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23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants
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23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants
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Seed Plant Structure
Seed Plant Structure
What are the three principal organs and tissues of seed plants?
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23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants
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Seed Plant Structure
The three principal organs of seed plants are roots, stems, and leaves.
These organs perform functions such as the transport of nutrients, protection, and coordination of plant activities.
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23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants
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Plant Tissue Systems
What are the three main tissue systems of plants?
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Plants consist of three main tissue systems:
• dermal tissue
• vascular tissue
• ground tissue
Plant Tissue Systems
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Seed Plant Structure
Leaf
Stem
Root
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23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants
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Dermal Tissue
Dermal Tissue
The outer covering of a plant consists of epidermal cells.
Epidermal cells make up dermal tissue.
The outer surfaces of epidermal cells are covered with a thick waxy layer, known as the cuticle. The cuticle protects the plant against water loss and injury.
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Vascular Tissue
Vascular Tissue
Vascular tissue forms a transport system that moves water and nutrients throughout the plant.
Vascular tissue is made up of xylem, a water-conducting tissue, and phloem, a food-conducting tissue.
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Vascular Tissue
Xylem Phloem
Cross Section of a Stem
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Ground Tissue
Ground Tissue
Cells that lie between dermal and vascular tissues make up the ground tissues.
The three kinds of ground tissue are:
• parenchyma
• collenchyma
• sclerenchyma
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23–2 Roots
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Seed Plant Structure
Roots:
• absorb water and dissolved nutrients.
• anchor plants in the ground.
• protect the plant from harmful soil bacteria and fungi.
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23–2 Roots
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The two main types of roots are:
• taproots, which are found mainly in dicots, and
• fibrous roots, which are found mainly in monocots.
Types of Roots
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Root Structure and Growth
The root’s surface is covered with cellular projections called root hairs. Root hairs provide a large surface area through which water can enter the plant.
Root hairs
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23–3 Stems
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23–3 Stems
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Stem Structure and Function
Stem Structure and Function
What are the three main functions of stems?
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23–3 Stems
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Stem Structure and Function
Stems have three important functions:
• they produce leaves, branches and flowers
• they hold leaves up to the sunlight
• they transport substances between roots and leaves
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23–3 Stems
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Monocot and Dicot Stems
Monocot and Dicot Stems
The arrangemnet of tissues in a stem differs among seed plants.
How do monocot and dicot stems differ?
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23–3 Stems
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Monocot and Dicot Stems
Monocot Stems
Vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue.
Monocot
Vascular bundles
Epidermis
Ground tissue
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Monocot and Dicot Stems
Dicot Stems
Dicot stems have vascular bundles arranged in a ring-like pattern.
Dicot
Cortex
Pith
Vascular bundles Epidermis
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23–3 Stems
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23–4 Leaves
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Seed Plant Structure
Leaves:
• are a plant’s main photosynthetic systems.
• increase the amount of sunlight plants absorb.
Adjustable pores conserve water and let oxygen and carbon dioxide enter and exit the leaf.
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23–3 Stems
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Leaf Structure
Leaf Structure
How does the structure of a leaf enable it to carry out photosynthesis?
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Leaf Functions
Leaf Functions
Most leaves consist of a specialized ground tissue known as mesophyll.
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Leaf Functions
The air spaces connect with the exterior through stomata.
Stomata are porelike openings in the underside of the leaf that allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf.
Stoma
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23–3 Stems
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Leaf Functions
Each stoma consists of two guard cells.
Guard cells are specialized cells that control the opening and closing of stomata by responding to changes in water pressure.
Guard cells
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Leaf Functions
When water pressure within guard cells is high, the stoma open.
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Leaf Functions
When water pressure within guard cells decreases, the stoma closes.
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Leaf Functions
Plants regulate the opening and closing of their stomata to balance water loss with rates of photosynthesis.
Stomata are open in daytime, when photosynthesis is active, and closed at night, to prevent water loss.
In hot, dry conditions stomata may close even in bright sunlight, to conserve water.
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