

WARNING!

We must not confuse energy with power.

For example, in Spain, the wind energy power doubles the nuclear

energy power; however, the nuclear energy doubles the wind power.

ENERGY

RESSOURCE POWER

ENERGY

PROVIDED

(2008)

WIND 16,000 MW 31,000 GWh

NUCLEAR 8,000 MW 59,000 GWh

TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY

Primary energy is energy that has

not been subjected to any

transformation process.

Secondary energy is an energy form

which has been transformed from

another one.

Electrical energy is the most

common example, being

transformed from a primary energy,

such as the heat or the movement.

ELECTRICITY

Nowadays electricity is the most

important secondary energy.

Electricity's extraordinary versatility

means it can be put to an limitless

set of applications (transport,

heating, lighting, communications…)

60 W

200 W

ENERGY CONSUMPTION

The energy stock is very difficult, so the energy production must be

adapted to fit the energy demand.

4 MWh

400 000 MWh

263 000 000 MWh

Four family members

(Spain, 2008)

Ironwork

(1 000 000 t)

Spain

(2008)

High-speed rail

(Madrid-Barcelona) 26 MWh

Petroleum

FORMATION

Petroleum or crude oil is a fossil fuel

formed by the accumulation of

zooplankton and algae in the bottom

of prehistoric seas.

It was buried under heavy layers of

sediment resulting in high levels of

heat and pressure, which resulted in

the formation of petroleum.

This process takes hundreds of

thousands of years, so petroleum is

considered a non-renewable

resource.

DISTRIBUTION

The extraction and distribution of petroleum (mainly by oleoduct and

oil tankers) is very difficult and dangerous.

In 1988, a fire in Ppiper Alha, a North Sea oil production platform, killed 167 men.

In 1989, the oil tanker Exxon Valdez spilled 500 000 barrels of crude oil in Alaska.

REFINING AND USES

Fuel for transport (48%): gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel

(petrodiesel), kerosene, fuel oil…

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG): butane, propane…

Naphta for plastics

Others: fuel oil for thermal power stations, asphalt,

lubricants…

PRODUCTION

The production of petroleum is concentred in bounded geographical areas,

often in very troubled and unstable countries.

Saudi Arabia

10 Mbbl/d

CONSUMPTION

Most of industrialized countries must import large quantities of petroleum,

even those producing it. Nowadays petroleum is the most valuable

merchandise.

United States

12 Mbbl/d

OPEC

The ‘Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries' (OPEC) is an oil

cartel of countries which join together to control prices and limit

competition.

OPEC

The OPEC, whose members are mostly dictatorships, dominates the global

energy market and has the power to trigger a world, crisis. All countres

depend on it because they need to import large quantities of petroleum.

PRIMARY ENERGY IN SPAIN

(2008)

Spain needs to import huge quantities of petroleum because of the lack of

freight trains. The petroleum dependance of Spanish economy is roughly

47% (in Europe 35%)

47.6%

petroleum

24.3%

natural gas

9.7%

coal

10.7%

nuclear

7.6%

renewable

OIL PEAK

Peak oil is the point in time when the maximum rate of global petroleum

extraction is reached, after which the rate of production declines.

It is an unavoidable phenomenon, but the development of China and India

has speeded up the process.

2175 2000 2025 2050 2075 2100 2125 2150 1975 1950 1925 1900 1875 1850 2200

Energy forms

CONVENTIONAL

ENERGIES

Thermal power

Combined cycle

Hydropower

Nuclear power

ALTERNATIVES

ENERGIES

?

Wind power

Solar power

Biomass

Others

COAL

Coal is a fossil fuel formed by the accumulation of plan matter deeply

buried by sediment.

Coal is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity

worlwide (41 % en 2006).

ANTHRACITE BLACK COAL

(BITOMINOUS COAL)

BROWN COAL

(LIGNITE) PEAT

DOMESTIC HEATING THERMAL POWER IRONWORK

KINDS OF COAL

COAL

Open-pit mining refers to a method

of extracting coal from the earth by

their removal from an open pit.

Undergorund mining methods are

necessary when coal veins occur

deep below the surface.

Underground mining, which is more labor-

intensive, has often become uneconomical

because of the reduction in the price of

transport.

STEAM

GENERATOR

TURBINE COAL

HOPPER

COOLING

TOWER ASH

HOPPER

COAL CONVEYOR

SO2

NO2

CO2

THERMAL POWER STATION

PRODUCTION

The People's Republic of China is the largest consumer of coal in the world

generating 1.95 trillion MWh per year, or 68.7% of its electricity from coal

as of 2006. A new thermal power station is set up every week.

China

2 536 m.t

CONSUMPTION OF COAL (thousand tons)

PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF COAL IN CHINA (thousand tons)

of coal world

production was

consumed by China

in 2009

46%

LE SYNGAS

Syngas (from synthetic gas) is the name given to a gas mixture resulted

from the gasification of coal.

H20

02

H20

O2

GAS

Syngas CO2 H2O

THERMAL

POWER STATION REACTOR

ANAEROBIC

COMBUSTION

CO2

COAL

VEIN

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THERMAL POWER

Large power

(1 000 MW)

Stability of production

Cheap

Large reserves

(200 years)

Non-renewable resource

Extremely pollutant

(SO2, NO2)

Greenhouse gases

(CO2)

PRODUCTION DE GAZ NATUREL

A combined cycle power plant generates electricity from burning of natural

gas, a gas consisting primarily of methane. It is found often associated with

other hydrocarbon fuel, such as the petroleum.

Russia

654 Gm3

STEAM

GENERATOR

STEAM TURBINE

(200 ºC)

COOLING

TOWER

NATURAL

GAS

GENERATOR

GAS TURBINE

(1 000 ºC)

CO2

COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COMBINED CYCLE

Large power

(1 000 MW)

Stabiliy of production

High energy efficient

Non-pollutant

Non-renewable

Dependance on foreign and

unreliable countries

Greenhouse gases

(CO2)

HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATION

Hydroelectric power comes from the gravitational force of falling dammed

water driving a water turbine and generator. The power extracted from the

water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the

source and the water's outflow.

GENERATOR

TURBINE RIVER DAM

THE THREE GORGES DAM

The Three Gorges Dam, located on the Yangtze river, in China, will be the

world’s largest capacity hydroelectric power station with a total generating

capacity of 22,000 MW. The annual generation will be 80,000 GWh.

The dam displaced 1.3 million

people.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HYDROPOWER

High power

(1 000 MW)

Renewable

Non-pollutant

Relocation of residents

Accident hazards:

Banqiao (1975), 26,000 kills

Hydrological and geological

requirements

No greenhouse gases

Flooding control

Stocks for irrigation

NUCLEAR FISSION

Nuclear fission is a nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits

into smaller parts, producing energy.

URANIUM

Uranium is used to fuel nuclear power plant. It is a very common mineral,

but the extraction is uneconomical in most of places.

Kazakhstan

13 820 t

ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION

1 kg uranium 100 coal wagons (3,000 t)

=

NUCLEAR REACTORS IN THE WORLD

URANIUM ENRICHMENT

Natural uranium has a too low concentration of 235U (1%), the fissile

isotope.

It must be purified in order to obtain a powder (yellowcake) and later

processed to produce the enriched uranium, that has a greater than 3%

concentration of 235U.

Natural uranium

(20,000 Tm)

Yellowcake

(230 Tm)

Enriched uranium

(24 Tm)

PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR (PWR)

STEAM

GENERATOR

TURBINE

STEAM

GENERATOR

COOLING

TOWER

CONTAINMENT

STRUCTURE

VESSEL

BOILING WATER REACTOR (BWR)

STEAM

GENERATOR

TURBINE

COOLING

TOWER

CONTAINMENT

STRUCTURE

VESSEL

COST COMPARISON (M€)

(800 MW) (1,600 MW)

NUCLEAR PROPULSION

Many military submarines and aircraft carriers use small nuclear reactors

as their power plants. These vessels don’t need to stop for fuel like their

conventional counterparts, being limited only by crew endurance and

supplies.

RADIATION

35 μSv

EXPOSURE OF MEDICAL ORIGIN

10 μSv

TELLURIC RADIATION

5 μSv

COSMIC RADIATION

4 μSv

RADON

13 μSv Rn

NUCLEAR PLANT (2 KM)

0.05 μSv

RADIATION

DOSE SYNTOMPS MORTALITY

> 5,000 μSv

Headache

0%

> 10,000 μSv Vomiting

Fatigue

5%

> 20,000 μSv Epilation

Fever

35%

> 80,000 μSv High fever

Severe diarrhea

100%

ANNUAL LIMIT ON INTAKE

500 μSv FUKUSHIMA (15 MARS 2011)

8,217 μSv CHERNOBYL (26 APRIL 1986)

3,000,000 μSv

RADIOACTIVE WASTES

A nuclear power plant produces 24

TM of radioactive wastes every year:

23 Tm of depleted uranium and 732

kg of transuranium elements

(plutonium, cesium, americium,

neptunium…).

Transuranium elements are very

radioactive because of theirs

gamma rays, often for million years.

Exposure to high levels of

radioactive wastes may cause

serious harm or even death: burns

to the skin and cancer and maybe

other long-range effects (e.g.

congenital malformations).

Several days later, the

radiation has decrased

enough to allow the transfer fo

the wastes to the pool.

The water in the pool works

as a screen, so the stock is

perfectly secure.

However, its capacity is

limited to 30 years maximum.

STOCK IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

VITRIFICATION

Several years later, the radiation

is low enough to manipulate this

material.

It is vitrified in order to compress

it (3 m3) and to avoid the

dissolution in water, which is

very dangerous to public health.

NUCLEAR FLAKS

A nuclear flask is a container that is used to transport active nuclear

materials. Each flask weighs more than 50 tonnes, and transports usually

not more than 2.5 tonnes of spent nuclear fuel.

DEEP GEOLOGICAL REPOSITORY

A deep geological repository is a nuclear waste repository excavated below

300 meters within a stable geologic environment.

PLUTONIUM

Plutonium, a by-product of nuclear power plants, is a key component in

nuclear weapons. This is the reason some countries with a lot of energy

resources want to build nuclear power plants.

DEPLETED URANIUM

Depleted uranium is a byproduct of uranium enrichement and spent

nuclear reactor fuel. It is very useful because of its very high density (68%

denser than lead). Civilian uses include counterweights in aircraft, radiation

shielding in medical radiation therapy and containers used to transport

radioactive materials. Military uses include defensive armor plating and

armor-piercing projectiles.

MOX

Mixed oxide, or MOX fuel, is nuclear fuel containing spent nuclear reactor

fuel (plutonium, depleted uranium, etc.), which is processed in order to be

used in modern nuclear power plants.

TRANSMUTATION

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one chemical element or

isotope into another. This occurs either through nuclear reactions (in which

an outside particle reacts with a nucleus), or through radioactive decay

(where no outside particle is needed).

Artificial nuclear transmutation has been considered as a possible

mechanism for reducing the volume and hazard of radioactive waste.

243Am 244Am ABSORTION

OF A NEUTRON

Radiactivity :

10,000 years

Radioactivity :

10 hours

THREE MILES ISLAND

The Three Mile Island accident was

a partial core meltdown in a PWR in

Dauphin County, Pennsylvania near

Harrisburg (USA) in 1979.

Containment did not fail, and just a

small quantity of radioactive gases

from the leak were vented into the

atmosphere through specially

designed filters under operator

control (460 μSv).

Radiation releases from the accident

had no perceptible effect on cancer

incidence in residents near the plant,

THREE MILES ISLAND

Public reaction to the event was

probably influenced by The China

Syndrome, a movie which had

recently been released and which

depicts an accident at a nuclear

reactor.

The accident crystallized anti-

nuclear safety concerns among the

general public.

CHERNOBYL

The Chernobyl disaster was a

nuclear accident that occurred in

1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear

Power Plant (RBMK) in the Soviet

Union (now Ukraine). It is

considered the worst nuclear power

plant accident in history.

An experiment, combined with a

series of human failures, resulted in

a explosion in the reactor, which

released a huge quantity of radiation

(RBMK doesn’t have any

containment structure).

Roughly 4,000 people were killed:

57 in the explosion and the rest

because of the cancer.

GENERATOR GENERATOR

STEAM STEAM

REAKTOR BOLSHOY MOSHCHNOSTI KANALNIY (RBMK)

STEAM

SEPARATOR

STEAM

SEPARATOR

GRAPHITE

CORE

LIQUIDATORS

Most of people who died were

liquidators, name given in the former

USSR to approximately 800,000

people who were in charge of the

removal of the consequences of the

Chernobyl disaster on the site of the

event.

They included personnel of the

reactors, firefighters, medical

personnel, construction workers who

constructed the sarcophagus over

the exploded reactor, transport

workers, the coal miners who

pumped out the contaminated water

to prevent its entrance into

groundwater…

CONTROVERSY

The controversy which has surrounded the use of nuclear fission reactors

to generate electricity for civilian purposes results from the nuclear

weapons, commonly associated with nuclear power.

NUCLEAR WEAPONS

A-BOMB H-BOMB N-BOMB

UM-

Pu

ATOMIC BOMB (A-BOMB)

2H-3H DETONATOR DETONATOR

HYDROGEN BOMB (H-BOMB)

LIDDY

UM-

3H

NEUTRON BOMB (N-BOMB)

A neutron bomb is a type of

thermonuclear weapon designed

specifically to release a large

neutron radiation rather than

explosive energy.

Although their extreme blast and

heat effects are not eliminated, it is

the enormous radiation released that

is meant to be a major source of

casualties. Such radiation is able to

penetrate buildings and armored

vehicles to kill personnel that would

otherwise be protected from the

explosion.

EFFECTS OF A 10 KT BOMB

SEVERE

DAMAGE ZONE

(radius of 0.8 km)

Few buildings standing

Very few people

survive (subterranean

parking garages)

Very high radiation,

increasing risks to

survivors

EFFECTS OF A 10 KT BOMB

MODERATE

DAMAGE ZONE

(radius of 1.6 km)

Most buildings

severely damaged or

collapsed

Serious injuries; early

medical assistance

can significantly

improve number of

survivors

Limited visibility for an

hour because of dust

raised by the shock

wave

EFFECTS OF A 10 KT BOMB

LIGHT

DAMAGE ZONE

(radius of 16 km)

Blown windows and

doors

Mostly minor injuries

highly survivable

EFFECTS ON HEALTH

• People may be subject to burn

injuries up to two miles away

• Observation of the thermal flash

can result in temporary or

permanent eye injuries, even via

peripheral vision

• Exposure rates of 10,000 μSv

during the first six hours post-

detonation may be observed..

Radiation can be an important

contributor to casualties some

weeks or months after the

explosion (5% of exposed people

will die from cancer)

EUROPEAN PRESSURIZED REACTOR (EPR)

The EPR is a third generation pressurized water reactor (PWR) design.

The main design objectives are increased safety while providing enhanced

economic competitiveness (MOX fuel, 1650 MW, etc.).

TOSHIBA 4S

The Toshiba 4S (Super Safe, Small

and Simple) is a micro nuclear

reactor design (10 MW).

The reactor would be located in a

sealed, cylindrical vault 30 m

underground, while the building

above ground would be 11 m tall.

This power plant is designed to

provide 10 MW of electrical power

continously for 30 years.

NUCLEAR FISSION REACTORS IN CONSTRUCTION

n

n

NUCLEAR FUSION

n +

n n +

+ + n

n

n n + +

deuterium

tritium

helium

neutron

ENERGY

NUCLEAR FUSION

The nuclear fusion, which is a

phenomenon produced in stars or in

thermonuclear weapons, could be a

form of energy with the same

advantages as nuclear fission

reactors (high power, no pollution,

no CO2, etc.) but without theirs

disadvantages (radioactive waste,

radiation leaks, dependence on

uranium, etc.).

ITER

The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is an

Construction of the facility began in 2008 and first plasma is expected in

2018. The total price of constructing the experiment is expected to be in

excess of € 20 billion.

ITER

The plasma, a gas of charged

particles, is heated to a temperature

of 150,000,000 ºC in order to give

the nuclei enough energy to

overcome their electrostatic

repulsion.

The plasma is confined using

magnetic fields to contain the

particles in a small enough volume

for a long enough time for much of

the plasma to fuse.

The machine is expected to

demonstrate the principle of getting

more energy out of the fusion

process (500 MW) than is used to

initiate it (50 MW).

ITER

ADVANTAGES OF DISADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR ENERGY

High power

(1,000 MW)

Stability of production

Cheap fuel

Large reserves of uranium

Non-renewable

Severe accidents

(Chernobyl)

Radioactive waste

Non-pollutant

No greenhouses gases

Nuclear proliferation or

terrorism

Production bottlenecks

(E.g. vessels)

Construction time

(10 years)

Heavy capital investment

(€ 4,000 millions)

Long lifespan

(60 years)

WIND ENERGY

Wind energy is the kinetic energy of the air in motion. The wind has been

used for thousands of years as a source of energy: Sailors capture it in the

sails of their ships, and the Netherlands are famous for the windmills used

for pumping water to drain polders forming agricultural land.

WIND GENERATORS

A wind generator is used to produce electricity. There are different types of

turbines, but most of them have a power of 2 MW.

WIND GENERATORS

Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) must be pointed into the wind.

Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWT) don’t need to be pointed into the

wind to be effective, but the power is lower.

SMALL WIND TURBINES

Small wind turbines are wind turbines which have lower energy output than

large commercial wind turbines, such as those found in wind farms. They

produce electricity at a rate of 300 to 10,000 watts.

BACKUP ENERGY

Electricity generated from wind power can be highly variable at several

different timescales (from hour to hour, daily, and seasonally), so it needs

backup power resources, usually combined cycle power plants. It results in

a lot of troubles: energy waste, breakdowns, etc.

The instability and unpredictability are the main problem of wind energy.

RATE OF WIND POWER PRODUCTION IN SPAIN (2008)

24 november 2008

16:47 48%

27 november 2008

16:22 1%

WORKING HOURS

POWER PRODUCTION IN SPAIN (25/03/2011)

POWER PRODUCTION IN SPAIN (20/08/2010)

ELECTRICITY STORAGE

TURBINE

GENERATOR

CAVE

Energy could be used to

compress air at high pressure

into storage tanks or caves.

WORLD WIND ENERGY POTENCIAL

OFFSHORE WIND POWER

Offshore wind power refers to the

construction of wind farms in bodies

of water to generate electricity from

wind.

Better wind speeds are available

offshore compared to on land, so

offshore wind power’s contribution in

terms of electricity supplied is

higher.

Lillgrund Wind Farm, located about 10 km off the coast of Sweden, has 48

wind turbines and a capacity of 110 MW.

L’exploitation de la ressource éolienne en mer convient particulièrement dans

les pays à forte densité de population ayant des difficultés à trouver des sites

appropriés sur terre.

Bien que les coûts de construction soit plus élevés en mer que sur terre,

l’éolien offshore permet d’obtenir une production plus régulière et plus

importante.

L’éolien offshore implique la construction d’ engins plus robustes capable de

résister à la force des vagues et à la corrosion.

OFFSHORE WIND POWER

WIND ENERGY PRODUCTION

In 2009 worldwide capacity of wind-powered generators was 159 GW.

Energy production was 340 TWh, which is about 2% of worldwide

electricity usage.

United States

35,000 MW (1.8 %)

WIND ENERGY PRODUCTION (MW)

WIND ENERGY PRODUCTION (%)

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER

Renewable

Non-pollutant

No greenhouse gases

The most economical of

alternative energies

Instability and unpredictability

of production

Visual contamination

Not very high prospects for

technological advancements

SOLAR ENERGY

Solar power is the conversion of

sunlight into electricity, either directly

using photovoltaic systems, or

indirectly using solar thermal power

systems.

Earth receives from the sun a power

of 170 millions of Gigawats, so the

solar power potential is huge.

Actually solar energy is the origin of

every energy in Earth but the

nuclear power, geothermal power

and tidal power.

SOLAR POWER FACTORS

Solar fluctuations

Astronomical factors (latitude, season, hour…)

Weather (clouds, fog, mist…)

SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL

PASSIVE SOLAR ENERGY

The most ancient and important kind

of solar energy is passive solar

energy, which doesn’t involve the

use of mechanical or electrical

devices, but an appropriate building

design: placement of room-types

and equipment in the house,

orienting the building to face the

equator, adequately sizing windows

to face the midday sun in the winter

and be shaded in the summer….

WINTER

SUMMER

PASSIVE HOUSE IN WINTER

PERGOLA

BEDROOM

LIVING ROOM STUDY

SOLAR

RADIATION

(34 º)

S N

PASSIVE HOUSE IN SUMMER

PERGOLA

SOLAR

RADIATION

(65 º)

S N

PERGOLA

BEDROOM

LIVING ROOM STUDY

SOLAR WATER HEATING

Solar water heating systems use heat from the sun to warm domestic hot

water. It must include an auxiliary energy source (e.g. gas heating system)

that is activated when the water in the tank falls below a minimum

temperature setting such as 55°C.

Israel is the per-capita leader in the use of solar hot water systems with

over 90% of homes using them.

SOLAR WATER HEATING

SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY

It is the conversion of sunlight into

electricity using solar thermal power

systems.

PARABOLIC TROUGH POWER PLANT

GENERATOR

TURBINE

ABSORBER

TUBE

PARABOLIC

MIRROR

PARABOLIC TROUGH POWER PLANT

Andasol (Granada) is the largest parabolic trough power plant (50 MW).

It has a heat storage formed by a mixture of molten salt in order to produce

electricity during the evening, which doubles the annual operation hours

(3,600 hours every year).

CONCENTRATING SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANT

GENERATOR

TURBINE HELIOSTAT HELIOSTAT

SO

LAR

TO

WE

R

CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER PLANT

PS10 and PS20, located in Sanlúcar la Mayor (Seville) are the largest

concentrated solar power plants in the world. They have a power of 11 and

20 MW respectively.

PHOTOVOLTAICS

A solar cell is a device that converts the sunlight directly into electricity.

Assemblies of cells are used to make solar pannels.

PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT

The largest photovoltaic power plant is in Amareleja (Portugal). It has a

power of 46 MW..

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR POWER

Renewable

Non-pollutant

No greenhouse-gases

More predictable than wind

power

Instability of production

Very low power

(120 W/m2)

Very land-intensive

Very high prospects for

technological advancements

Very expensive, specially

phovoltaics

BIOMASS

Biomass is a renewable energy

source that uses organic matter as

fuel in order to produce energy.

It is the most common energy

source in the world.

It could be considered a way of solar

energy storage, as the plants use

the sunlight to grow.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Although burning organic matter

produces CO2, it is the same

amount of carbone that had been

absorbed by the plant by the

photosynthesis.

As a result, biomass can be

considered a clean energy source.

SUNLIGHT

CO2 OXYGEN

EAU

BIOMASS POWER PLANT

CO2

CO2

STEAM

TYPES OF BIOMASS

There are different types of biomass:

Natural biomass, produced without human intervention (deadwood

removal)

Residual biomass, a by-product resulting from the agriculture or

industrial activities that use wood

Industrial biomass, that uses industrial crops to obtain biofuel

FIRST GENERATION BIOFUELS

First generation biofuels are made from crops usually grown for food.

Biodiesel results from oil contained in some crops (soya, oilseed rape) and

bioethanol results from the fermentation of sugarcane or maize.

BIOFUELS PRODUCTION (2006)

ETHANOL

(40,000 m. litters)

BIODIESEL

(6,500 m. litters)

REPLACEMENT ENERGY TO FOSSIL FUEL?

It is impossible to replace completely

fossil fuel with first generation

biofuel.

We would need to grow crops in a

space several times the surface on

Earth in order to produce enough

biofuel.

SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS

Second generation biofuels uses

species whose exploitation is purely

energetic, so the yield is much

better.

The most important is jatropha, a

drought-tolerant plant grown to make

biodiesel.

THIRD GENERATION BIOFUELS

Third generation biofuel, also called

oilgae, is a biofuel from algae or

microalgae.

Algae are low-input, high-yield

feedstocks to produce biofuels.

Based on laboratory experiments, it

is claimed that algae can produce up

to 30 times more energy per acre

than land crops such as soybeans

(the growth rate is 9 days).

With the higher prices of fossil fuels

(petroleum), there is much interest in

algaculture (farming algae).

CONVERSION OF CO2 INTO BIOMASS BY MICROALGAE

SEA WATER

FRESH WATER

BIOFUEL

MICROALGAE

COMBINED CYCLE

POWER PLANT

(EMISSIONS OF CO2)

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BIOMASS

Renewable

Stability of production

Non-pollutant

No greenhouse-gases

Very land-intensive

Consume of water

Increments of food prices

Economical in countries with a

strong agrarian activity

COGENERATION

Cogeneration is the use of a power

station to simultaneously generate

both electricity and useful heat. It is

and example of decentralized

energy.

Cogeneration plants are fired by

natural gas, biomass, industrial and

municipal waste…

This by-product heat is usually used

in factories, hospitals, hotels, etc.

GENERATOR

CO2

COGENERATION IN A CEMENT FACTORY

FUEL

CLINKER COOKER

CONVEYOR

CEMENT

SILO CEMENT

MILL

RAW MEAL

SILO

LIM

ES

TO

NE

CLA

Y

SA

ND

IRO

N

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Geothermal energy is thermal

energy generated and stored in the

Earth. It originates from the original

formation of the planet, from

radioactive decay of minerals and

from volcanic activity.

From hot springs, geothermal

energy has been used for bathing

since Paleolithic times and for space

heating since ancient Roman times.

Geothermal energy is now better known for electricity generation.

Worldwide, about 10,715 megawatts (MW) of geothermal power is online.

Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station in Iceland(120 MW)

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

MINI HYDRO

Mini hydro is the development of hydroelectric power on a scale serving a

small community.

A generating capacity of up to 5 MW is accepted as the upper limit of what

can be termed mini hydro.

TIDAL POWER

Tidal power is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into

electricity.

GENERATOR

TURBINE

DAM

SEA BAY

WAVE POWER

Wave power is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the

capture of that energy for electricity generation.

The Aguçadoura Wave Farm in Portugal (2 MW)

Energy policy of Spain

Energy policy

Energy policy has long term consequences given the

long lead times for energy investments and the long

lifespan covering several decades.

Rule of Franco

(1939-1975)

Felipe González

administration

(1982-1996)

José María Aznar

administration

(1996-2004)

Zapatero

administration

(2004-2011)

Rule of Franco (1939-1975)

Hydro-electric plants

(Aldeadávila)

Energy autarky

(lignites, gasification…)

First nuclear plants

(José Cabrera)

Electricity production (GWh)

32%

HYDRO

9%

59%

NUCLEAR

COAL

Electricity production (1975)

Felipe González administration (1982-1996)

NUCLEAR

MORATORIUM

ANTI-NUCLEAR

MOVEMENT

ELECTRICITY

OVERPRODUCTION

Antinuclear movement (EUROBAREMER 2010)

‘Risks of nuclear power as an

energy source outweigh its benefits’

‘The benefits of nuclear power as an energy

source outweigh the risks it pose’

Antinuclear movement (EUROBAREMER 2010)

51%

INFORMED NOT INFORMED

30%

Science performance (PISA 2009)

The engineer José María Ryan is killed by ETA (1981)

Lemóniz Nuclear Plant (Biscay), stopped in 1984

1 000 000

2 000

400

400 000

1 700

440

Oil prices ($)

Passengers cars per capita (Spain)

Unemployment (Spain)

NUCLEAR PLANTS TECHNOLOGY CONSTRUCTION

Lemóniz I-II (Biscay)

PWR 2x930 MW

1972 (100%-90% finished)

Valdecaballeros I-II (Badajoz)

BWR 2x975 MW

1975 (70%-60% finished)

Nuclear moratorium (1984)

Lemóniz I-II Santillán Regodela

Sayago

Escatrón I-II

Trillo II

Valdecaballeros I-II

The cost of the nuclear moratorium was 729 000 pesetas (nowadays 8000 millions euros)

JOSÉ CABRERA (ZORITA) PWR 150 MW

GAROÑA BWR 460 MW

VANDELLÓS I GCR 480 MW

ASCÓ I PWR 1032 MW

ASCÓ II PWR 1027 MW

ALMARAZ I PWR 973 MW

ALMARAZ II PWR 983 MW

VANDELLÓS II PWR 1087 MW

TRILLO PWR 1066 MW

LEMÓNIZ I PWR 930 MW

COFRENTES BWR 1110 MW

VALDECABALLEROS I BWR 975 MW

LEMÓNIZ II PWR 930 MW

VALDECABALLEROS II BWR 975 MW

Nuclear

moratorium

1973

oil crisis

Franco

Felipe González

Aznar

Zapatero

UCD

Spanish nuclear installations(2011)

ALMARAZ I-II

ASCÓ I-II

COFRENTES

GAROÑA

VANDELLÓS II

TRILLO

2

2

EL CABRIL

JUZBADO

Nuclear plant

(1 or 2 reactors)

Nuclear fuel factory

Uranium mining

SAELICES EL CHICO

U

Storage facility of

medium and low-

level waste

U

Nuclear electricity generation (2011)

25.4% HYDRO

37.9%

35.3%

NUCLEAR

COAL

1.4% FUEL/GAS

Electricity production (1996)

Aznar administration (1996-2004) Renewable energy

(Special regime)

Backup energy

(combined cycle)

Freezing tariffs

(tariff deficit)

Electricity production (2004)

Zapatero administration (2004-2012)

Coal aids

Photovoltaics bubble

Energy overproduction

Electricity production (2004)