End-use Energy Efficiency Reinhard Hawel, 8825548.

End-use Energy Efficiency

Reinhard Hawel, 8825548

End-use Energy Efficiency

Energy/Exergy Primary Energy 400.000 PJ/yr deliver 300.000 PJ/yr useful are 150000 PJ/yr Global energy eff = 37% (est) Exergy (capacity to work) = 15% (est) Goal: reduce amount of energy to

produce a service

Tends

OECD countries Industry: reductions energy/GDP 20-50% Households: energy req fell (units/floor)

Central heating Service sector: less energy/sqm Passenger Transportation: reductions

ceased taxes

Freight transport: small change/(t*km) Improvements in efficciency more truck transports

Trends

Transition Economies Industry: contraction in energy use Traffic: rapid growth room for improvement when renewing

infrastructure

Trends

Developing Asia / Africa / Latin America Higher income dev countries

Manufacturers in industrialized countries move energy intensive industries

household devices more efficient, but rapidly growing numbers

Service and public: rapidly rising electricity consumption

cars and trucks increasing

Trends

Lower income dev. Countries Households shift from traditional to

commercially available fuels efficiencies of cooking devices higher import obsolete technology from

industrialized countries used vehicles /old car stock

Technology Transfer

Used factories/equipment from the industrialized countries

Transition countries low-temp heat supply consumes 40% of

fuel district heating systems

technology at the cusomers site can save up to 30% of heat

Technology Transfer

developing countries Proper selection

licensed technology may not fit the countries needs information support systems and infrastructore to

help selection Adaption and full use of transferred

technology need of state-of-the-art technology need for capital SMEs ignore benefits of technology upgrades

Potential for improvement

Potential in the systemic perspective Optimizing transport/distribution of energy Optimizing location of Users Supplying the suitable form of heat with

right temperature/pressure Adequate use off carriers

Cogeneration production processes with high temperatures

followed by production processes with lower temperatures

Potential for Improvement

Technical potentials Increase exergy efficiency

exploiting different temperatures of heat streams reducing losses

Insulation substitution of processes

New materials Recycling of energy-intensive materials Re-substitution of energy-intensive materials

use natural materials instead of plastics

Potential for Improvement

thermal "down-flow" Energy transfer between industrial,

commercial, residentual sectors No comfort loss

Insulation Low energy houses Vienna: EnergyBase Office Building Substitution of processes Catalysts new materials new processes cutting with better surface quality

Policies

General 50 to 80% of direct subsidies are estimated

to go to free riders Low-interest Loans Standards and labelling avoid the need for

individual information

Policies

Sector/Technology-specific Buildings

Refurbishing buildings education of architects and planners Education of landlords and home owners subsidized professional advisors require economically justified insulation and

window Design research and development

Household-appliances standards and labelling international cooperations

Policies

SMEs Training soft loans Labelling

Enterprises have information governments should use life-cycle cost as

measure of performance Transportation

remove subsidies for mobility remove untaxed benefits for employees driving

the companies car charging parking and using of roads city planning

Policies

Agriculture Increase of electricity tariffs in dev countries free consultation by experts credit and savings scheme

International Avoiding import of inefficient products Vehicles not older than six years

Bangladesh Hungary

Kyoto protocol greenhouse gas emissions are mainly related to

energy use Improvements in air traffic management

Obstacles

Investments remain invisible (politically) Lack of knowledge

minor changes can improve massively households Lack of access to capital Investment patterns Tariff structures

Time-of use/seasonal rates "Nachtstrom"

Obstacles

Legal and administrative annual budgeting ownership costs vs. buying costs

The landlord and the tenant In transition economies

unpaid bills metering Lack of cost-based tariffs for grid-based

energies Subsidies

Obstacles

Developing countries unaware of potential benefits supply constraints subsidies Trained staff import of inefficient equipment proliferation of inefficient equipment

Obstacles

Technology-specific Buildings

Landlord-tenant planners and architects paid based on investment

cost in dev. countries - buildings designed for

industrialized countries Household

underinvest in efficient appliances incomes in dev countries

Obstacles

SMEs investments not always based IIR assumptions Lack of funds Insufficient maintanance

Large enterprises no life-cycle cost analysis cheapest bidder Risk-averse management

Obstacles

Transportation No fuel efficciency standards in some

countries bad driving habits driving a car as an expression of individual

freedom limited number of alternative transport

methods developing countries lack regulation on

regular car inspections

Obstacles

Agriculture in dev countries often extremely low prices of

electricity Cogeneration

monopolistic structure of electricity sector low buyback rates district heating

Energy-Efficiency gap

A gap exists between energy use and optimal energy use

In an optimally allocatedeconomy this gap should be zero

Energy paradox Why are energy-efficient appliances not

more widely used ? Why don't they adjust their behaviour to

their costs ?

Energy-Efficiency gap

Market barriers Information can be used free of charge by

others, once created Adoption of a new technology is useful

information for others, the early adopter takes the risk

Who is the user, who is the payer ?

References

Jochem, Eberhard: World Energy Assessment: Energy and the challenge of Sustainability – Chapter 6

Jaffe, Adam; Stavins, Robert: The Energy-Efficiency gap; Energy Policy 1994, 22, pp.804-810