Endocrine System Alterations
Dec 29, 2015
Endocrine System
Alterations
Homeostatic Controls
Endocrine Glands & Hormones
Endocrine Problem Overview
Hypothalamic Regulation Hyper- / Hypo- secretion
of hormones Antibodies against
hormone Receptor changes or
blockage Signal Transduction
problems
Cell Signaling
Signal Transduction Overview
Receptor LocationSummary
Cellular Actions
Synthesis Contraction and
Relaxation of muscles Secretion Cell permeability changes DNA transcription Phosphorylate to activate
enzymes Protein synthesis
Feed Back Loops
Ultra Short Short Long
Fate of Hormones
Deactivated Secreted
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamic Nuclei
Supraoptic Preoptic Paraventricular Ventromedial Dorsomedial Mammillary Arcuate (Infundibular)
Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland
Direct Neural Regulation of PP
StoreRelease
Hypophyseal Portal System
Hypothalamic Control over AP
Hypothalamic Control for AP
H-Hormone AP - H Target Effects
GHRH; IH GH M/Sk; cells Growth and repair
GnRH FSH Gonads Gamete
GnRH LH Gonads Hormone
TRH TSH Thyroid T3; T4
CRH ACTH Adrenal C Corticocoids
PRH
PIH
PRL Mammary Gland
Milk
production
? MRH MSH Melanocyte melanin
Pituitary Anatomy
Pituitary Hormones
Posterior Pituitary: ADH problems
DI Decrease ADH Central Diabetes
ISADH Increase ADH Tumor
Panhypopituitarism
Pituitary Adenoma
Pituitary Tumor View and Surgery
Pineal Gland Location
Brain Sand in Pineal Gland
Brain Sand:Calcium, Magnesium, Silicon
Melatonin Synthesis
Melatonin Stimulus
Melatonin Function
OTC Hormones
Hormone Integration
Pineal Gland Tumor
GH: Hypersecretion
DwarfismThree Types
Achondrodysplasia Autosomal dominant
(primarily from older men > 35 years old)
Two copies are fatal Gene 3 Fibroblast Growth
Factor point mutation Abnormal Cartilage
production Short Bones Skeletal radiograph to
confirm
MOPD: Primordial Dwarfism
Microcephalic Osteodysplasia Fetal Development Maximum: 3 ft tall Proportional dwarf Brain Aneurysms
occur
Thyroid and Parathyroid
Thyroid Gross Anatomy
Thyroid Hormone Control and Problems
Thyrotoxicosis Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Graves Disease Autoimmune Tumors
Carcinoma Adenoma
Thyroid Scans
Thyroid Histology
Thyroid Hormone Formation
Thyroid Hormone Regulation
Thyroid Hormone Target / Action
Thyroid Problems
Hypothyroidism
Iodine Deficiency
Cretinism
Myxedema
Secondary Hypothyroidism
Goiter
Testing for Hypothyroidism
Graves Disease
Auto AB: Graves Disease
Hashimoto’s Disease
Hashimoto’s Thyroditis
Graves vs. Hasimoto
Thyroid Hyperplasia
Thyroid Cancers
Thyroid “C” Cells
C cell carcinoma
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Thyroid Tumors
Thyroid Follicular Adenoma
Thyroid Follicular Carcinoma
Thyroid NoduleFlow Chart
Parathyroid Location
Parathyroid Gross Anatomy
Thyroid - Parathyroid
Parathyroid Histology
Calcium Regulation
Primary and Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism effects
Parathyroid Hyperplasia
Parathyroid Adenoma
Parathyroidectomy
Adrenal gland Location
Adrenal Gland Gross Anatomy
Adrenal Gland Specimens
Adrenal Gland Histology
Adrenal Gland Divisions (Histo)
Adrenal Hormones
Zona Glomerulosa
Hypoadrenocorticism
Addison’s Disease
Zona Fasiculata; Zona Reticularis
Cushings
Adrenal Gland Atrophy
Sympathetic NS: Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal Medulla
Pheochromocytoma
Adrenal Adenoma
Other Adrenal Tumorscarcinoma
paraganglioma
ALD
Decreased cholesterol conversion to steroidsMyelin DegenerationTreatment: Lorenzo’s Oil
Pancreas Gross Anatomy
Pancreas Histology: Islets
DM
Blood Sugar
DM: Type 1
DM: Type 2
DM Sequella
Gestational Diabetes
DM sequella
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Uncontrolled DM
Insulinoma
Acinar Pancreas
Pancreatic Tumors
Treatment
Questions?