Endocrine Perspective (1)

8/12/2019 Endocrine Perspective (1)

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Biological ENDOCRINE andBEHAVIORAL perspective

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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEMThe endocrine systemthe other

communication system in the bodyis madeup of endocrine glandsthat producehormones, chemical substances releasedinto the bloodstream to guide suchprocesses as metabolism, growth, andsexual development. Hormones are also

involved in regulating emotional life.



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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEMThe Thyroid Gland

The thyroid glandsecretes thyroxin, a hormonethat can reduce concentration and lead to irritability

when the thyroid is overactive, and causedrowsiness and a sluggish metabolism when the

thyroid is underactive.

The Parathyroid Glands

Within the thyroid are four tiny pea-shapedorgans, the parathyroids, that secreteparathormone to control and balance thelevels of calcium and phosphate in the blood

and tissue fluids. This, in turn, affects theexcitabilit of the nervous s stem.fkk umj 2012 anwar wardy w


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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEMThe Gonads

These reproductive glandsthe testes in

males and the ovaries in females, and, to alesser extent, the adrenal glandssecrete

androgens (including testosterone) and

estrogens.



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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEMThe Adrenal Glands

The two adrenal glandsare located above the

kidneys. Each has two parts: an outer covering, the

adrenal cortex, and an inner core, the adrenalmedulla. Both influence the body's responses to

stress. For example, in response to a stressful

situation, the pituitary gland may release beta

endorphinand ACTH, which, in turn, prompt theadrenal cortex to release hormones. Meanwhile, the

autonomic nervous system stimulates the adrenal

medulla to secrete hormones such as epinephrine

into the bloodstream.fkk umj 2012 anwar wardy w


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http://cajal.com/


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Brain size

At birth, the average brain of boys is between 12-20%

However, when the size of the brain is comparedto body weight at this age, there is almost nodifference between boys and girls

Many recent claims have been made that the

corpus callosum is bigger and more developed inwomen than in men.



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Normal Synapse



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Effect of MDMA at Synapse

MDMA can cause thereleaseof theneurotransmitter calledserotonin.

MDMA can block thereuptakeof serotonin by thesynaptic terminal thatreleases it.

MDMA can deplete the

amountof serotonin in thebrain.

MDMA can cause an indirectdecreasein the amount ofthe neurotransmitter calleddopamine.



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Your brain on cocaine



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Cocaine acts by

blocking the reuptake

of theneurotransmitters

dopamine,

norepinephrine and

serotonin in



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Brain during sleep



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Jonathan Toot

and his wandering rats

Add a male

an average of 2.6 times,

and

received an average of 1.8

scars

Guess what:

significantly lower levelsof dopamine and

serotonin in areas of the

amygdala

Add a female

Female rats did not

attack other rats, andwere not attacked

themselves.



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Jonathan Toot

and his wandering rats

"The data show thatmales are involved inmore fights than

females," they say,"suggesting increasedaggression is influenced

by a Y-chromosomaleffect that decreases

amygdala serotonin." The researchers speculate

that testosterone levelsalso contribute to males'increased aggression.

open up the possibility of

being able to identify the

chromosome markers in

high-risk males, and oftrying to manipulate their

levels of serotonin,

through diet, exercise, or

medication.a long waydown the road, but this is

the start."



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More mice

"The effect of ginkgo biloba on aggression was

remarkable," the researchers say."When 0.1 ml

of ginkgo biloba was administered to MAOAknockout mice, their aggressive behavior in

resident-intruder confrontations was reduced

significantly." The substance had no effect on the

mice's nonsocial, investigative, defensive, ormovement behaviors, indicating that effects were

not due simply to sedation.



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Ruben Gur and colleagues

performed MRI

57 men and 59 women

The researchers measured

the volume of the amygdala,

hippocampus, and

other limbic areas associated with emotional

arousal,

as compared to the volume of orbital frontal

brain regions that exert control over emotional

responses



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performed MRI

57 men and 59 women

Results:

Same for:

the volume of the amygdala,

hippocampus, and

other limbic areas associated with emotional

arousal,

But women had signif icantly larger orbital f rontal

cor tex volume than men.fkk umj 2012 anwar wardy w


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performed MRI

Conclusions:

"Because men and women differ in the way they

process the emotions associated with perception,experience, expression, and most particularly inaggression," the researchers say, "our belief isthat the proportional difference in size in theregion of the brain that governs behavior,compared to the region related to impulsiveness,may be a major factor in determining what isoften considered 'gender-related' behavior."



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There is little doubtthat social and psychological factors

contribute to the development of crime, and there is an

extensive body of research established in those areas. Could

there also be, however, a biologic risk for wickedness,whereby an individual is biologically predisposed to engage

in serious repeat criminal offenses? There is a growing

body of literatureto suggest that this may be the case. In

other words, biological individual differences may be apredisposition to crime."

Angela Scarpa and Adrian Raine,

"Biology of wickedness,"

inPsychiatric Annals,

September 1997fkk umj 2012 anwar wardy w


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The mind of a killer

mental illness,

neurological damage

and child abuse.



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It's pretty clear that

mental illness is not

enough to causeviolence because

most people who are

mentally ill are not

violent



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It's also evident thatneurological damageis not enough to

cause violencebecause the vastmajority of peoplewho are

neurologicallyimpaired are notviolent.



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And it's clear that

the experience of

horrendous childabuse is not enough

to cause violence

because most people

who are abused thatway are not violent.



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Yet, most violent

people have these

three factors, or twoof the three.



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The mind of a killer: Theory

abuse sets up an

impulse toward

violence that a goodbrain can control.

neurological damage

and mental illness,

then violent impulsesare not easy to

check.



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The mind of a killer: Application

Lewis Culpepper

Sexually abused agirl

15 years he wasabused

15 years lived

normal (but withfantasies)

Then car accident



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The mind of a killer: Application

Hitler

Abused as a child

Manic depressive,filled with anger



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The conclusion of this paper is a wholeheartedrejection of any consideration of biological, genetic,or evolutionary factors in the explanation or analysis

of conflict. While a number of different arguments arepresented, and it is admitted in some cases that theoutcome is not conclusive, the net consequence ofthese arguments is in favour of the rejection of

biology and the acceptance of social explanationsbased on human openness and what have beendescribed as the essential features of man. But thishas been said before: the proper study of man is man.



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Keith Webb

But we can, perhaps, go further than this. Thebiological interpretation of the world is not just adescription of the world, but like all social theory has

prescriptions embedded within it. These prescriptionsare profoundly reactionary and operate to justify theexisting social order. Thus Shaw and Wong (1989:195-209) attack 'top-down' and 'bottom-up'

approaches to peace, as well as functional or worldsociety approaches (e.g., Banks, 1984) as approacheswhich do not recognise the essential nature of man.



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Keith Webb

Their own scheme for peace is no more convincingthan that of Lorenz before them - educational efforts,a redefinition of inclusive fitness, and a voluntaristic

change in attitudes and beliefs. But, in terms of theirown theory, such hopes are utopian; rather, they

should accept the dismal consequences of their ownideas and recognise that peace is unattainable. The

real message of biological arguments is that thehuman race will forever be embroiled in violentconfrontations and thus arms races, nucleardeterrence, balances of power, and military alliances,

are the best means of attaining our security.fkk umj 2012 anwar wardy w


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Keith Webb

Given theweakness of

biologicalarguments,however, there isno need to accept

these conclusions,and hence no goodreason to succumbto a mindlessfatalism.fkk umj 2012 anwar wardy w


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So what are the limitations of

biologic psychiatry?

First of all, medications lessen symptoms,they do not treat mental illness per se. This

distinction is crucial. Symptoms bydefinition are the surface presentation of adeeper process. This is self-evident.However, there has been a vast and largely

unacknowledged effort on the part ofmodern (i.e., biologic) psychiatry to equatesymptoms with mental illness.



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Recommendations for change in

lifestyles

contribution of the biological perspective

to changes in education, work or therapy



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Assumptions on which key

concepts are based

innate disposition and environmental

influences and their evaluation

imprinting

relative influence of inherited and

environmental factors upon behaviour,

such as intelligence



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http://psych.hanover.edu/Krantz/tutor.html

#Biopsychology/Physiopsychology

http://psych.hanover.edu/Krantz/tutor.htmlhttp://psych.hanover.edu/Krantz/tutor.htmlhttp://psych.hanover.edu/Krantz/tutor.htmlhttp://psych.hanover.edu/Krantz/tutor.html


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There are three different aspects to biology to consider:biology is the causation of behavior, genetics, and evolution.

One way of studying the brain is through clinical observation- looking for specific areas of the brain that are damaged and

then determining the functions of that damaged area of thebrain based on the behavioral response.

Recent advances in technology has yield better ways ofstudying the brain through neuroimaging (eg. through MRIand CAT scans, for example).

Among the various structures in the brain, the cortex is

probably the most important as it controls motor, sensoryand higher mental functions such as thought, language,reason, emotion and memory.

A neuron is the specialized cell of the nervous system.

Neurons communicate via neurotransmitters, which arespecial chemicals that are released at the synapse.

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Endocrine Perspective (1)

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