End of Life Care End of Life Care in Liver Disease in Liver Disease Dr Allister Grant Dr Allister Grant Consultant Hepatologist Consultant Hepatologist Leicester Liver Unit Leicester Liver Unit East Leicestershire and Rutland CCG PLT East Leicestershire and Rutland CCG PLT 3rd Sept 3rd Sept
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End of Life Care in Liver Disease Dr Allister Grant Consultant Hepatologist Leicester Liver Unit East Leicestershire and Rutland CCG PLT 3rd Sept.
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End of Life Care End of Life Care in Liver Diseasein Liver Disease
Dr Allister GrantDr Allister Grant
Consultant HepatologistConsultant Hepatologist
Leicester Liver UnitLeicester Liver Unit
East Leicestershire and Rutland CCG PLT 3rd SeptEast Leicestershire and Rutland CCG PLT 3rd Sept
Death rates for liver diseaseDeath rates for liver disease
FactsFacts
Liver disease is the 5th largest cause of Liver disease is the 5th largest cause of death in the U.K. death in the U.K.
The average age of death from liver disease The average age of death from liver disease is 59 years, compared to 82-84 years for is 59 years, compared to 82-84 years for heart & lung diseaseheart & lung disease
UK is one of few developed nations with an UK is one of few developed nations with an upward trend in mortality.upward trend in mortality.
Variceal Bleeding in Palliative CareVariceal Bleeding in Palliative Care
May be occult and present as encephalopathyMay be occult and present as encephalopathy--GastricGastric-Duodenal-Duodenal-Colonic-Colonic
Resuscitate if appropriateResuscitate if appropriate Correct coagulopathyCorrect coagulopathy Give Terlipressin if known varicesGive Terlipressin if known varices
As effective as balloon tamponadeAs effective as balloon tamponade As effective as endoscopic therapyAs effective as endoscopic therapy
20% of patients with ascites have a non hepatic cause20% of patients with ascites have a non hepatic cause
5% of patients with hepatic ascites have a second cause5% of patients with hepatic ascites have a second cause
Peritoneal disease- carcinomatosis, TBPeritoneal disease- carcinomatosis, TBHeart failureHeart failureDiabetic nephropathyDiabetic nephropathyHypoalbuminaemia of other causesHypoalbuminaemia of other causes
The Development of AscitesThe Development of Ascites
Peripheral arterial dilatation
Reduced effective blood volume Hypoalbuminaemia
Activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systemSympathetic nervous systemADH
Na retention &Water retention
Low urinary NaDilutional hyponatraemia
AscitesSchrier et al Hepatol
Plasma volume expansion
NaCl
Ascites and Oedema
General ManagementGeneral Management
Hepatic Ascites and OedemaHepatic Ascites and Oedema
Water restriction if sodium < 125 mmolWater restriction if sodium < 125 mmol
ParacentesisParacentesisdiagnostic (SBP, tumour)diagnostic (SBP, tumour)therapeutic (Total vs partial + therapeutic (Total vs partial +
colloids)colloids) Daily weightDaily weight
Sampling of AscitesSampling of Ascites
Coagulopathy is not a contraindication to diagnostic paracentesis Coagulopathy is not a contraindication to diagnostic paracentesis (unless clinically evident fibrinolysis or DIC)(unless clinically evident fibrinolysis or DIC)
FFP/platelets are not requiredFFP/platelets are not required
In uncomplicated hepatic ascites request cell count and [Albumin] In uncomplicated hepatic ascites request cell count and [Albumin]
““SBP is a bacterial infection of ascitic fluid which arises in the SBP is a bacterial infection of ascitic fluid which arises in the absence of any other source of sepsis within the peritoneum absence of any other source of sepsis within the peritoneum or adjacent tissues”or adjacent tissues”
PMN>250 cells/mmPMN>250 cells/mm33
Mortality rate similar to that of a variceal bleed (20-40%)Mortality rate similar to that of a variceal bleed (20-40%)
Secondary prevention of SBPSecondary prevention of SBP Patients who survive SBP have a 1y recurrence rate of 40-Patients who survive SBP have a 1y recurrence rate of 40-
70%70%
Norfloxacin 400mg/day reduces recurrence from 68% to 20% Norfloxacin 400mg/day reduces recurrence from 68% to 20%
Locally we use Septrin 960mg od Mon-FriLocally we use Septrin 960mg od Mon-Fri
Median survival of these patients is 9moMedian survival of these patients is 9mo
These patients should be considered for liver transplantation/ These patients should be considered for liver transplantation/ GSFGSF
Sepsis in CirrhosisSepsis in Cirrhosis
Incidence- Incidence-
1% of 1% of allall admissions to hospital are due to sepsis admissions to hospital are due to sepsis
30-50% of cirrhotic patients admitted to hospital due to 30-50% of cirrhotic patients admitted to hospital due to sepsissepsis
Once admitted 15-35% of cirrhotics develop infection Once admitted 15-35% of cirrhotics develop infection (c.f. 5-7% general hospital population)(c.f. 5-7% general hospital population)
Hepatorenal SyndromeHepatorenal Syndrome Hepatorenal Syndrome is a severe complication of end Hepatorenal Syndrome is a severe complication of end
stage liver disease associated with an 80%-95% stage liver disease associated with an 80%-95% mortality at 2 weeks.mortality at 2 weeks.
The only interventions that have been shown to improve The only interventions that have been shown to improve survival are liver transplantation, the vasopressin survival are liver transplantation, the vasopressin analogues and TIPSanalogues and TIPS
Type 1 (Acute)Type 1 (Acute)
Type 2 (Chronic)Type 2 (Chronic)
HRS SurvivalHRS Survival
Gines et al Lancet 2003
The Development of HRSThe Development of HRS
Reduced effective blood volume
Activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systemSympathetic nervous systemADH
Na retention &Water retention
Low urinary NaDilutional hyponatraemia
AscitesSchrier et al Hepatol
Plasma volume expansion
Renal vasoconstrictionReduced GFR
NSAIDAminoglycosides
Diuretics Sepsis
NaCl
Ascites and OedemaHRS
Increases TerlipressinSplanchnicvasoconstriction
↓↓ ↓
X
Peripheral arterial dilatation
↑Renal Perfusion
Albumin
Hepatocellular CarcinomaHepatocellular Carcinoma
All UK cirrhotic patients undergo 6 monthly All UK cirrhotic patients undergo 6 monthly HCC surveillance with USS and AFPHCC surveillance with USS and AFP
AFP >400 is diagnostic of HCCAFP >400 is diagnostic of HCC
Surveillance in Cirrhosis Surveillance in Cirrhosis
Surveillance for HepatomaSurveillance for Hepatoma
6 monthly AFP and USS
PruritisPruritis
After exclusion of other causes of Itching considerAfter exclusion of other causes of Itching consider
Biliary ObstructionBiliary Obstruction PBC in the absence of JaundicePBC in the absence of Jaundice Cholestasis/JaundiceCholestasis/Jaundice DrugsDrugs
PruritisPruritis
Biliary ObstructionBiliary Obstruction
StonesStones StrictureStricture 11 or 2 or 2 Tumour Tumour NodesNodes
MRCPMRCP
ERCPERCP
ERCPERCP
Drugs for PruritisDrugs for Pruritis Non-Specific ManagementNon-Specific Management
FutureFuture Liver disease is an important cause of mortality in the Liver disease is an important cause of mortality in the
U.K. U.K. In 2000 it killed more men than Parkinson’s disease In 2000 it killed more men than Parkinson’s disease and more women than cancer of the cervix.and more women than cancer of the cervix.
~1% of population HCV positive~1% of population HCV positive
Mortality from Alcoholic liver disease doubled in 10 yearsMortality from Alcoholic liver disease doubled in 10 years
Incidence of liver cancer has doubled in 10 yearsIncidence of liver cancer has doubled in 10 years
4% of the population have abnormal liver function4% of the population have abnormal liver function
50% people with colorectal cancer develop liver 50% people with colorectal cancer develop liver metastases, 20% resectablemetastases, 20% resectable
The EndThe End“All right, let's not panic.
I'll make the money by selling one of my livers.I can get by with one “