1 End of Life Care COVID-19 Community Guidance Pack version 7 22 June 2020 Version Action Owner Date 1 Created the document guide and collated contents from working group document authors Hannah Layton 08/04/20 2 Added an updated Section 3 Hannah Layton 09/04/20 3 Updated flow charts, drug charts, VoD SOP, and Carer Administration SOP. Added Care Homes and Residential Homes Sections Hannah Layton 17/04/20 4 Updated links to pharmacy EoL medicines, VoD SOP and VoD guidance for management of MCCD. Added section 5 - SOP Post End of Life Care in the Pandemic (Community Deaths) Hannah Layton & Kate Rush 26/04/20 5 Updated pack with re-ordering of drug charts, making section 4 separate as an information leaflet from the carer administration SOP Hannah Layton and Kate Rush 05/05/20 6 Updated Section 3: SOP for Informal Carer Administration of Subcutaneous Injections in the community and Section 7 and 8: EoL Information for RH and NH with version 2. VoD update in Section 5 aligning with national guidance released this week. Hannah Layton & Kate Rush 12/05/20 7 Updated guidance for accessing EoL medicines in BNSSG (page 13) updated with agreed out of hours process – for use only in the out of hours period by Severnside Kate Rush 22/06/2020
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End of Life Care COVID-19 Community Guidance Pack version 7 … · 2020. 9. 4. · 2 Introduction: End of Life Care Community Guidance Pack 1. Purpose The purpose of this pack is
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1
End of Life Care COVID-19
Community Guidance
Pack version 7
22 June 2020
Version Action Owner Date
1 Created the document guide and collated contents from working group document authors
Hannah Layton
08/04/20
2 Added an updated Section 3 Hannah Layton
09/04/20
3 Updated flow charts, drug charts, VoD SOP, and Carer Administration SOP. Added Care Homes and Residential Homes Sections
Hannah Layton
17/04/20
4 Updated links to pharmacy EoL medicines, VoD SOP and VoD guidance for management of MCCD. Added section 5 - SOP Post End of Life Care in the Pandemic (Community Deaths)
Hannah Layton & Kate Rush
26/04/20
5 Updated pack with re-ordering of drug charts, making section 4 separate as an information leaflet from the carer administration SOP
Hannah Layton and Kate Rush
05/05/20
6 Updated Section 3: SOP for Informal Carer Administration of Subcutaneous Injections in the community and Section 7 and 8: EoL Information for RH and NH with version 2. VoD update in Section 5 aligning with national guidance released this week.
Hannah Layton & Kate Rush
12/05/20
7 Updated guidance for accessing EoL medicines in BNSSG (page 13) updated with agreed out of hours process – for use only in the out of hours period by Severnside
Kate Rush 22/06/2020
2
Introduction: End of Life Care Community Guidance Pack
1. Purpose The purpose of this pack is to provide an evidence-informed approach to managing End of Life Care in response to Covid-19 for use in system planning, clinical assessment and management.
2. Background This guidance pack has been collated from a series of draft guidelines for end of life care in the community with COVID-19. The drafts were approved by the BNSSG system Clinical Cabinet on 1st April 2020, and collectively authored by: Dr Kate Rush, Sirona care & health Caroline Munday, St Peter’s Hospice Debbie Campbell, BNSSG CCG Dr Candida Cornish, St Peter’s Hospice Helen Wilkinson, BNSSG CCG Hannah Layton, Healthier Together (deployed to Sirona care & health) Jon Moore, Sirona care & health Lisa Rees, BNSSG CCG Dr Laura Bernstein, NBT Kate Ryan, BNSSG CCG Dr Anne Whitehouse, Brisdoc The pack provides the information materials needed for the following areas of care in BNSSG:
Section 1 : BNSSG guidance on community Palliative Care and Anticipatory Prescribing (full range of guidance for complex and non-complex patients) and guidance on managing waste medicines for community teams
Section 2 : Advice on Accessing Medicines in BNSSG (a guidance diagram)
Section 3: (updated) A Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for
Informal Carer Administration of Subcutaneous Injections in the Community Setting - Exceptional circumstances: Covid-19
Section 4: Information leaflet for people caring at home for a relative or friend who is nearing the end of life due to any diagnosis including coronavirus
Section 5 (updated): Verification of Death/VoD – overview of guidance, in hours support form for the VoD and full Community Services SOP for registered and unregistered staff aligning with the national guidance released this week * Please note for other organisations they may not be able to offer the same level of support to VoD at the current time
Section 6: Post End of Life Care in the Pandemic (Community Deaths) SOP for community services
Section 7: (updated) End of Life Care Information for Residential Homes
If you are not able to access stock
3
Section 8: (updated) End of Life Care Information for Nursing Homes
3. The Need for the Guidance Clinical Cabinet has approved and made available a pre-Covid baseline comorbidity score for the whole BNSSG population. This will assist with the proactive identification of a group of high-risk individuals who would benefit from discussions concerning their possible treatment options if they become ill with Covid-19 (ReSPECT, etc.); and clinical decisions when a patient becomes ill, whether to send to them ED, treat them in the community, or place on an end of life pathway.
• Increased numbers of End of Life Care patients expected across BNSSG:
• We need to plan a response to this across the system to best manage this and ensure people get the best quality care
Areas included:
• Medicines Management • Core medicines required • BNSSG Anticipatory Prescribing drug chart in the Community and
Acute Trusts guidance • Equipment required • Stock and supply of EoL medicines
• Educational materials
• SOP for administration by informal carers/family members • Non-drug information to support EoL patients • Care Home support
• Workforce and ways of working
• Making best use of resources • End of Life Advice & Guidance • Changes in legislation to death verification and certification
• Ability for medical practitioners to certify death irrespective of medical attendance during the last illness
• Any suitable person will be able to verify death
4
Section 1:
BNSSG guidance on community Palliative Care
and Anticipatory Prescribing
5
Anticipatory Prescribing for Patients in last weeks or days of life due to any diagnosis including COVID –
Community setting
No
Yes
No
Yes
No Yes
No Yes
Is there a carer
available who can
administer,
buccal/SL
medications?
GP to provide
prescriptions for option
A: Non injection pack
If eGFR <30 or very frail
adjust dose of
oramorph in pack. If
allergy or intolerance-
seek advice for tailored
non injection pack.
Either send prescription
to local pharmacy or
follow process for JIC
packs (in process)
Non – complex patient (e.g. frail, elderly COVID patient):
Opioid naïve with non-complex symptoms. Adjust
prescription if eGFR <30 or if very frail
Complex patient: Complex severe symptoms present, OR patient already on opioids OR history of complex symptoms e.g. medication for more than one symptom, OR can’t tolerate standard medication OR symptoms not controlled on Pack A.
GP to provide prescriptions
for B: Injection pack and
Community Palliative Care
drug Chart for
administration by
Community Nurses.
If eGFR <30 prescribe
oxycodone instead of
morphine
Either send prescription to
local pharmacy or follow
process for JIC packs (in
process)
Appropriate registered
community clinician to follow
procedure for suitability, consent
and competence assessment. GP
to provide individualised
prescription, carer authorisation
and community drug chart
following C: usual anticipatory
prescribing guidance. For COVID
patients remember opioid can
be used for cough. Plus supply
Paracetamol 500mg
suppositories PR for fever.
Is this patient
suitable for carer
administration of
injections? Is there a serious
shortage of injectable
medication?
Secondary care will process rapid discharge of patients to home setting for terminal care with Just in case medications in line with this guidance BNSSG Palliative Care Consultants and Trust and CCG pharmacists – for BNSSG clinical cabinet V5 community 9.4.20.20
BNSSG Clinical Cabinet Community Anticipatory Prescribing Guidance for use during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Non-complex patients This guidance is for patients in their last weeks or days who may be dying of COVID-19 or other causes. It should be followed for non-complex patient’s i.e. opioid naïve who do not have severe symptoms and who are not already on a range of medicines for symptom control. Choose one of the following options: A: Non injection pack: If a carer can administer medications: (adjust morphine dose if eGFR <30 or if very frail) B: Injection pack: If no carer to administer medications (adjust opioid according to eGFR)
Process: Either Prescribe on FP10, send to local or designated pharmacy and authorise on Community Palliative Care Drug Chart or use process for Just in Case Packs (in development) For complex patients i.e. those on regular opioids or with complex symptoms click here:
A: NON INJECTION PACK contains 8 - 14 doses of each PRN medication More doses may be needed if complex symptoms requiring frequent PRNs – seek advice *
Always check for allergy/ intolerance to medications and seek advice if needed*
Line Drug and preparation Dose and frequency Route Comments
5mg-10mg up to once every hour. Squirt 2.5ml into one cheek and allow to absorb without swallowing up to once every hour when required for pain, breathlessness or cough. This can be increased to 2.5ml into both cheeks if needed
Buccal or oral if
able
Maximum volume for each cheek is 2.5mls. For eGFR <30 or if very frail. Prescribe 2mg – 4mg (1mls – 2mls) up to once every hour.
SYMPTOM – NAUSEA AND VOMITING prescribe one antiemetic depending on availability
3-6mg (one to two tablets) twice daily for nausea or vomiting. Max 12 mg/day (4 tablets/day). To be placed in the buccal cavity, high up along the top gum under the upper lip, until dissolved. Do not chew or swallow the tablet.
Buccal Buccastem M Buccal tablet brand (OTC or POM pack depending on product availability)
Place ONE tablet on your tongue, and allow to dissolve, up to every 8 hours when required to relieve nausea
Melts on tongue
Use if supply issue with prochlorperazine buccal tablets.
SYMPTOM – AGITATION IN LAST DAYS OF LIFE
1st Lorazepam tablets 1mg NB: Genus brand Supply: 14 tablets
Place HALF to ONE tablet under your tongue and allow to dissolve, up to every 6 hours when required for anxiety or agitation. Do not swallow for 2 minutes after this.
SL Sublingual – moisten mouth if dry
SYMPTOM – RESPIRATORY TRACT SECRETIONS IN LAST DAYS OF LIFE
*Advice is available 24 hours a day from your local hospice: St Peter’s Hospice 01179159430. Weston Hospice: 01934423900 SL: sublingual. PR: rectal PRN: As required.
B. INJECTION PACK supply 5 doses of each injection
More doses may be needed if complex symptoms requiring frequent PRNs – seek advice *
Always check for allergy/ intolerance to medications and seek advice if needed*
Insert TWO suppositories rectally up to every 4 hours when required for pain relief. Do not use more than 4g (8 suppositories) per 24hr
PR Paracetamol may help to reduce agitation when fever is present.
SYMPTOM – PAIN/SHORTNESS OF BREATH/COUGH
1st Morphine injection 10mg/1ml
Dose 2.5mg-5mg PRN up to hourly SC See usual guidance if on regular opioids
eGFR
<30 Oxycodone injection 10mg/1ml
Dose 1mg-2.5mg PRN up to one hourly SC See usual guidance if on regular opioids
SYMPTOM – NAUSEA AND VOMITING
1st Ondansetron 4mg/2ml injection
4mg up to 8 hourly PRN SC Alternatives are available. See guidance or seek advice if symptom not controlled.
SYMPTOM – AGITATION IN LAST DAYS OF LIFE
1st Midazolam injection 10mg/2ml
2.5mg-5mg 1 hourly PRN SC Alternatives are available. See guidance or seek advice if symptom not controlled.
SYMPTOM – RESPIRATORY TRACT SECRETIONS IN LAST DAYS OF LIFE
1st Hyoscine butylbromide 20mg/1ml
20mg up to 2 hourly PRN SC
* Advice is available 24 hours a day from your local hospice: St Peter’s Hospice 01179159430. Weston Hospice: 01934423900 SC: subcutaneous PR: rectal PRN as required For advice on syringe pumps see usual guidance
BNSSG Palliative Care Consultants, Trust and CCG pharmacists – for BNSSG clinical cabinet V5 community 9.4.20.
This guidance is for patients in their last weeks or days that may be dying of COVID-19 or other causes. It should be followed for complex patients e.g. those who are on regular opioids, have severe symptoms or may be on a range of medicines for symptom control. Choose one option: C: Usual injectable guidance: for most complex but include paracetamol suppositories for fever if COVID here D: Tailored non injections: for less complex if a carer can administer or if injections may not be possible Prescribe one PRN for each symptom. Consider patches or MR preparation (MST) if PRN drugs have been needed
D: Tailored non injections Supply 7- 14 doses when prescribing PRN drugs only.
More doses may be needed if complex symptoms requiring frequent PRN doses – seek advice*
Always check for allergy/ intolerance to medications and seek advice if needed*
Line Drug and preparation Dose and frequency Route Comments
SYMPTOM – FEVER/MILD PAIN ALWAYS INCLUDE INDICATION IN PATIENT INSTRUCTIONS
1st Paracetamol 500mg suppositories
Insert TWO suppositories rectally up to every 4 hours when required. Max 8/24h
PR Paracetamol may help to reduce agitation when fever is present.
SYMPTOM – PAIN/SHORTNESS OF BREATH/COUGH ALWAYS INCLUDE INDICATION IN PATIENT INSTRUCTIONS
1st
Morphine oral solution 10mg/5ml OR Concentrate Morphine 20mg/ml for higher doses.
Opioid naïve: 5-10mg PRN up to once every hour Patient on opioids 1/6th of total oral daily morphine dose. PRN dose up to once every hour either orally or buccally by squirting into cheek and allowing to absorb.
Buccal or oral if
able
Opioid naïve: eGFR<30/very frail: 2mg-4mg (1ml-2ml) as required once every hour. Maximum volume for each cheek is 2.5mls. Dose can be split and delivered into each cheek. If on opioids other than morphine seek advice.
Caution when using concentrate potential for error in doses
2nd
Fentanyl sublingual tablets (Abstral®)*
100 micrograms up to once every hour PRN. Can be titrated to effect
SL If patient already on background opioid of ≥60mg oral morphine. Suitable if eGFR<30
Bac
kgro
un
d Buprenorphine
patches** Starting dose 5-10microgram/hr every 7 days in opioid naïve patients
TD Check – frequency of patch change varies with preparation
Fentanyl patches* Seek advice* TD Caution needed in patients with fever
Morphine sulphate MST Continus
Convert from total daily oral morphine dose using 1:1 conversion given in 2 divided doses every 12 hours.
PO/PR Note MST® brand for PR use
SYMPTOM – NAUSEA AND VOMITING ALWAYS INCLUDE INDICATION IN PATIENT INSTRUCTIONS
1st Prochlorperazine maleate 3mg buccal tablets
3-6mg (one to two tablets) twice daily. PRN/regular. Max 12 mg/day (4 tablets/day).
Buccal Buccastem M Buccal tablet brand (OTC or POM pack depending on product availability)
2nd Ondansetron 4mg orodispersible tablets
Place ONE tablet on to tongue, and allow to dissolve, up to every 8 hours PRN/regular to relieve nausea
Melts on tongue
Use if supply issue with prochlorperazine buccal tablets.
3rd Olanzapine 5mg orodispersible tablet
5 mg at night PRN/regular. Allow to dissolve under the tongue.
SL Moisten mouth if dry.
SYMPTOM – AGITATION/ANXIETY IN LAST DAYS OF LIFE ALWAYS INCLUDE INDICAITON IN PATIENT INSTRUCTIONS
1st Lorazepam tablets 1mg HALF to ONE tablet under tongue and allow to dissolve, up to every 6 hours PRN
SL Genus brand. Moisten mouth if dry.
Seek advice if higher doses needed*
2nd Olanzapine 5mg orodispersible tablet
5 mg at night and every 4 hours PRN SL Maximum 20mg/day Supply: 14 tablets
Or Diazepam suppositories 5-10mg up to 4-6 hourly PRN PR Maximum 30mg/day
3rd Buccal midazolam 5mg up to 1 hourly PRN Buccal Buccolam® (2.5mg/0.5mL) or Epistatus® (10mg/mL) brands
SYMPTOM – RATTLEY CHEST SECRETIONS IN LAST DAYS OF LIFE ALWAYS INCLUDE INDICATION IN PATIENT INSTRUCTIONS
1st Hyoscine hydrobromide 300microgram tablets
150-300micrograms (HALF to ONE tablet) every 8 hours when required
2 patches every 72 hours regularly TD Scopaderm® brand. Use 2 patches on hairless skin behind the ear
* Advice is available 24 hours a day from your local hospice: St Peter’s Hospice 01179159430. Weston Hospice: 01934423900 **Opioid conversion tables advice available here SL: sublingual, TD: transdermal, PR: rectal. PRN: as required.
BNSSG Palliative Care Consultants, trust and CCG pharmacists – for BNSSG clinical cabinet. V7 community 14.4.20.20
Managing waste medicines in the Covid-19 pandemic by community teams
For background: The SOP can be found on the intranet https://intranet.sirona-cic.org.uk/useful-shortcuts/medicines-management/. Any Questions please contact [email protected] Overview At all times the best way of medicines being disposed is for a family member / friend of the patient to take them back to a community pharmacy for safe destruction which should always be our first line choice. There will be a small number of situations where a patient passes away and there is a suspicion of risk of abuse / misuse of medicines by the family / other members of the public or the nurses have concerns. In this situation it is not appropriate to leave medicines behind in the patient’s home. These are usually taken back to the community pharmacy by the community nurse. These can include controlled drugs (CDs). This happens currently; however, Covid-19 poses additional challenges. In a case where the patient has suspected or confirmed Covid-19 infection, medicines (along with other items) will need to be quarantined for a period of 72 hours prior to destruction. Pharmacies are not keen to accept patient-returned medicines in cases of suspected or confirmed Covid-19 patients, however, the risk vs. benefit of individual situations should be looked at in individual cases. Scenarios and action to take when the patient is suspected or confirmed as having Covid-19:
1. Patient dies in hours or out of hours with relatives / next of kin that can take medicines back to a pharmacy after 72 hours - the time deemed acceptable to be non-Covid contaminated [this should be the majority of cases]
2. Patient dies in hours or out of hours with no-one identified as being able to take medicines to a pharmacy after 72 hours. No suspicion of abuse of medicines from anyone– community team double bag (recommended advice) the drugs labelled ‘old medicines to return to pharmacy after x date’. This medicine then becomes part of the patient’s estate which will be sorted at some point and the medicines returned to the pharmacy at this point by whoever is clearing the house after death.
3. Patient dies in hours with no-one identified as being able to take medicines to a pharmacy after the set time. Suspicion of abuse of medicines from someone or if the nurse has any other concerns or feels there are safety risks.
In this situation the medicines are double-bagged and returned to the community pharmacy by the community team taking all infection control measures into consideration. Pharmacies will then need to quarantine the medicine bags in the pharmacy for 72 hours. Community teams will need to state to the pharmacist that this is the safest option due to risk of abuse of medicines if left in the home and the fact that they cannot keep the drugs in their own possession for periods of time.
4. Patient dies out of hours with no-one identified as being able to take medicines to a pharmacy after the set time. Suspicion of abuse of medicines from someone or if the nurse has any other concerns or feels there are safety risks.
The community team will need to destroy the Controlled Drugs (Schedule 2, 3 and 4(part 1)) in a CD destruction kit (see SOP on intranet) and then double bag this with the rest of the medicines to be stored at a locality base in quarantine (i.e. clearly labelled and in a place that is not accessible by everyone) and returned to a community pharmacy the next day (at all times using appropriate PPE). In this scenario, it is expected that the risk of misuse is already known and therefore to plan for 2 members of staff (one can be an unregistered staff member) to visit at this time and to collect a CD destruction kit from the store (Cossham hospital extended care team base for South Glos, Amelia Nutt team base for Bristol, Elton Rehab Unit (contact the night staff) for North Somerset).
Community teams are advised that when taking medicines to pharmacies that the reason for taking medicines to them is clearly communicated with the benefit vs. risk discussion. There may be objections to taking back medicines but this needs to be clearly explained that this has been discussed as a system-wide approach and that they can contact the Local Pharmaceutical Committee for support on this as they have been involved in discussions. The pharmacies have also had a letter from the Police regarding storage of Controlled Drugs and, whilst not specific to waste medicines, should be referred to in these circumstances.
10.General Medical Council (2013): Good Practice in Prescribing and Managing medicines and devices. Available: https://www.gmc-uk.org/ethical-guidance/ethical-guidance-for-
Title word ‘Informal’ added Section 3 – 3.1 additional sentences
added to enhance clarity that this SOP is not for HCA’s or any paid carer
16/4/20 2 Caroline Mundy
Informal Carer Administration of subcutaneous injections in the community setting. Exceptional Circumstances - COVID 19. V2 Review July 2020
24
Appendix 1 – Criteria for Suitability Checklist.
Patient’s Name: NHS Number:
DOB: Carers Name:
Criteria suggesting suitability Yes/No
1 The carer(s) are over the age of 18 years.
2 The patient may require as needed medication subcutaneously
3 Patient has been assessed by a registered healthcare professional as actively deteriorating and in the last few weeks or days of life. This will
have been communicated to the patient and their relative/carer
4 The carer must understand the purpose of As needed medication
5 The patient would like the carer to undertake the procedure
6 If patient lacks capacity a best interest decision has been made that
a carer can administer medication subcutaneously
7 The carer’s willingness and mental capacity to undertake the procedure
has been ascertained
8 The Carer is physically capable of the task
Criteria that may prevent suitability NB these are relative, not absolute, contra-indications
9 There is concern about misuse of injectable medications in the home, e.g. contact with known illegal drug users, security issues within the
home etc.
10 There is concern that the carer will not be able to cope either physically
or emotionally with undertaking medication administration subcutaneously. This must include consideration of the carers own
health, dexterity and maths literacy levels
11 There is concern that the carer has cognitive problems (i.e. who are
confused, disorientated or forgetful, or unable to understand the importance of medications and information relating to them), or is unable or unwilling to engage with and access available healthcare
support systems.
12 There are relationship issues between the patient and carer which
contraindicates carer-administration of medication (e.g. where either the patient or carer can assume this practice intentionally hastens
death).
13 The patient is on a complicated drug regime
14 Where there is no suitable place for medications to be stored
15 There are safeguarding concerns regarding the patient &/ or carer(s).
16 The patient is known to be positive for HIV / viral Hepatitis.
Additional info: Carer is a registered nurse or doctor: Yes/No
Healthcare professional completing assessment Signature:………………………………………………………….. Print Name………………………………………………………
Informal Carer Administration of subcutaneous injections in the community setting. Exceptional Circumstances - COVID 19. V2 Review July 2020
25
Details of GP who has agreed that carer administration procedure to be considered (including best interest decision):
Name ……………………………………………………………………….. Base……………………………………………………
Details of Community Nurse whom this discussion has occurred with:
Name ……………………………………………………………………….. Base……………………………………………………
If Questions 1-8 are answered “Yes”, the patient may be considered potentially suitable to
have carer administer medication subcutaneously. If you have answered “Yes” to any of points 9 to 14, a discussion should take place with the
GP and other professionals involved in the patients care e.g. the District Nurse team. After considering the issues, a decision whether or not to proceed further must be made. This
discussion and decision must be clearly documented within the patient’s EMIS records.
(Adapted from: St Joseph’s Hospice: Carer administration of subcutaneous injections procedure.V2
2019. Carer administration of as-needed subcutaneous medicines. Helix Centre. March 2020.)
Informal Carer Administration of subcutaneous injections in the community setting. Exceptional Circumstances - COVID 19. V2 Review July 2020
I, …………………………………………………….. (carer name) have been fully informed about my role in administering subcutaneous injections and I am happy to participate in this role as a carer to
(patient’s name)….………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………….. Carer to please read the following statements and initial box as appropriate:
Initials
I have been given an information leaflet and given sufficient time to read and consider its contents before proceeding further
I have been taught the procedure and associated documentation, and I have undergone an assessment of my competence to give subcutaneous injections
I am happy to proceed with administering subcutaneous injections
I know who to call for support and have their contact numbers.
I have been provided with a “Carer’s Authorisation Chart” to administer as
required subcutaneous injections” form and need to comply with its contents.
I have been taught how to complete the Community Palliative Care Drug
Chart
I am aware that I can relinquish this role at any time.
I am aware that I am only to give up to 3 injections in a 24 hour period without seeking further advice
I will phone the District Nurses via Sirona Single Point of Access (SPA as a first line) or relevant local hospice (second line) in the following circumstances:
Any time if I have given 3 injections in total within a 24hour period to discuss whether it is appropriate to give additional injections, or
whether a review is needed If the symptom has not improved an hour (or sooner if I am
worried) after giving the drug,
I have any concerns, questions or queries at all related to injectable medication
I no longer wish to give the subcutaneous injections
Carer’s signature: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Date /Time: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Healthcare professional witnessing carer sign this form: Name (PRINT):………………………………………………..Signature:…………………………………………………………..
Date:…………………………………….
Section 2 (To be completed by the patient – if/where feasible):
I…………………………………………………………….(patient name) am happy for my
carer…………………………………………..(carer name) to take on the role of giving me subcutaneous
**Please keep a copy of this assessment in the patient’s community nursing notes**
(Adapted from St Joseph’s Hospice Carer Administration of sub-cutaneous injections procedure.
Version 2. 2019.
The Lincolnshire Policy for Informal Carer’s Administration of As Required Subcutaneous Injections in
Community Palliative Care. Lincolnshire Community Health Services. Version 10. 2018)
Informal Carer Administration of subcutaneous injections in the community setting. Exceptional Circumstances - COVID 19. V2 Review July 2020
30
APPENDIX 4 - Carer’s Authorisation Chart to administer as required subcutaneous injections for Palliative Care Patients (Patient on opioids or eGFR <30)
PATIENT’s SURNAME
FORENAME:
DATE of BIRTH NHS Number:
Allergies or Adverse Drug Reactions : None known tick here NAME OF HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONAL
PRINT NAME:
SIGNATURE:
DESIGNATION:
BASE:
DATE:
DRUG &
strength
INDICATION FOR
USE
DOSE VOLUM
E
(MLS)
ROUTE FREQUENCY
Minimum
interval
ANY OTHER
COMMENTS
Convert usual opioid, seek advice if eGFR<30
PAIN
Low:
SC 1 hour If low dose
not effective
call for
advice*
before giving
high dose.
High:
Ondansetron
4mg/2ml
NAUSEA/
VOMITING
4mg
2mls SC 8 hours
Alternative score out ondansetron
NAUSEA/
VOMITING
Midazolam
10mg/2ml
AGITATION/
RESTLESSNESS
Low:
2.5mg
0.5ml SC 1 hour If low dose
not effective
call for
advice*
before giving
high dose.
High:
5mg
1ml
Hyoscine butyl
bromide
20mg/ml
RATTLY
BREATHING
20mg 1ml SC 2 hours
Convert usual opioid, seek advice if eGFR<30
BREATHLESSNESS
OR PERSISTENT
COUGH
SC 1 hour If breathless
open
window, sit
upright.
OTHER:
SC=subcutaneous injection either into SAF-T intima line or using syringe and needle
GUIDANCE FOR PRESCRIBER: (also complete usual community palliative care drug chart)
Check the following have been completed for each carer administering injections Consent form.
Assessment of carer’s competence in administering subcutaneous injections, using the competence assessment tool.
Doses to be as simple as possible think about vial sizes. Carers to record doses on Community Palliative Care Chart used by District
Nurses/visiting professionals.
Give a minimum interval between doses in hours for frequency and avoid abbreviations
GUIDANCE FOR CARER:
* Please phone Sirona Single Point of Access (1st line) on 0300 125 6789 or your local
hospice 2nd line (St Peter’s Hospice Advice line on 0117 9159430 or Weston hospice on 01934 423900) if:
Informal Carer Administration of subcutaneous injections in the community setting. Exceptional Circumstances - COVID 19. V2 Review July 2020
31
Any time if you have given 3 injections in total within a 24hour period to discuss whether it is appropriate to give additional injections, or whether a review is needed
If the symptom has not improved an hour (or sooner if you are worried) after giving the drug.
If you have administered the prescribed limit of the number of administrations which has been prescribed in 24 hours (this might be fewer than 3)
If you prefer to discuss with a HCP prior to administering the injection
You have any concerns, questions or queries at all related to injectable medication You no longer wish to give the subcutaneous injections
(Adapted from St Joseph’s Hospice Carer Administration of sub-cutaneous injections procedure (2019)
by Dr C Cornish 2020)
Informal Carer Administration of subcutaneous injections in the community setting. Exceptional Circumstances - COVID 19. V2 Review July 2020
32
Appendix 5 - Carer’s Authorisation Chart to administer as required subcutaneous injections for Palliative Care Patients (Opioid naïve patient, eGFR>30)
PATIENT’s
SURNAME
FORENAME:
DATE of BIRTH NHS Number:
Allergies or Adverse Drug Reactions :
None known tick here
NAME OF HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONAL
PRINT NAME:
SIGNATURE:
DESIGNATION:
BASE:
DATE:
DRUG INDICATION FOR
USE
DOSE VOLUME
(MLS)
ROUTE FREQUENCY
Minimum
interval
ANY OTHER
COMMENTS:
Morphine
injection 10mg/ml
PAIN
Low:
3mg
0.3mls SC 1 hour If low dose
not effective
call for
advice*
before giving
high dose.
High:
5mg
0.5mls
Ondansetron
4mg/2ml
NAUSEA/
VOMITING
4mg
2mls SC 8 hours
Alternative score
out ondansetron
NAUSEA/
VOMITING
Midazolam
10mg/2ml
AGITATION/
RESTLESSNESS
Low:
2.5mg
0.5mls SC 1 hour If low dose
not effective
call for
advice*
before giving
high dose.
High:
5mg
1ml
Hyoscine butyl-
bromide 20mg/ml
RATTLY
BREATHING
20mg 1ml SC 2 hours
Morphine
injection
10mg/ml
BREATHLESSNESS
OR PERSISTENT
COUGH
3mg 0.3mls SC 1 hour If breathless,
open a
window, sit
upright.
OTHER:
SC=subcutaneous injection either into Saf-T intima line or using syringe and needle
GUIDANCE FOR PRESCRIBER: (also complete usual community palliative care drug chart)
Check the following have been completed for each carer administering injections Consent form
Assessment of carer’s competence in administering subcutaneous injections, using the competence assessment tool.
Doses to be as simple as possible think about vial sizes. Carers to record doses on Community Palliative Care Chart used by District
Nurses/visiting professionals.
Give a minimum interval between doses in hours for frequency and avoid abbreviations
GUIDANCE FOR CARER:
* Please phone Sirona Single Point of Access (1st line) on 0300 125 6789 or your local
hospice 2nd line (St Peter’s Hospice Advice line on 0117 9159430 or Weston hospice on 01934
423900) if:
Any time if you have given 3 injections in total within a 24hour period to discuss
whether it is appropriate to give additional injections, or whether a review is needed
Informal Carer Administration of subcutaneous injections in the community setting. Exceptional Circumstances - COVID 19. V2 Review July 2020
33
If the symptom has not improved an hour (or sooner if you are worried) after giving the drug.
If you have administered the prescribed limit of the number of administrations which has been prescribed in 24 hours (this might be fewer than 3)
If you prefer to discuss with a HCP prior to administering the injection You have any concerns, questions or queries at all related to injectable medication You no longer wish to give the subcutaneous injections
(Adapted from St Joseph’s Hospice Carer Administration of sub-cutaneous injections procedure (2019)
by Dr C Cornish 2020)
34
Appendix 6a - Steps involved in administering a subcutaneous
injection not via a line (To be left in the patient’s home for use by the carer)
Before administrating any prescribed medicine check the Community Palliative
Care Drug Chart for the time that the last dose of an injection was given, making sure it is ok to give another. Also check when the last oral dose of
medication was taken for the same symptom (if applicable) Check the dosage and frequency of medication against the Community
Palliative Care Drug Chart and then the Carer’s Authorisation Chart, making
sure it is ok to give another dose.
1. Wash your hands with warm water and soap and dry well with a clean towel or kitchen roll. Put on gloves and apron.
2. Assemble all the equipment you need. Check the
packaging of all the equipment is intact and that products have not passed their expiry dates. Equipment needed:
• Blunt fill needle 18G • Safety needle 25G
• Syringe • Carers Authorisation chart • Tray or clean area to draw up
• Drug to be given • Sharps bin
3. Drawing up medication:
Check the label for medication name and strength making sure it matched the drug listed
the Community Palliative Care Drug Chart. Also check the expiry date.
Attach the blunt fill needle 18G to the syringe
Break open the ampoule of the drug to be given by snapping the top off.
A glass ampoule should be held in upright position. Check all fluid removed from neck of ampoule. If not, gently flick the top of the
ampoule until the fluid runs back down into it. If there is a dot on the ampoule ensure the dot is
facing away from you. Hold the ampoule in one hand, using the other hand to snap the neck of the ampoule away from you.
A plastic ampoule - simply twist the top of the ampoule until it is removed
Do not discard any of the ampoules until all of the
paperwork has been completed. Draw up the drug into the syringe If you have an air bubble into the syringe, push
the plunger in very slightly to remove the bubble.
35
Change the needle to Safety needle 25G
4. Assess the infection site for signs of
inflammation, oedema (swelling), infection and skin lesions – if any of
these are present you should use an alternative site. Decontaminate your hands again and put on gloves. Remove
the cap from the needle on the prepared syringe.
When giving a subcutaneous injection, it is important to gently pinch the skin
between the thumb and the first finger of your non dominant hand.
While continuing to grasp the skin press the plunger of the syringe and inject the
medicine smoothly and slowly. When all the medicine has been injected, remove the needle and release the skin.
Image of best sites for injection
5. Disposal of equipment: Immediately after the needle has been
removed from the patient, activate the safety device see below. Dispose of the
needle and syringe in to the sharps bin.
6. Write on the Community Palliative Care
Drug Chart the time, date, drug, dose,
route and sign to record you have given it.
7. Remove and dispose of gloves and apron.
8. Wash and dry your hands thoroughly.
If you have given 3 injections in a 24 hour period, Sirona SPA (district
nurses) on 0300 125 6789(1st line) or the relevant hospice: St Peter's Hospice
advice line 0117 9159430 or Weston Hospice advice line: 01934 423900.
Please remember you can also ring for advice if you feel the injections are not working or need any advice.
Needle stick injury
If you pierce or puncture your skin with a used needle, follow this first aid advice immediately:
Encourage the wound to bleed, ideally by holding it under running water.
Wash the wound using running water and plenty of soap. Don’t scrub the wound while you’re washing it.
Don’t suck the wound. Dry the wound and cover it with a waterproof plaster or dressing. Contact Avon Occupational Health on 0117 342 3400 for further advice within
an hour. (Adapted from: The Lincolnshire Policy for Informal Carer’s Administration of As Required
Subcutaneous Injections in Community Palliative Care. Lincolnshire Community Health
Services. Version 10. 2018. St Joseph’s Hospice Carer Administration of sub-cutaneous
injections procedure. Version 2. 2019)
36
Appendix 6b - Steps involved in administering a subcutaneous injection via a Saf-t-intima line. (To be left in the patient’s home for use by the carer)
Before administrating any prescribed medicine check the Community Palliative
Care Drug Chart for the time that the last dose of an injection was given, making sure it is ok to give another. Also check when the last oral dose of
medication was taken for the same symptom (if applicable) Check the dosage and frequency of medication against the Community
Palliative Care Drug Chart and then the Carer’s Authorisation Chart, making
sure it is ok to give another dose. A line called a Saf -T-Intima is a simple device that sits under the skin, usually
on the arm, so that when an injection is given it is only injected into the device and not directly into the skin of the patient.
This is a Saf-T-intima line it will have a Bionector ‘bung’ on
the end
1. Wash your hands with warm water and soap and dry
well with a clean towel or kitchen roll. Put on gloves and apron.
2. Check the site of the injection device for inflammation, redness, hardness or soreness.
If you are concerned please phone Sirona Single Point of Access on: 0300 125 6789
3. Assemble all the equipment you need. Check the packaging of all the equipment is intact and their expiry dates.
• Tray or clean area to draw up • Drug to be given and sterile water for injection (for
flushing)
Alcohol swab • Sharps bin
4. Drawing up medication:
Check the label for medication name and strength making sure it matches the drug listed on the Community Palliative Care Drug Chart. Also check
the expiry date. Attach the blunt fill needle 18G to the syringe
Break open the ampoule of the drug to be given by snapping the top off.
A glass ampoule should be held in upright position.
Check all fluid removed from neck of ampoule. If not,
37
gently flick the top of the ampoule until the fluid runs back down into it. If there is a dot on the ampoule
ensure the dot is facing away from you. Hold the ampoule in one hand, using the other hand to snap the neck of the ampoule away from you.
A plastic ampoule - simply twist the top of the ampoule until it is removed
Do not discard any of the ampoules until all of the
paperwork has been completed.
Draw up the drug into the syringe
If you have an air bubble in the syringe, push the plunger in very slightly to remove the bubble.
Use a separate syringe and blunt needle to draw up any other medications you may be giving and a 0.5ml sterile water flush as above.
NB Do not give more than 2mls total volume of
medication (excluding the line flush) at any one time.
5. Swab the end of the Bionector ‘bung’ with an alcohol
wipe and wait until dry approx. 30 seconds.
Bionector Bung
6. Remove the blunt needle from the syringe and place
the blunt needle directly into the sharps container.
7. Before administration of medication flush the Saf-T-
Intima line with 0.5ml of water for injection. Attach the luer-lock syringe containing the water for injection
by using a twisting or screwing motion until the syringe is securely attached into the Bionector ‘bung’. Slowly push the plunger until the barrel is empty, and
then remove the syringe by untwisting.
8. Then attach the luer-lock syringe containing the
medication using a twisting or screwing motion until the syringe is securely attached into the Bionector
‘bung’. Slowly push the plunger of the syringe until the barrel is empty, and then remove the syringe by untwisting.
9. Follow administration of the medication flush the line with 0.5ml of water for injection
10. Discard all the syringes and any remaining needles in the sharps container.
11. Write on the Community Palliative Care Drug Chart the time, date, drug, dose, route and sign to record you have given it.
12. Remove and dispose of gloves and apron.
13. Wash and dry your hands thoroughly.
If you have given 3 injections in a 24 hour period, Sirona SPA (district nurses) on 0300 125 6789 (1st line) or the relevant hospice: St Peter's Hospice advice line 0117 9159430 or Weston Hospice advice line: 01934
423900
38
Please remember you can also ring for advice if you feel the injections are
not working or need any advice.
Needle stick injury
If you pierce or puncture your skin with a used needle, follow this first aid advice immediately:
Encourage the wound to bleed, ideally by holding it under running water. Wash the wound using running water and plenty of soap. Don’t scrub the wound while you’re washing it.
Don’t suck the wound. Dry the wound and cover it with a waterproof plaster or dressing.
Contact Avon Occupational Health on 0117 342 3400 for further advice within an hour.
Adapted from: The Lincolnshire Policy for Informal Carer’s Administration of As Required
Subcutaneous Injections in Community Palliative Care. Lincolnshire Community Health
Services. Version 10. 2018. St Joseph’s Hospice Carer Administration of sub-cutaneous
injections procedure. Version 2. 2019.
39
Appendix 7 – Information leaflet for carers giving Sub-cutaneous injections
Introduction Seriously ill people, who are nearing the end of their lives, may want to be cared for at home, but as they become more poorly they often cannot swallow oral medication
or liquids. A range of injections can be provided to keep at home just in case they are needed to help with symptoms which may occur.
Common symptoms can be pain, nausea/vomiting, agitation/restlessness, rattley breathing, or breathlessness. These troublesome symptoms can be often be relieved
by extra medication given by a small injection, which is usually given by a member of the Community Nursing team. This is often called “As required medication”. This can be at any time of the day or night, and sometimes relatives can be taught how
to give these injections to ensure comfort and the control of pain, and other symptoms. This is similar to when you might have given oral (by mouth) pain relief/
other oral medication, but just the route of giving has changed as the patient is no longer able to swallow. Teaching carers to learn how to do this instead of having to wait for a nurse to
attend is a method that has been used successfully in parts of Australia for many years, and more recently in the UK.
If the person needs regular medication or frequent injections and can not swallow then usually the Community Nursing team can set up a syringe pump to give
continuous medication under the skin. You will not be asked to change the pump. The Community Nurses will do this every 24 hours but you may still need to give
occasional extra injections to control symptoms.
You do not have to do these injections unless you want to, and feel comfortable to
do so. If you do, the doctors, nurses and Hospice nurses will support you in this task
and teach you how it is done.
If at any time you feel you can no longer do these injections please phone Sirona Single Point of Access (1st line) on 0300 125 6789 who can arrange for a Community Nurse(s) to administer the injections instead. If you want advice or support you can also contact your local hospice: St Peter’s Hospice Advice line on 0117 9159430 or Weston hospice on 01934 423900.
What are the steps involved? If you as a carer would like to do this, some steps need to be followed to make sure
everyone involved is happy that it is a safe thing to do.
The doctors and nurses will assess if it might be helpful and possible. This
would include thinking about what medicine might be needed, how often, and how complicated the situation is.
The patient will be asked if they would like their carer to give injections. You as the carer will be asked if you would like to learn more about it. The doctor or nurse will talk to the you about benefits and difficulties, for
example It can be difficult for carers as it places a burden on them – you do not
have to do it; you can change your mind. Near the end of life, injections may need to be given; these will not cause
death but may happen near the time of death
It can be a positive way for carers to help support their family members.
You will have training to show you how to give an injection- including a ‘competence
assessment’. You will need to show that you are able to give an injection on your
40
own. Please remember to say if you are happy to do this. You will be given written information about how often they can give injections, including when to ask for help.
The training given to you is very important; in order to make sure that the patient is given the correct care for these symptoms. You should not train anyone else who is helping to look after the patient. If you are unable for any reason to give an injection
the healthcare team should be contacted to give the patient any as required medication. It is important for you to know it is legal for carers to give symptom-
relieving medication as long as they are supported to do so. If after discussion with and assessment by a registered healthcare professional it is
agreed by both you and the healthcare professional that you are able to give injections the following will happen:
1. EITHER:
The registered healthcare professional will insert a line so that when you give the injection you only inject into the line, not directly into the skin of the patient.
OR: In certain circumstances carers may be taught to administer the medication
directly into the skin, not via a line. 2. You will be taught what the medication(s) are for, how much to give, when to
give it and any likely side effects.
3. You will be taught how to draw up the required amount of drugs into a syringe and how to give the injection.
4. If you are administering the drug via a line you will be taught how to flush the line with 0.5 ml of water for injection before and after giving the medication.
5. You will be shown how to and asked to document each injection given.
6. You will be advised to only give up to a maximum of 3 injections in any 24hour period before contacting a Sirona Single Point of access(1st line) or your local
hospice (2nd line) for further help and advice. 7. A healthcare professional will change the line every 7 days and at each visit they
will review the patient’s regular medication so that hopefully further injections
may not be needed.
IMPORTANT CONTACTS:
Single Point of Access (Community Nursing Team): 0300 125 6789
St Peter's Hospice Advice Line 24/7: 01179 159 430
Weston Hospice: 01934 423 900
Frequently asked Carers’ questions
What if I can’t go ahead with giving injections? You will receive training in how to give an injection, and this can be repeated until
you feel happy. The healthcare professional giving the training will assess if you are safe to give an injection. If you or the person providing the training do not feel that you are safe to do this, then the patient will continue to receive injections when
needed by a Community Nurse.
What if I or the person I am caring for change our minds about giving
injections? If at any point you want to stop giving injections, this is fine. Also your relative (the patient) can say at any point that they want you (their carer)
to stop giving injections. Please contact one of the numbers above and the community nursing team will take over this responsibility.
41
(Adapted from: Carers administration of as-needed subcutaneous medicines. Helix Centre.
24th March 2020. https://subcut.helixcentre.com/. St Joseph’s Hospice Carer Administration
of sub-cutaneous injections procedure. Version 2. 2019).
This leaflet provides information about symptoms that your relative or friend might experience.
This information relates to subcutaneous injections, which should be given for symptoms when your relative or friend is unable to swallow medication by
mouth. You will be advised to only give up to a maximum of 3 injections in any 24
hour period before contacting a Sirona Single Point of access(1st line) or
your local hospice (2nd line) for further help and advice. If you are concerned or would like to discuss with a healthcare professional
before giving subcutaneous medication please phone for advice: o Sirona Single Point of Access (1st Line) 0300 1256789 o your local hospice (2nd line) St Peter’s Hospice Advice line 0117
9159430 o Weston Hospice 01934 423900.
A. Breathlessness:
Step 1:
You may wish to try some relaxation techniques. Opening a window or door can help and keep the room cool. Cooling the face by using a cool flannel or cloth can help.
Portable fans are not recommended for use during outbreaks of infection
Step 2:
You only need to give medicine if your relative or friend is distressed by their breathing. If they are breathing fast but seem comfortable and
settled you do not have to treat it. If they are distressed and you are going to administer medication please look at the Carer’s Authorisation Chart and choose the medication for breathlessness.
If there are 2 dose options give the lower dose
If their breathing has not improved an hour after giving the medication you
can repeat the medication with the SAME dose.
If you are not sure about giving the 2nd dose or distress from breathing is still not controlled after the 2nd dose please see above for who to contact for
advice.
If you have noticed that on several occasions the lower dose is not that effective and you are often needing to give a 2nd dose phone for advice.
B. Fever:
Fever is not harmful but can be treated if the symptoms cause distress Signs and symptoms of a fever
shivering
shaking chills
aching muscles + joints other body aches may feel cold despite body temperature rising
Step 1 Try a cool flannel applied across the face
Reduce room temperature - open a window or door Wear loose clothing Oral fluids if able to drink
43
Step 2 If able to swallow please give your own supply of paracetamol by mouth.
If not able to swallow you can discuss paracetamol suppositories with your GP.
Two Paracetamol 500mg tablets can be given four times a day, 4 hours
apart.
Do not use more than 8 Paracetamol 500mg tablets per day (Max 4g/24h)
C: Pain People may experience pain due to existing illnesses and may also develop
pain as a result of excessive coughing or immobility. At the end of life they
may grimace or groan to show this. Not being able to pass urine can cause pain.
Step 1 A medication to help relieve pain will have been prescribed - please check
the name and dose of this on the Carers Authorisation chart.
If there are 2 dose options give the lower dose If their pain has not improved an hour after giving the medication you can
repeat the medication with the SAME dose.
If you are not sure about giving the 2nd dose or distress from pain is still not controlled after the 2nd dose please see above for who to contact for
advice. If you have noticed that on several occasions the lower dose is not that
effective and you are often needing to give a 2nd dose please phone for advice.
D: Agitation/Distress
Some people may become agitated and confused towards the end of life. They may seem confused at times and then seem their normal selves at
other times. People who become delirious may start behaving in ways that are unusual
for them- they may become more agitated than normal or feel more sleepy and withdrawn.
Pain may worsen agitation (see pain advice section)
Not being able to pass urine may also worsen agitation Step 1:
A medication to help relieve agitation/distress will have been prescribed - please check the name and dose of this on the Carers Authorisation chart.
If there are 2 dose options give the lower dose
If their agitation/distress has not improved an hour after giving the medication you can repeat the medication with the SAME dose.
If you are not sure about giving the 2nd dose or agitation/distress is still not controlled after the 2nd dose please see above for who to contact for advice.
If you have noticed that on several occasions the lower dose is not that
effective and you are often needing to give a 2nd dose phone for advice. Step 2:
Please telephone for advice if: o you are concerned your relative or your friend is unable to pass
urine.
o Their agitation is persistent and distressing.
44
D. Nausea & Vomiting
Sometimes people may feel nauseated or sick when they are dying A medication to help relieve this will have been prescribed – please check
the name and dose of this on the Carers Authorisation chart
phone for advice if: o The nausea or vomiting has not settled after giving the medication
E. Rattly Breathing
Before someone dies their breathing can often become noisy. Some people call this the ‘death rattle’. Try not to be alarmed by this, as it is normal. It is due to an accumulation of secretions and the muscles at the back of the
throat relaxing. Medicines intended to dry up secretions may not work, so try to be
reassured that if your friend or relative is asleep or unconscious they are unlikely to be distressed.
Step 1:
Repositioning your friend or relative in the bed by using pillows to support them at a different angle can help reduce rattily breathing
Step 2: Medication that may help relieve this will have been prescribed – please
check the name and dose of this on the Carers Authorisation chart.
Step 3: If your friend or relative seems distressed by their noisy breathing despite
waiting an hour after the measures above please phone for advice.
45
Appendix 8
Summary of steps for clinicians to follow for carer administration of injections procedure
1. Obtain agreement from patient (ideally without carer present).
2. Obtain agreement from a GP and discuss with District Nurses if known by a
DN team.
3. Obtain agreement from carer (ideally without patient present).
4. Assess suitability of carer and complete Criteria for Suitability check list
(Appendix 1).
5. Gain consent from patient and carer. Complete consent form (Appendix 2).
Make Best interests Decision in line with Mental Capacity Act if patient lacks capacity.
6. Teach process and assess competence. Complete Competence Assessment (Appendix 3.)
7. Ensure you discuss:
That it can be difficult for carers to undertake this as it places a burden on them - they do not have to do it; they can change their minds.
That near the end of life injections may need to be given; these will not cause death but may be required near the time of death.
That the locality SPA/District Nurse Team (first line) or relevant hospice (second line) can be contacted 24/7 for advice.
8. Insert SAF-T Intima line if injections likely to be needed in next 7 days and
attach a Bionector connector to the end.
9. Ensure Community Palliative Care Drug Chart and Carers Authorisation Chart (Appendix 4 or 5) have been completed by a prescriber. Show the carer how
to complete the Community Palliative Care Drug Chart including completing their specimen initials on the front of the chart.
10. Show the carer how to complete the stock card and remind them to contact the GP for repeat prescriptions if stock running low.
11. Remind the carer that they should contact Sirona SPA (1st line) and relevant
local hospice (2nd line) in the following circumstances:
Any time if they have given 3 injections in total within a 24hour
period to discuss whether it is appropriate to give additional injections, or whether a review is needed.
If the symptom has not improved in an hour (or sooner if they are worried) after giving the drug.
They have any concerns, questions or queries at all related to
injectable medication.
They no longer wish to give the subcutaneous injections.
12. Give the Carers information leaflet (Appendix 7).
13. Leave all paperwork in the house. Document fully on EMIS. Add a warning to EMIS to record assessment of suitability and outcome.
14. E.g. Carer (add full name) is suitable for administration of SC medication.
Full process completed.
15. Arrange for a weekly face to visit for line change and support.
46
Section 4:
Information for people caring at
home for a relative or friend
who is nearing the end of life
due to any diagnosis including
coronavirus
This is a leaflet written for people who are caring for someone who is very unwell and may be nearing the
end of their lives. It is written for use during the coronavirus outbreak to provide the best possible care and
support when there may be a higher than usual demand on community nurses.
It may be useful for the very unwell person to read if able. It contains some practical tips and advice about
medications to help with symptoms.
47
1. Who to call for advice
Page 3
2. General information about caring for a dying relative/ friend at home
Page 4
3. What practical things you can do when caring for someone in their last
7. What to do after your friend or relative has died
Page 18
8. Grief
9. Cleaning
Page 19
10. Carer’s diary for giving medicines
Page 20
Contents
48
1. WHO TO CALL FOR ADVICE
For help with care, equipment and giving medicines please phone your community (District) Nurse:
Bristol, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire Single Point of Access
Tel. 0300 125 6789
Gloucester Single Point of Access
Mon to Fri 8am to 4pm, Tel. 0300 421 6071
Any other time, Tel. 0300 421 0555
Bath Single Point of Access
Mon to Fri 8am to 6pm contact your usual GP surgery
Any other time, Tel. 01225 831 400 or 01225 831 500
Care coordination centre also available 8am to 8pm (if unable to get
through to your usual GP surgery) Tel. 0300 247 0200
For advice regarding medicines and symptoms phone the community palliative care team (hospice)
advice line:
St Peter’s Hospice 24/7, Tel. 01179 159 430
Weston Hospicecare 24/7, Tel. 01934 423 900
Dorothy House Hospice, Tel. 0345 013 0555 (option 1)
If you need a doctor:
You can phone your usual general practice number
For an out of hours doctor telephone 111 or use 111.nhs.uk 999
In an emergency you can call 999, for example if your relative or friend has a fall and you need help to get them back into bed.
49
2. GENERAL INFORMATION
We as a team are very grateful that you have been able to care for your relative or your friend at home at
the end of their life; it is a loving and generous thing to do.
We hope you have been given information and feel supported with this decision.
We acknowledge it may feel overwhelming and frightening at times. It may be helpful to identify a family
member or friend that you can call for support during this time.
We feel it is important to remember a few things:
Look after yourself.
Take breaks: Having some time to yourself can help you relax and feel more able to cope. This can help the person you are caring for too.
Your GP will be available for telephone advice.
If you yourself are taking any medicines regularly it is important you have a supply of these. Your support contact may be able to visit your community pharmacy for you.
Try to eat well. If you can, make time to prepare and sit down for a cooked meal. If you don’t have time, perhaps you could ask a friend to help you by dropping round some food.
Getting enough sleep can be difficult too. Many people say that when they are caring for someone who is very ill, they find it difficult to relax at night. You may be thinking and worrying about them and this can keep you awake, or you may need to help them regularly at night. Take naps if you can.
Do not underestimate the importance of just being with your relative or friend, even if you feel you
aren’t doing much. Just be with them.
If possible, creating a sense of calm around your relative or friend can help them to feel settled.
Talking to your relative or friend can help reassure them, even if they appear to be asleep.
Listen to the radio or music and watch TV as normal. Perhaps read out loud. You may take
this opportunity to create new memories.
If you feel overwhelmed it may be useful to phone your support person to chat.
It can also be useful for you to pause, take a breath and consider what you are doing or giving. There
is no rush to do anything at this time.
When someone is dying medication can be very useful for managing symptoms. These medicines will
not hasten death, but it is possible that your relative or friend could happen to die soon after
receiving a drug for their symptoms.
50
Pain
What you can do to practically care for someone
who is in their last days and hours of life
While people rarely complain of thirst at the
end of life, a dry mouth can be a problem due
to breathing most ly through their mouth.
It’s important to keep lips moist with a small
amount of un-perfumed lip balm to prevent
cracking. Regularly wet inside their mouth
and around their teeth with a moistened
toothbrush whether he or she is awake or has
lost consciousness. Check for sore areas and
white patches on the tongue, gums and inside
the cheek which can be sore. If this happens
tell the person’s healthcare professionals as it
can be treated easily.
When approaching the end of life, people
of ten sleep more than they are awake and
may drif t in and out of consciousness.
Try to imagine what the person you are caring
for would want. Provide familiar sounds and
sensations, a favourite blanket for example,
or piece of music. Keep the environment
calm by not having too many people in the
room at once and avoid bright lighting. This
can reduce anxiety even when someone is
unconscious. Even when they cannot respond,
it is important to keep talking to them as they
can most probably hear right up until they die.
Some people may be in pain when they are
dying. If they are less conscious they may
grimace or groan to show this. There are
medicines that can be given to ease pain.
Always check their positioning in bed to see
if this can also help. They may be too weak to
move and this can cause discomfort. Consider
if they have any areas that are known to hurt,
for example a bad back, and remember this
when positioning them.
It is important to be aware of what to expect
and how to make the experience as comfortable
as possible.
Your health team will advise you on the
medicat ions that can help with cont rolling
symptoms experienced at the end of life.
The person will require washing at least once
a day and regular turning every 2-4 hours to
protect their skin f rom developing pressure sores.
dif fi cu l t to commu ni cat e. Do n’ t expect the
person to talk and give them t ime and space
to respond. Reassure them that the unpleasant
feeling will pass.
You can offer reassurance by talking calmly
and opening a window to allow fresh air in.
If possible, sit the person up with pillows
rather than lying fla
t
as thi s can hel p the
sensation of not being able to breathe.
Before someone dies their breathing of ten
becomes noisy. Some people call this the
‘death rat t le’. Try not to be alarmed by this,
it is normal. It is due to an accumulat ion of
secret ions and the muscles at the back of
the throat relaxing. There are medicines that
can be given to help dry up secret ions if it
is a problem.
Washing
Somet imes it may be too disrupt ive for the
person to have a full wash. Just washing their
hands and face and bot tom can feel ref reshing.
To give a bed bath, use two separate fla
n
nel s,
one for the face and top half of the body
and one for the bottom half. Start at the top
of the body, washing their face, arms, back,
chest, and tummy. Next, wash their feet and
legs. Finally, wash the area between their legs
and their bottom. Rinse off soap completely
to stop their skin feeling itchy. Dry their skin
gently but thoroughly. Only expose the parts
of the person’s body that are being washed at
the time – you can cover the rest of their body
with a towel. This helps to keep them warm
and maintains their dignity.
Some people can become agitated and appear
dist ressed when they are dying. It can be
f rightening to look af ter someone who is
rest less. It ’s important to check if the cause is
reversible like having a full bladder or bowel
which can be reversed by using a catheter
to drain the urine or medicines to open the
bowels. Your health team can assess if this
is necessary.
Check if their pad is wet to see if they are
passing urine or if they are opening their
bowels. If it’s not either of these things, there
are things you can do and give to help. Try to
reassure the person by talking to them calmly
and sitting with them. Touch can be effective
in doing this too. There are also medicines that
can be given to help settle and relax someone.
Caring for a dying person can be exhaust ing
both physically and emot ionally. Take t ime
out to eat and rest . Try to share the care with
other people when possible and remember it is
OK to leave the person’s side to have a break.
Agitation or restlessness
Looking after yourself
Eating
As the body shuts down it no longer needs food
and flu
i
d to keep it goi ng. Wh en a per son is
dying they of ten lose their desire to eat or drink
and fin
a
l ly thei r abi lity to swa l low . They can lose
weight rapidly.
This is of ten dif ficu l t to accept because we of ten
equate food with health and feeding people as
an act of love. However, hunger and thirst are
rarely a problem at the end of life.
Continue to offer a variety of soft foods and
sips of water with a teaspoon or straw for as
long as the person is conscious (but allow
them to refuse it). It’s important not to force
food or drink onto someone who no longer
wants it. Rem em ber t o si t t hem
up w hen of f er ing f ood and f l u
i
ds to
avoid chok ing.
When a person is no longer able to swallow
some people want them to have flu
i
ds vi a ot her
routes like a drip, but at the end of life this
offers lit t le, if any, benefi t. The body cannot
process the flu
i
d like a heal thy body can and it
can be harmful to art ific
i
al ly feed and hydr at e.
Risks include infect ion at the insert ion site or
in the blood, and flu
i
d over l oad resul ti ng in
swelling or even breathing problems.
Version 1.0 (18 March 2020) At t ribut ion-NonCommercial 4.0 Internat ional (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Breathlessness and cough
52
4. SYMPTOMS AND MEDICINES
You can telephone for support any time that you feel unsure.
Please consider calling for advice if you have given 2 doses of medication for one symptom in four hours
and it is still uncontrolled.
Also call if your relative or friend has needed more than 3 doses of medication for one symptom in a 24
hour period.
(i) Breathlessness
Step 1
- You may wish to try some relaxation techniques.
- Opening a window or door can reduce air hunger and keep the room cool.
- Cooling the face by using a cool flannel or cloth can help.
- Portable fans are not recommended for use during outbreaks of infection.
Step 2
You only need to give medicine if your relative or friend is distressed by their breathing. If they are breathing fast but seem comfortable and settled you do not have to treat it. If you are not sure call your local hospice for advice.
You have been supplied with a bottle of morphine liquid. The instructions on the bottle suggest what dose to give.
o Squirt the lower dose of oral morphine into the cheek and allow to absorb, without swallowing, up to once every hour when required.
o If you have tried the lower dose several times and it hasn’t been that effective then you can try the higher dose. The maximum volume for each cheek is 2.5 mls. The higher dose can be divided if needed by giving half into each cheek.
o If the morphine is accidentally swallowed that is OK.
o If more than 2 doses are needed in 4 hours please telephone for advice using the numbers above.
See guide below on giving medicine to be absorbed into the cheek
After 2 doses of oral morphine if still in distress:
Step 3
Check medication label to confirm lorazepam dose.
You may need to moisten your relative or friend’s mouth with some water on a toothbrush.
Place HALF or ONE lorazepam tablet under the tongue and allow to dissolve, up to
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every 6 hours, when required, for anxiety or agitation. Your relative or friend should try not to swallow for 2 minutes after this.
Step 4
If breathlessness is persistent and distressing please telephone for advice using the numbers above.
(ii) Cough
Step 1
If your relative or friend is awake enough to swallow, simple non-drug measures may help, e.g. a teaspoon of honey.
Elevate their head with pillows if able. Step 2
You only need to give medicine if your relative or friend is distressed by their cough. If you are not sure call your local hospice for advice.
You have been supplied with a bottle of morphine liquid. The instructions on the bottle suggest a range with a lower dose and a higher dose:
o Squirt the lower dose of oral morphine into the cheek and allow to absorb, without swallowing, up to once every hour when required.
o If you have tried the lower dose several times and it hasn’t been that effective then you can try the higher dose. This higher dose can be split by giving half into each cheek.
o If the morphine is accidentally swallowed that is OK.
o If more than 2 doses are needed in 4 hours please telephone for advice using the numbers above.
See guide below on giving medicine to be absorbed into the cheek
(iii) Fever
Fever is not harmful but can be treated if the symptoms cause distress
Signs and symptoms of a fever:
shivering
shaking
chills
aching muscles + joints
other body aches
may feel cold despite body temperature rising
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Step 1
Try a cool flannel applied across the face
Reduce room temperature - open a window or door
Wear loose clothing
Oral fluids if able to drink
Step 2
If able to swallow please give your own supply of paracetamol by mouth.
Suppositories should not be given by mouth.
If unable to swallow consider inserting TWO paracetamol suppositories rectally.
Paracetamol can only be given four times a day, 4 hours apart, regardless of route.
Do not use more than 8 suppositories or tablets per day
(Max 4g/24h)
See guide below on how to give a suppository
(iv) Pain
People may experience pain due to existing illnesses and may also develop pain as a result of excessive coughing or immobility. At the end of life they may grimace or groan to show this.
Not being able to pass urine can cause pain Step 1
o You have been supplied with a bottle of morphine liquid. The instructions on the bottle suggest a range with a lower dose and a higher dose:
o Squirt the lower dose of oral morphine into the cheek and allow to absorb, without swallowing, up to once every hour when required.
o If you have tried the lower dose several times and it hasn’t been that effective then you can try the higher dose. This higher dose can be split by giving half into each cheek.
o If the morphine is accidentally swallowed that is OK.
o If more than 2 doses are needed in 4 hours please telephone for advice using the numbers above.
See guide below on giving medicine to be absorbed into the cheek
55
(v) Agitation & Distress
Some people may become agitated and confused towards the end of life. They may seem confused at times and then seem their normal selves at other times.
People who become delirious may start behaving in ways that are unusual for them- they may become more agitated than normal or feel more sleepy and withdrawn.
Pain may worsen agitation (see pain management table)
Not being able to pass urine may also worsen agitation
Step 1
Check medication label to confirm lorazepam dose.
Place HALF or ONE lorazepam tablet under your relative or friend’s tongue and allow to dissolve, up to every 6 hours, when required, for anxiety or agitation. They should try not to swallow for 2 minutes after this.
You may need to moisten your relative or friend’s mouth with some water on a toothbrush.
Step 2
Please telephone for advice if
o you are concerned your relative or friend is unable to pass urine
o agitation is persistent and distressing
(vi) Nausea & Vomiting
Sometimes people may feel nauseated or sick when they are dying
Your friend or relative’s discharge pack will contain either prochlorperazine maleate or ondansetron to treat any nausea.
Step 1
Either
Check medication label to confirm prochlorperazine maleate dose.
Place ONE or TWO prochlorperazine maleate 3mg buccal tablet along the top gum under the lip and allow it to dissolve twice daily for nausea and vomiting. Try not to chew or swallow the tablet. Maximum 4 tablets a day.
Or
Place ONE ondansetron tablet on their tongue, and allow it to dissolve. You can use this every 8 hours when required to relieve nausea.
You may need to moisten your relative or friend’s mouth with some water on a toothbrush before giving these medicines.
Step 2
If nausea persists an hour after trying step 1
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Check medication label to confirm hyoscine hydrobromide dose.
Place hyoscine hydrobromide under the tongue or suck or chew tablet (every 8 hours if need be).
Step 3
If nausea is persistent and distressing despite trying steps 1 + 2 please telephone for advice.
(vii) Rattly Breathing
Before someone dies their breathing often becomes noisy. Some people call this the ‘death rattle’. Try not to be alarmed by this, as it is normal. It is due to an accumulation of secretions and the muscles at the back of the throat relaxing.
Medicines intended to dry up secretions may not work, so try to be reassured that if your friend or relative is asleep or unconscious they are unlikely to be distressed.
Step 1
Check medication label to confirm hyoscine hydrobromide dose.
Place hyoscine hydrobromide under the tongue or suck or chew tablet (every 8 hours if need be).
You may need to moisten your relative or friend’s mouth with some water on a toothbrush before giving this medicine.
Step 2
See guidance for managing agitation/distress above
Step 3
Repositioning your friend or relative in the bed by using pillows to support them at a different angle can help reduce rattly breathing
Step 4
If your friend or relative seems distressed by their noisy breathing despite waiting an hour after the measures above please telephone for advice.
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5. HOW TO GIVE A SUPPOSITORY
Adapted from Gloucester Hospitals NHS foundation trust
1. Wash and dry your hands thoroughly and put on gloves.
2. Have the medication ready. Remove the suppository you are going to give from the pack.
3. Position the individual on their left side if possible. You may require help from a friend or relative to do this safely for you.
4. Remove or pull their underwear down and out of the way.
5. Gently pull the uppermost knee towards their chest as far as is comfortable.
6. Lift the upper buttock to expose the rectal area.
7. Apply a small amount of lubricant to the suppository and to the tip of the gloved finger you will use to insert it with.
8. Insert the suppositories (one at a time if multiple to be given) through the anus. Gently push them inside to approx. 1 inch.
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9. Keep the individual on their side for 5 minutes if comfortable to prevent medication being expelled. After this gently reposition them back to a comfortable position.
10. Remove your gloves and wash your hands.
NB. If positioning the individual on their side is
difficult consider keeping them on their back but
lifting their legs up. Again, help from a friend or
relative to do this may be needed.
6. HOW TO GIVE MEDICINE TO BE ABSORBED INTO THE CHEEK
1. Support the head. Gently insert the syringe into the patient’s mouth between the cheek and lower gums.
2. Slowly administer the liquid in the syringe by pushing the plunger downwards. Repeat on the other side if needed.
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7. WHAT TO DO AFTER SOMEONE HAS DIED
Please find below a practical checklist for what you need to do now:
o You do not need to call the police or ambulance.
o Call your nominated family member or support person if needed.
o During the day: call the District Nurse Single Point of Access team or your GP surgery to inform
them of the death.
o During the night: call the District Nursing Single Point of Access team.
o You can care for your relative or friend after death as much as you feel able to. If possible, lie
them straight in the bed.
o Keep the room cool if possible by turning off the radiator.
o Do not allow pets in the room unattended.
8. GRIEF
Many feelings can occur at this time, for example numbness, disbelief, exhaustion, relief, sadness and
anger. Under these extraordinary circumstances you may feel emotions more acutely. Grieving in
isolation can be one of the hardest aspects of the current situation. Do reach out to others however you
can - online, via telephone, letters and videos.
If difficult feelings persist or you feel you are not coping then seek help. Your local hospice can provide
bereavement support and these organisations may also be useful:
Cruse Bereavement Care 0808 808 1677 https://www.cruse.org.uk/
Winston’s Wish Support for bereaved children and young people 08088 020 021 https://www.winstonswish.org/
The Good Grief Trust https://www.thegoodgrieftrust.org/
Section 5: Verification and certification of death
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1. Background
The Coronavirus Act updated guidance for the management of verification of death and medical certification of the cause of death (MCCD) during the pandemic. This includes:
A relaxation of previous legislation about verification in that any suitable person is able to verify deaths and,
Changes concerning the completion of the MCCD by medical practitioners
It is anticipated that the pandemic will generate increased demand for verification of ‘expected’ and
‘unexpected but not a surprise’ deaths in the community. Work is underway to train a wide range of
community colleagues – clinical and non-clinical - to be able to verify death, in case this is needed. The aim
of doing this is to ensure that we are prepared in advance to manage a potential significant increase in
demand for verification of death, that we reduce distress for families and carers, that we best support
people in feeling competent/capable of doing this, and that we minimise face to face contact if a person has
Covid-19. Recent guidance has been released nationally around verification of death that has now been
incorporated into this section https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-
2. Key messages (subject to future update as further guidance is released) 2.1 Verification of death Clinicians should always consider whether a death is expected, ‘unexpected but not a surprise’, or unexpected. Verification can be undertaken or supported by a clinician if the death is unexpected or ‘unexpected but not a surprise’. Unexpected deaths should not be managed by primary and community care, but referred to the police via 101. It is considered best practice not to have carers/family members verify death. All registered professionals must follow their professions’ code of practice and conduct. These require professionals to acknowledge the limits of their professional competence and only undertake practice and accept responsibility for those activities in which they are competent. Non-medical professionals should not experience any pressure to verify deaths. If they are not comfortable or equipped to verify, they should defer to medical colleagues or refer on to NHS 111, the patient’s general practice or another provider of primary medical services. If they are content to verify, they can use remote clinical support (see below). There are currently three options to enable verification of death:
OPTION 1: A community colleague who is trained in death verification undertakes
the verification. Currently, this is most likely to be a healthcare professional (HCP) e.g.
nurse in nursing home, district nurse. However, verification training is being developed
to enable, for example, HCA’s and carers to support verification of death.
*Please be mindful that this training will not currently have been undertaken by a full
range of staff and therefore some may not feel able to undertake verification of death
6 Check pupils. Are they dilated and fixed (unresponsive to light in both eyes using a torch)?
Pupils are dilated and unresponsive to light
Pupils not dilated and/ or do respond to light
Wait 10 minutes and repeat the actions above
PART 3: Discussion with clinician (to be completed by community clinician)
Name of Community clinician completing form
Role/ job title
Professional registration number
Name of clinician undertaking verification
Role/ job title
Professional registration number
Once you have completed parts 1-3 of the form, and the clinician has confirmed that they have verified the death:
You can retain a copy of this form on the patient’s file (if required)
Please proceed to contact the patient’s/ family’s preferred Funeral Director for them to collect the deceased,
or ask the family to do this
Be clear about removal from the deceased or safe keeping of items such as jewellery. Inform the key
person(s) of the next steps in the process and the range of options available to them.
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Guideline for the Verification of Death
This document can only be considered valid when viewed via Sirona’s intranet site. If this document is printed into hard copy or
saved to another location you must check that the version number on your copy matches that of the one on-line. The document
applies equally to full and part time employees, bank and agency staff.
Version 11 Issue date: April 2020 Review Date: March 2023
APPLICABLE TO
All clinicians, therapists and care workers, employed by Sirona working in Community Services, inpatient Units and
Residential Services.
IMPLEMENTATION
Local cascade by managers - key points for implementation:
Ensure all staff expected to maintain competence in verifying death have completed the training available via the Learning Management System and are confident and competent to verify death following the prescribed procedure.
Make staff aware of the Sirona Staff Wellbeing Line for wellbeing support and the helplines for practical support at St Peters’ Hospice: 01179159430, and Weston Hospice: 01934423900.
Ensure all staff who provide health & care services are aware of the existence of the policy and how to access and implement it.
Temporary changes to legislation on certification and verification in the Coronavirus Act, enacted March 2020 via CQC on Death verification https://www.cqc.org.uk/guidance-providers/gps/nigels-surgery-13-who-can-confirm-death ; and
An MCCD update at https://www.england.nhs.uk/coronavirus/wp-content/uploads/sites/52/2020/03/COVID-19- Act-excess-death-provisions-info-and-guidance-31-03-20.pdf are interpreted to mean the following subject to further guidance:
o Any suitable person is able to verify deaths; and a registered professional is not required for a verification if other staff are competent;
o Families are able to register deaths from home; o There is no longer a need for a second independent medical practitioner for cremation forms; and o Medical practitioners can certify a death if there has been contact (remote or face to face) within the last 28
In patients with cardio-pulmonary arrest, vigorous resuscitation attempts must be undertaken whenever there is a chance
of survival. Where there is a suspicion of or the patient is confirmed to have Coronavirus, rescuers must only perform
compression-only CPR until appropriate PPE can be donned.
Nevertheless, it is possible to identify patients in whom there is absolutely no chance of survival, where resuscitation would be
both futile and distressing for relatives, friends and healthcare personnel or where there is valid evidence of a resuscitation
decision having been made in advance. The views of an attending General Practitioner (GP), Ambulance Doctor or relevant third
party should also be considered. This guideline outlines the organisations process for the Verification of Death (sometimes referred
to as Confirmation of Death or Recognition of Life Extinct/RoLE). Verification of death is defined as deciding whether a person is
deceased and is a procedure which can be undertaken by either a registered Nurse or Paramedic. Certification of death requires a
registered medical practitioner.
The aims of this guideline are to:
1. Provide a timely and standardised approach to the management of most deceased patients presenting to Sirona services. 2. To avoid unnecessary onward referrals between healthcare providers, causing unnecessary delays and distress. 3. To reduce the unnecessary utilisation of Coroner’s Officers. 4. To avoid unnecessary attendance of duplicate skills and resources.
This guideline explores the situations where it would be appropriate for a clinician to verify a death. It does not consider the making
and recording of advance decision on resuscitation or any decisions about resuscitation in children.
For ease of reading, service users / residents / clients will be referred to throughout this document as individuals, until the point at
which an individual is deemed to require medical treatment, from when they will be referred to as a patient. Post verification of
death, individuals will be referred to as the deceased, in line common healthcare terminology.
2. KEY PRINCIPLES
The key principles of this guideline are to:
1. Ensure inappropriate re-direction of care is avoided. 2. Enable appropriately trained clinicians to verify death in a timely manner (within one hour in an inpatient setting and within
four hours in a community setting). 3. Ensure inappropriate resuscitation attempts are avoided in the absence of an advanced decision on resuscitation having
been made.
3. ADVANCE DECISIONS ON RESUSCITATION It is the expectation of this guideline that a CPR decision will be in place prior to death and verification. However, it is possible that
there will be cases when a patient’s death is;
Expected but no discussion about CPR has taken place (or where the death is expected but the individual chose not to make a Do Not Attempt Resuscitation decision),
Unexpected (but no surprise), or
Unexpected. In situations where clinicians are not aware that an explicit decision has been made in advance about CPR, and there are no signs unequivocally associated with death, there should be an initial presumption that clinicians will make all reasonable efforts to resuscitate the patient in the event of cardiac and respiratory arrest.
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Advance decisions are usually documented within Do Not Attempt Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (DNACPR) orders, Advanced
Care Plans (ACP), Recommended Summary Plan for Emergency Care and Treatment (ReSPECT) documents, Treatment
escalation plan (TEP) or Advanced Decision to Refuse Treatment (ADRT).
4. WHEN RESUSCITATION SHOULD NOT BE COMMENCED
There are situations where it may be obvious, or expected, that resuscitation should not and / or would not be attempted. An example is where a clinician is familiar with a patient’s condition and documented resuscitation plans, such as being directly involved with palliative care in the End of Life setting or in the presence of one or more conditions unequivocally associated with death. All of the conditions listed below are unequivocally associated with death and resuscitation should not be attempted;
1. Hypostasis: the pooling of blood in congested vessels in the dependent part of the body in the position which it lies after death (see guidance note A below)
2. Rigor Mortis: the stiffness occurring after death from the post mortem breakdown of enzymes in the muscle fibres (see guidance note B below).
3. Massive cranial and cerebral destruction: where the injuries are considered by the Nurse / Paramedic to be incompatible with life.
4. Hemicorporectomy (or similar massive injury): where the injuries are considered by the Nurse / Paramedic to be incompatible with life.
5. Decomposition/Putrefaction: where tissue damage indicates that the patient has been dead for some hours, days or longer.
6. Incineration: the presence of full thickness burns with charring of greater than 95% of the body surface. Guidance note A: Initially hypostatic staining may appear as small round patches looking rather like bruises, but later these coalesce to merge as the familiar pattern. Above the hypostatic engorgement there is obvious pallor of the skin. The presence of hypostasis is diagnostic of death. In extremely cold conditions hypostasis may be bright red and in carbon monoxide poisoning it is typically ‘cherry red’ in appearance. Guidance note B: Rigor Mortis occurs first in the small muscles of the face, next in the arms, then in the legs (30mins to 3hours). The recognition of Rigor Mortis can be made difficult where death has occurred from tetanus or strychnine poisoning. In some, rigidity never develops whilst in other it may become apparent more rapidly. Rigor should not be confused with Cadaveric Spasm which develops immediately after death following intense activity, affecting one group of muscles. In true Rigor Mortis the whole body is affected. 5. WHEN RESUSCITATION CAN BE DISCONTINUED In most patients where a Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) is not achieved on scene, despite appropriate Advanced Life
Support (ALS) and treatment of any potentially reversible causes, little is to be gained from transferring these patients to hospital.
Conveying a patient in cardiac arrest to hospital is not easy, through the logistics of having to move a patient down stairs, off the
floor or into an ambulance, each of which may cause an interruption in chest compressions as well as the risks associated with
manual handling. Conveying a patient in a vehicle traveling under emergency conditions is not without risk to the patient and the
clinical team.
Consequently, there may be situations where a resuscitation attempt has been commenced (by bystanders, family or other
healthcare professionals), but if the following are identified, may be discontinued;
The presence of a valid DNACPR, ACP, ReSPECT document, TEP or ADRT which states the wishes of the patient not to undergo attempted resuscitation.
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A patient in the final stages of a terminal illness where death is imminent and unavoidable and CPR would not be successful, but for whom no formal DNACPR decision has been made / documented.
There would be no realistic chance that CPR would be successful if ALL of the following exist together; - 15 minutes since onset of cardiac arrest, - No bystander CPR not commenced prior to the arrival of the clinician, - The absence of drowning, hypothermia, poisoning / overdose or pregnancy, - Asystole for >30 seconds recorded via ECG.
Submersion for longer than 1.5hours (NB: submersions NOT immersion).
Where asystole continues despite 20 minutes of ALS (assuming drowning, hypothermia, poisoning or overdose, and pregnancy have been excluded)
Offer relatives the opportunity to be present during any resuscitation attempt, providing their physical presence and behaviour does
not interfere with clinical care. Although priorities during the management of a cardiac arrest lie with the patient, it is important to
consider the relatives who may also be present. Relatives are also patients in this setting and sensitive treatment of relatives may
help the mourning process and minimise subsequent grief. Explain to the relatives as soon as possible during the resuscitation, the
gravity of the situation and the care that is being administered. If a decision is made to terminate the resuscitation attempt, consider
inviting the relative(s) to be with the patient before CPR is stopped (if they are not already present) so that they can spend time
with their loved one before they die.
6. PROCEDURE FOR VERIFYING DEATH There are three scenarios in which a death may occur;
Expected,
Unexpected but no Surprise and
Unexpected.
Below is generic guidance on the method of verifying death for Sirona staff, patient relatives, and carers, which should be followed
in addition to guidance, given specifically for each scenario.
Method of Verifying Deaths
All of the following techniques must be utilised in order to reliably verify a death;
1. No response to painful stimuli. 2. Absence of respiratory activity (breathing), determined by observation, after a minimum of one minute. 3. Absence of carotid (neck) pulse after palpation for one minute. 4. Pupils remain fixed or unresponsive and unresponsive to light. 5. The presence of any features in section 4 – When Resuscitation Should Not Be Commenced
o The results of these observations must be recorded in the patients’ EMIS record and where held, any paper notes (NB: in paper notes the clinician verifying the death must sign and print their full name, status / role, date and time of carrying out the procedure), along with the time (using 24hr clock) the death was verified (as ‘Verification of Death at xx:xx’). In EMIS this should be documented using the Sirona Verification of Death Template and a warning created. This needs to state ‘Deceased Alert – advised by *** / date***’, be entered at the earliest opportunity and made available to all.
If removing parenteral medication, documentation should also include drugs delivered by this route, amount remaining still to be
infused and time of disconnection.
This guidance is summarised in Appendix 1 - Method of Verifying Death Algorithm.
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Special Circumstances
Clinicians and others verifying deaths should be aware of special circumstances in which the Coroner must be informed and / or
where the body should only be handled by the Coroner’s chosen Funeral Director.
Where a clinician or other person ‘suspects’ a death is due to one of the special circumstances below, a medical practitioner may
not issue a death certificate and must notify the coroner according to the Notification of Deaths Regulations 2019. In these
situations, the death should be verified and then must be reported to the deceased’s GP (in-hours) -or- the GP OOH Professional
Line (out of hours) to inform them of the death and the special circumstance in which you feel it should be notified to the coroner. It
will then be their duty to consider the situation and report as necessary.
- Poisoning - Exposure to toxic substances - Medicinal products, controlled drugs or psychoactive substances - Violence/trauma/injury - Self-harm - Neglect (including self-neglect) - Due to and undergoing any treatment or procedure of a medical or similar nature - Disease/injury attributable to persons employment - Other unnatural death -
Plus where
- Cause of death unknown (despite suitable consultation with colleagues or a medical examiner) - Death occurred in custody or otherwise in ‘state detention’ (including MHA detention, but not DoLS) - No medical practitioner to sign MCCD in reasonable period - Identity of deceased unknown. -
Coronavirus or CoVid-19 is currently not a notifiable disease necessitating referral to the coroner.
When Not to Verify a Death
A death should not be verified by a Sirona clinician or other person in the following circumstances:
- A paediatric (<18 years) death where it has not been documented as expected in the patients clinical notes. - Deaths in a public place. - Any death where it would be appropriate to attempt resuscitation. - Where the deceased is known to the clinician other than in a professional manner. - Where the deceased is not receiving Sirona care.
Expected Deaths
Sirona services may be called upon specifically to verify an expected death, it is also likely that there will be situations where
Sirona staff are presented with a deceased patient following a death, such as where a patient dies shortly before a planned visit by
Sirona staff or where a patients dies in the presence of Sirona staff.
Examples of an expected death are where the deceased has been recognised as or suspected to be approaching the end / in the
last few days / weeks of their life or has been receiving Palliative care.
In this situation the clinician should;
- Verify the Expected Death. - Inform the family to contact their funeral director.
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- Contact the deceased’s GP to inform them of the death (in-hours) -or- pass a message to the in-hours team to contact the deceased’s GP to inform them of the death (out of hours).
- Family/next of kin to make arrangements for collection of death certificate. - Document all actions taken, advice given and that this was an Expected Death (including the rationale why). Add EMIS
warning. - Leave the deceased in the care of the family / next of kin / staff.
This guidance is summarised in Appendix 2 – Expected Deaths
Unexpected (but No Surprise) Death
It is likely that Sirona services could be called upon to verify an unexpected (but no surprise) death. An unexpected (but no
surprise) death is one where the death has not been foreseen or predicted as imminent (for any reason) yet is unsurprising due to
the patient’s general health.
Examples of unexpected (but no surprise) deaths are where the deceased is a Nursing Home resident, has been suffering multiple
chronic diseases, is in the advanced stages of a chronic disease but had not previously thought to be approaching the end of their
life, or where the deceased was in the extremes of age.
Where additional support is required around whether this death is no surprise or not, the clinician should contact the deceased’s
GP (in-hours) or the GP OOH Professional Line (out of hours) requesting decision making support. An OOH clinician will not be
expected to attend.
In this situation the clinician should;
- Verify the unexpected (but no surprise) death. - Contact the deceased’s GP to inform them of an unexpected (but no surprise) death and take advice regarding their
decision to certify the death or not (in-hours) -or- pass a message to the in-hours team to contact the deceased’s GP to inform them of the death and contact the GP OOH Professional Line requesting they notify the deceased’s GP of an unexpected (but no surprise) death via their Practice Liaison Service (PLS) (an OOH clinician will not be expected to attend) (out of hours).
- Inform the family to contact their funeral director advising them that the deceased’s GP may require referral to the Coroner.
- Family/next of kin to make arrangements for collection of death certificate when issued. - Document all actions taken, advice given and that this was an unexpected (but no surprise) death (including the rationale
why). Add EMIS warning. Notify your line manager and complete an adverse event report. - Leave the deceased in the care of the family / next of kin / staff.
Where the deceased’s GP is not prepared to certify the death, follow the unexpected death guidance. This guidance is summarised in Appendix 3 – Unexpected (but no Surprise) Deaths
Unexpected Death
It is rare that Sirona staff will find themselves in a scenario where they are expected to verify an unexpected death. An unexpected
death is one where the death has not been foreseen or predicted as imminent (for any reason).
Unexpected deaths are often seen following acute episodes (such as Myocardial Infarction or Sepsis) or where patients deteriorate
rapidly and unexpectedly (such as in chronic disease or during management of a sub-acute / minor illness).
In this situation the clinician should;
- Verify the death.
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- Where there is evidence of a suspicious death, call 999 immediately requesting immediate Police attendance and remain on scene. Otherwise contact the Police via 101 requesting the attendance of Coroners Representative at an unexpected death.
- Contact the deceased’s GP to inform them of an unexpected death (in-hours). This should be done as professional courtesy as the patients GP is neither expected to attend or certify the death.
- Inform the family that the Police will attend, acting as the Coroners Representative, and that the deceased is likely to require referral to the Coroner.
- Document all actions taken, advice given and that this was an unexpected death (including the rationale why). Add EMIS warning. Notify your line manager and complete an adverse event report.
- Leave the deceased in the care of the family / next of kin / staff.
This guidance is summarised in Appendix 4 – Unexpected Deaths
COVID 19
Changes in legislation mean that any suitable person is able to verify deaths including carers; and a registered professional is not required for a verification if carers and/or relatives are competent, see CQC on Death verification https://www.cqc.org.uk/guidance-providers/gps/nigels-surgery-13-who-can-confirm-death
Sirona supports you to be courageous in your decision making and expects staff to support a system approach to verification, to reduce duplication and distress for families/carers however; you can be called upon if already visiting to support the verification of a death. This is all said above as the purpose of the entire procedure.
Verification of Death online training is available for all staff and access for care home staff should be facilitated by Sirona colleagues where required.
In Out of Hours the application of this policy is no different to other times of the day.
7. LINKS TO PROCEDURAL DOCUMENTS
Sirona care & health Consent Policy Sirona care & health Supervision Policy Sirona care & health End of Life Policy
Sirona care & health Medical Emergency and Resuscitation Policy
8. REFERENCES
Royal College of Nursing: Confirmation or Verification of Death by Registered Nurses. https://www.rcn.org.uk/get-help/rcn-advice/confirmation-of-death
Resuscitation Council (UK): Pre-hospital Resuscitation Guidelines 2015. https://www.resus.org.uk/resuscitation-guidelines/prehospital-resuscitation/
Association of Ambulance Chief Executives: UK Ambulance Services Clinical Practice Guidelines 2016. https://aace.org.uk/clinical-practice-guidelines/
Ministry of Justice: Notification of Deaths Regulations 2019 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/notification-of-deaths-regulations-2019-guidance
CQC on Death verification https://www.cqc.org.uk/guidance-providers/gps/nigels-surgery-13-who-can-confirm-death
Cardiac Arrest or Pulseless and Apnoeic with open airway
Condition unequivocally associated with death?
DNACPR/ACP/ReSPECT/ADRT?
End of Life/Terminal Illness/Palliative Care?
Prolonged submersion?
Yes
Do not commence or cease resuscitation.
Verify death.
Document findings/observations in
patient records.
Remove and document parenteral medication.
No
1. Apnoeic (stopped breathing)
2. Absent breath sounds
3. Absent carotid (neck) pulse
5. Pupils fixed and dilated
6. No response to painful stimuli
Verify death.
Document findings/observations in patient records.
Remove and document parenteral medication.
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Appendix 2 – Expected Deaths
Expected Death?
No
Treat as Unexpected (But No
Surprise) Death -OR-
Unexpected Death
Yes
Verify Death as per Method of Verifying Death algorithm
Inform the family to contact their funeral director or if alone, contact a funeral director yourself and attempt to contact the
family
Contact the deceased’s GP to inform them of the death (in-hours)
-or- Pass a message to the in-hours team to contact the
deceased’s GP to inform them of the death (out of hours).
Family/next of kin to make arrangements for collection of death certificate.
Document all actions taken, advice given and that this was an Expected Death (including the rationale why).
Leave the deceased in the care of the family / next of kin/staff.
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Appendix 3 – Unexpected (but No Surprise) Deaths
Unexpected (but no surprise) Death?
No
Treat as expected Death -OR-
Unexpected Death
Yes
Verify Death as per Method of Verifying Death algorithm
Contact the deceased’s GP to inform them of an unexpected (but no surprise) death and take advice regarding their decision to certify the death
or not (in-hours) -or-
Pass a message to the in-hours team to contact the deceased’s GP to inform them of the death (out of hours) and contact the GP OOH Professional Line requesting they notify the deceased’s GP of an
unexpected (but no surprise) death via their Practice Liaison Service (PLS) (an OOH Clinician will not be expected to attend) (out of hours).
Inform the family to contact their funeral director advising them that the deceased’s GP may require referral to the Coroner. if alone, contact a funeral
director yourself and attempt to contact the family.
Family/next of kin to make arrangements for collection of death certificate when issued.
Document all actions taken, advice given and that this was an Expected (but no suprise) Death (including the rationale why).
Leave the deceased in the care of the family/next of kin/staff.
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Appendix 4 – Unexpected Deaths
Unexpected Death?
No
Treat as Expected Death -OR-
Unexpected (but no surprise) Death
Yes
Verify Death as per Method of Verifying Death algorithm
Where there is evidence of a suspicious death, call 999 immediately requesting immediate Police attendance and remain on scene. Otherwise
contact the Police via 101 requesting the attendance of the Coroners Representative at an unexpected death.
Contact the deceased’s GP to inform them of an unexpected death (in-hours). This should be done as professional courtesy as the patients GP is
neither expected to attend or certify the death.
Inform the family that the Police will attend, acting as the Coroners Representative, and that the deceased is likely to require referral to the
Coroner.
Document all actions taken, advice given and that this was an Unexpected Death (including the rationale why).
Leave the deceased in the care of the family/next of kin/staff.
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APPENDIX 5: EQUALITY IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOL
To be completed and attached to any procedural document when submitted to the appropriate committee for consideration and
approval.
Yes/No Comments
1. Does the document/guidance affect one group
less or more favourably than another on the
basis of:
Race ☐Yes ☒No
Ethnic origins (including gypsies and travellers) ☐Yes ☒No
Nationality ☐Yes ☒No
Gender (including gender reassignment) ☐Yes ☒No
Culture ☐Yes ☒No
Religion or belief ☐Yes ☒No
Sexual orientation ☐Yes ☒No
Age ☐Yes ☒No
Disability - learning disabilities, physical disability, sensory impairment and mental health problems
☐Yes ☒No
2. Is there any evidence that some groups are
affected differently?
☐Yes ☒No
3. If you have identified potential discrimination,
are there any valid exceptions, legal and/or
justifiable?
☐Yes ☐No
4. Is the impact of the document/guidance likely to
be negative?
☐Yes ☒No
5. If so, can the impact be avoided? ☐Yes ☐No
6. What alternative is there to achieving the
document/guidance without the impact?
☐Yes ☐No
7. Can we reduce the impact by taking different
action?
☐Yes ☐No
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Section 6:
Post End of Life Care in the Pandemic (Community
Deaths) Standard Operating Procedure (Sirona
contribution)
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Standard Operating Procedure
Post End of Life Care in the Pandemic (Community Deaths)
Version: 2
Name of originator/author: Hannah Layton
Name of executive lead: Mary Lewis
Date ratified:
Review date:
To be read in conjunction with Verification of Deaths SOP and Home Visiting SOP.
Applicable to
All unregistered and registered community services staff.
Executive Summary
This SOP has been written to provide up to date guidance on the management of deaths in the community during the current COVID-19 pandemic. This is in relation to the current assumption that each individual is treated as a possible COVID-19 case. This version of the policy is written in the current context of a lack of COVID-19 testing in the community to confirm cases.
Implementation
The Verification of Death needs to have been completed before tending to the body of the deceased.
Since there is a small but real risk of transmission from the body of the deceased, we strongly advise that mourners should not take part in any rituals or practices that bring them into close contact with the body of an individual who has died from, or with symptoms of, coronavirus (COVID-19) for the duration of the pandemic. Given the very significant risk for vulnerable and extremely vulnerable people who come into contact with the virus, it is strongly advised that they have no contact with the body. This includes washing, preparing or dressing the body.
It is estimated that viable virus could be present for up to 48 to 72 hours on environmental surfaces in “room air” conditions. In deceased bodies, particularly those retained at refrigeration
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conditions, and depending on the above factors, infectious virus may persist for longer and testing for suspected cases should be considered.
Due to the consolidation of respiratory secretions and rapid degradation of the virus when not sustained by live tissues, residual hazard from body fluid spillage will not present a risk. There is no requirement for a body bag for the deceased.
Version Control
Version Updated
By
Updated
On
Summary of changes from previous
version
1 Hannah Layton 15/04/20 Original document
2 Hannah Layton 16/04/20 Amendments following comments from
Alison Griffiths, Sue Parris, and Joanne
Linnitt
Practices that Involve Close Contact with the Body
There may be coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) on the body, which presents a small but real risk of transmission.
Since there is a small but real risk of transmission from the body of the deceased, we strongly advise that
mourners should not take part in any rituals or practices that bring them into close contact with the body
of an individual who has died from, or with symptoms of, coronavirus (COVID-19) for the duration of the
pandemic. Given the very significant risk for vulnerable and extremely vulnerable people who come into
contact with the virus, it is strongly advised that they have no contact with the body. This includes
washing, preparing or dressing the body.
It is recognised that household members may have come into contact with the virus over the course of the
illness in the deceased person. However, even in these cases, we advise against further contact with
the body without appropriate PPE as it may pose additional risk. The use of PPE in those
circumstances should only be under the supervision of a professional trained in the appropriate use of
PPE.
It is estimated that viable virus could be present for up to 48 to 72 hours on environmental surfaces in
“room air” conditions. In deceased bodies, particularly those retained at refrigeration conditions, and
depending on the above factors, infectious virus may persist for longer and testing for suspected cases
should be considered.
Due to the consolidation of respiratory secretions and rapid degradation of the virus when not sustained by
live tissues, residual hazard from body fluid spillage will not present a risk. Therefore, body bags are not
deemed necessary but may be used for other practical reasons. Placing a cloth or mask over the mouth
of the deceased when moving them can help to prevent the release of aerosols.
Where the deceased was known or suspected to have been infected with coronavirus (SARS-CoV2), there
is no requirement for a body bag.
Following a risk assessment of the potential post-mortem risk pathways, PHE has developed this advice in
line with the principles in the HSE guidance for droplet transmission risk, as set out in Managing
AAPT and RCPath in consultation with PHE have published guidance on the PPE requirements for care of the deceased during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The table below should be used by all staff who manage deceased persons.
Transmission-based precautions
Non-autopsy procedures, including admission of deceased, booking-in of deceased, preparation for viewing, release of deceased
Disposable gloves Yes
Disposable plastic apron Yes
Disposable gown No
Fluid-resistant (Type IIR) surgical mask (FRSM)
Yes
Filtering face piece (class 3) (FFP3) respirator
No
Disposable eye protection Yes
Staff members should ensure they are aware of Sirona's procedures regarding PPE and that they are using them correctly. Guidance on donning and doffing of PPE, is available within the Home Visiting SOP.
Appropriate use of PPE may protect clothes from contamination, but staff should change out of work clothes before travelling home. Work clothes should be washed separately, in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
Those handling bodies should be aware that there is likely to be a continuing risk of infection from the body fluids and tissues of cases where coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) infection is identified, through either a clinical diagnosis or laboratory confirmation.
Household Members
Please advise household members to move to at least 2 metres away or another room.
It is recognised that household members of the deceased person may have already been exposed to the virus during the course of the preceding illness. However, steps should be taken to minimise further exposure, and these should be rigorously applied in cases where individuals who are not
part of the household and those at risk of severe illness would otherwise come into contact with the virus.
4. Residential Care, Nursing Homes, and Rehabilitation Units
If a resident dies of suspected coronavirus (COVID-19) in a residential care setting:
Ensure that all residents maintain a distance of at least 2 metres (3 steps) or are in another room from the deceased person.
Avoid all non-essential staff contact with the deceased person to minimise risk of exposure. If a member of staff does need to provide care for the deceased person, this should be kept to a minimum and correct PPE used as set out in the guidance on residential care provision (gloves, apron and fluid resistant surgical mask)
You should follow the usual processes for dealing with a death in your setting, ensuring that infection prevention and control measures are implemented as set out in the guidance on residential care provision.
Management of Laundry in Residential Care, Nursing Homes or in
Rehabilitation Units
Store clean linen and clothing appropriately in a designated area and in sufficient supply for the scale of work. Dispose of any linen or work clothing that is unfit for re-use (e.g. badly torn). Categorise any linen (e.g. sheets or blankets) used for transfer of the deceased at the point of use. For all used linen, provide a laundry container as close as possible to the point of use for immediate deposit. The used linen should not be:
Rinsed, shaken or sorted when removed;
Placed on the floor or other surfaces (e.g. locker or table top);
Rehandled once bagged.
Do not overfill laundry containers and do not put inappropriate items in them (e.g. needles or used equipment).
Place all infectious linen or work clothing (i.e. that has been used for the deceased who are known or suspected to have been infectious and/or that is contaminated with blood and/or other body fluids) directly in a water-soluble or alginate bag and secure it. Then place it in a plastic bag and secure it before placing it in a laundry receptacle. Dispose of items that are heavily soiled and unlikely to be fit for reuse as clinical waste.
Store all used and contaminated linen in a designated safe area while awaiting collection or laundering. The storage should be lockable if it is in a publicly accessible area. A suitable frequency for collection or laundering should be in place to avoid a build-up of linen receptacles.
Management of Laundry in the Deceased's Home
Place all work clothing that has been used for the deceased who are known or suspected to have been infectious and/or that is contaminated with blood and/or other body fluids) directly in a water-soluble or alginate bag and secure it. Then place it in a plastic bag and secure it before removing. Dispose of work clothing that is heavily soiled and unlikely to be fit for re-use as clinical waste. If
the family/relatives/carers wish to re-use any linen that is not heavily soiled, place it in a in a water soluble bag and instruct them to wash it in a washing machine in the bag, and remove heavily soiled linen and dispose of as clinical waste. If no-one else is present in the home then remove all used bed linen and dispose of it as clinical waste.
Management of cleaning and waste
Reusable equipment should be treated as per the Decontamination Policy at INTRANET LINK, and sharps as per the Sharps Policy at INTRANET LINK.
The deceased’s clothing is usually passed to the family by staff, unless it is soiled. In this case discuss the issue sensitively with the family and if they do not wish it to be returned, please dispose of it as healthcare waste.
Guidance for managing waste medicines in the Covid-19 pandemic is at Appendix 1.
Communications
COVID-19 related deaths attract media interest and NHS England (NHSE) and Public Health England (PHE) have strict communication protocols which must be followed. These are comprehensive for deaths in hospital and we are seeking guidance regarding deaths in NHS community settings. The full protocol is available at Appendix 2.
Outbreaks of two or more cases and/or deaths in Residential Settings must be reported to PHE whose Communications Team will work with Sirona’s Communication Team to reactively manage external communication/media inquiries.
Inquiries can come in within hours of a death, primarily due to the instant nature of Social Media.
Therefore the CICC/SICC should notify the Sirona Communication Team – [email protected] - as soon as practical after confirmation of a death due to COVID-19 related infection so they are aware and can liaise with NHSE/PHE as appropriate to ensure any announcement is in line with guidance.
Information should be statistical, that is, the number who have died, the location e.g. home, residential or inpatient unit, and geography. The Communications Lead on duty will liaise with the duty CICC Lead for communications support.
Contact with any health and care staff by the media should be referred to the Communications Team in line with existing Communication Policy.
References
Transmission-based precautions: Guidance for care of deceased during COVID-19 pandemic, Issued: 19
March 2020, The Royal College of Pathologists and, Association for Anatomical Pathology Technology
in conjunction with Public Health England https://www.rcpath.org/uploads/assets/0b7d77fa-b385-4c60-
Managing waste medicines in the Covid-19 pandemic by community teams
At all times the best way of medicines being disposed is for a family member / friend of the patient to take them back to a community pharmacy for safe destruction which should always be our first line choice.
There will be a small number of situations where a patient passes away and there is a suspicion of risk of abuse / misuse of medicines by the family / other members of the public or the nurse has concerns. In this situation it is not appropriate to leave medicines behind in the patient’s home. These are usually taken back to the community pharmacy by the community nurse. These can include controlled drugs (CDs). This happens currently; however, Covid-19 poses additional challenges.
In a case where the patient has suspected or confirmed Covid-19 infection, medicines (along with other items) will need to be quarantined for a period of 72 hours prior to destruction. Pharmacies are not keen to accept patient-returned medicines in cases of suspected or confirmed Covid-19 patients, however, the risk vs. benefit of individual situations should be looked at in individual cases.
Scenarios and action to take when the patient is suspected or confirmed as having Covid-19:
Patient dies in hours or out of hours with relatives / next of kin that can take medicines back to a pharmacy after 72 hours - the time deemed acceptable to be non-Covid contaminated [this should be the majority of cases]
Patient dies in hours or out of hours with no-one identified as being able to take medicines to a pharmacy after 72 hours. No suspicion of abuse of medicines from anyone– community team double bag (recommended advice) the drugs labelled ‘old medicines to return to pharmacy after x date’. This medicine then becomes part of the patient’s estate which will be sorted at some point and the medicines returned to the pharmacy at this point by whoever is clearing the house after death.
Patient dies in hours with no-one identified as being able to take medicines to a pharmacy after the set time. Suspicion of abuse of medicines from someone or if the nurse has any other concerns or feels there are safety risks.
In this situation the medicines are double-bagged and returned to the community pharmacy by the community team taking all infection control measures into consideration. Pharmacies will then need to quarantine the medicine bags in the pharmacy for 72 hours. Community teams will need to state to the pharmacist that this is the safest option due to risk of abuse of medicines if left in the home and the fact that they cannot keep the drugs in their own possession for periods of time.
Patient dies out of hours with no-one identified as being able to take medicines to a pharmacy after the set time. Suspicion of abuse of medicines from someone or if the nurse has any other concerns or feels there are safety risks.
The community team will need to destroy the Controlled Drugs (Schedule 2,3 and 4(part 1)) in a CD destruction kit (see SOP on intranet) and then double bag this with the rest of the medicines to be stored at a locality base in quarantine (ie clearly labelled and in a place that is not accessible
APPENDIX 1
131
by everyone) and returned to a community pharmacy the next day (at all times using appropriate PPE). In this scenario, it is expected that the risk of misuse is already known and therefore to plan for 2 members of staff (one can be an unregistered staff member) to visit at this time and to collect a CD destruction kit from the store (Cossham hospital extended care team base for South Glos, Amelia Nutt team base for Bristol, Elton Rehab Unit (contact the night staff) for North Somerset).
Community teams are advised that when taking medicines to pharmacies that the reason for taking medicines to them is clearly communicated with the benefit vs risk discussion. There may be objections to taking back medicines but this needs to be clearly explained that this has been discussed as a system-wide approach and that they can contact the Local Pharmaceutical Committee for support on this as they have been involved in discussions. The pharmacies have also had a letter from the Police regarding storage of Controlled Drugs and, whilst not specific to waste medicines, should be referred to in these circumstances.
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Public Health England South West Care Home Communications Protocol
Public Health England South West Centre works in partnership with local authorities, NHS and CCG colleagues to support care homes in managing outbreaks and deaths from COVID. Due to the high number of care home settings affected, PHE has agreed with the Directors of Public Health that local authority comms teams will lead on production of local materials, but look to PHE SW comms for support. It is more important than ever that we are consistent in our messaging and ensure that any materials shared publicly are in line with the latest national guidance on COVID.
This guide is designed to help comms colleagues in local authorities prepare reactive communications and understand how the process for investigating and tackling spread of infection is currently working.
Local authorities should also liaise with their CCG. This is particularly important for nursing homes, where many residents are likely to be NHS-funded and where comms should be developed jointly.
CCGs that commission the majority of places at an affected nursing home should become the lead for comms, working with local authorities. As such, this guidance is also designed for CCGs.
PHE has also developed a series of short webinars for care home staff on a number of key public health actions. These resources are available online and links are included in section 8 below.
Please note: All materials contained in this guide are for reactive use and should be checked regularly as national guidance around care home management (particularly testing and provision of PPE) may be updated.
Outbreak control team meetings and actions to manage infection control
In normal times PHE would host outbreak control team meetings (OCTs) bringing together local partners to manage outbreaks. In periods where there are multiple outbreaks of similar disease, such as now, PHE will host selected, high risk OCTs. Local Authority Public Health teams will be able to host OCTs if they feel this is necessary based on their local understanding of the context.
We would ask that if you pick up an issue locally via comms that is creating media interest, you let PHE comms know so we can support you in managing the situation. PHE comms will not know about all outbreaks in the coming weeks but we can find out more information for you from our health protection team (HPT) and provide template documents (see section 6 and 7 below).
How confirmed cases are notified and how deaths are managed in the community
The PHE SW comms team will endeavour to send to LA comms teams every update we receive from the HPT – these brief emails will contain information about the care home, number of residents and staff affected any actions in place etc. and also shared routinely with DPHs. These emails are sent for info only so do not require further action unless the situation escalates, or you are contacted by media about an outbreak. If you need more info please contact comms and we’ll ask the HPT for you.
We are finding that a small number of care homes are not notifying either PHE or the LA before media find out about an outbreak – in these cases we will work with you to manage the situation as best as we can. Our HPT can make contact with care home managers to get updates if this happens – but if your PH lead makes direct contact with the care home yourself, please let PHE know so we can record it on our systems.
APPENDIX 2
133
Media handling for LAs and advice for care homes on dealing with media approaches
If you are preparing a reactive media statement it is vitally important that you involve care home managers and / or the comms lead for an affected care home (if part of a larger care home provider) as well as PHE comms.
We have found that care home providers who work regionally or nationally tend to have their own comms teams – and that connection with PHE or the local authority is not automatically being made. If you know of an outbreak that is gathering media attention, please investigate whether this is the case and make contact with the agency or comms team, so we can ensure any statements prepared are shared with all partners involved.
Each time PHE speaks to a care home we will let them know that they do not need to speak to media. Ideally, they should have the in and out of hours contacts for the relevant local authority so they can refer any media approaches to a comms professional. If care homes have their own agency to deliver comms, then the agency should link up with the LA and PHE comms, as above.
Care homes should also be made aware that if media persist in contacting them, either in person, or via phone or email, then the best course of action is to look to the Police for support.
Guidance on how to refer to numbers affected and deaths in a care home setting
The media are inevitably interested in numbers of cases and deaths – however we know that these situations are quickly evolving, and that providing specific numbers is often more problematic than beneficial. We risk disclosing patient-identifiable information and the number of deaths reported by media may not be directly attributable to COVID-19.
We advise all partners to avoid including numbers for these reasons – and to refer to ‘a number of residents’ rather than specific numbers. In a situation where media are asserting that there are deaths from COVID, or reporting a high number of deaths, and we know this is not the case, numbers can be provided. However it is vital that this is done in line with the wishes of the families affected, via the care home manager or care home comms lead.
Data sources for numbers of cases and deaths
The PHE dashboard continues to show reported cases of coronavirus in the UK, and the two main sources of COVID-19 death data remain:
the daily DHSC COVID-19 deaths data, which is published for the UK at 2pm every day and is the most reliable for giving daily reporting for an immediate understanding of the pandemic
the ONS weekly death registrations data for England and Wales, which is released every Tuesday at 9:30am and relates to the week that ended 11 days prior
As of 160420 we have been informed that ONS will be providing breakdowns of deaths to a local authority level. At time of writing we have no further information but would expect that this will generate further media interest however there will be no further breakdown at present ie by setting.
Where to point media who have questions on PPE and testing
PHE is not leading on supply of PPE or provision of testing for NHS staff, symptomatic patients or others.
For any questions about PPE provision in the community or trusts, contact the SW NHS EI comms team on [email protected] who can redirect your enquiry as appropriate.
For queries about testing provision, drive-through test centres or lab capacity, please direct media to the DHSC press office.
Draft reactive statement template for individual care home outbreaks or deaths
Please note: Before issuing this statement, you will need to agree content with PHE and the care home to ensure the correct information is included.
MEDIA STATEMENT: COVID-19 outbreak in XXXXXX Care Home
Public Health England South West and XXXXXX are working together with local NHS colleagues to support staff and residents of ENTER CARE HOME NAME in ENTER AREA following an outbreak of COVID in residents. [CAN BE INCLUDED IF NECESSARY WHEN REPORTING A DEATH] Sadly a number of residents have passed away.
The home is currently closed to visitors and staff have been given health advice about the symptoms of coronavirus. Staff will be closely monitoring residents and looking for symptoms such as fever, cough or difficulty breathing. If any symptoms are identified they will be referred for a clinical assessment.
Some staff and residents, who are deemed to have been close contacts of confirmed cases, are being tested. [LINE TO BE REVIEWED REGULARLY]
Dr XXX XXXXX, Consultant in Health Protection at Public Health England South West, said: “PHE South West is working closely with the care home to provide public health advice to stop the virus spreading.
“Everyone should be following social distancing advice to prevent the spread of the virus. Stay at Home; Protect the NHS, Save Lives.
“Good hygiene is the best prevention and there are some simple steps you can take to protect you and your family by washing your hands regularly and thoroughly and if you cough, cover your mouth and nose with a tissue.”
“After we’ve spoken to the care home initially we email out an information pack to support them with their infection prevention control with advice on what to do if they need additional support.”
xxxxxx Director of Public Health for XXXXX , said: “We are working with health colleagues to do everything we can to minimise the spread of the virus in ENTER AREA
“It is important that we protect our elderly and vulnerable in care homes, which is why we have issued extensive advice and guidelines to support them in managing suspected and confirmed cases of COVID-19.
“We all have a part to play in reducing the risk of infection and must continue to stay at home and only go outside for food, health reasons or work, but only if you cannot work from home.
“Good hand hygiene remains the best protection against the virus, including washing your hands more regularly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds and covering your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough or sneeze.”
Ends
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Notes to Editors
PHE and the NHS are well prepared to deal with coronavirus. Our priority is to safeguard local communities which sometimes involves taking preventative measures to help reduce the risk of further cases.
We cannot comment further on individual cases due to patient confidentiality.
For more information and advice on coronavirus (COVID-19)
Template reactive statement on local public health support to care homes
“Local authorities have the lead role for protecting their local communities but work in partnership with PHE to manage outbreaks in care home settings.
“PHE has specialist Health Protection Teams serving every region in England and part of their role in the current response is to provide public health advice to support care homes dealing with coronavirus.
“When outbreaks of COVID-19 in care homes are suspected, PHE and the local authority work closely together on how to manage the outbreak, including issues such as PPE, infection prevention control, shielding and testing.
“Care homes that suspect two or more coronavirus cases among their residents or staff should report this to their local PHE Health Protection Team.
“In cases where a resident sadly passes away and COVID-19 is identified as a cause of death, we will not comment on deaths in care homes in order to protect the identity of individuals and respect the wishes of families.”
ENDS
Background
PHE will inform local authority partners and Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs) to ensure appropriate follow-up support to care homes.
In addition, care homes are receiving support from the NHS around plans for local support networks and care provision across the area, including identifying local capacity. They also support local authorities in planning around resilience, including plans to share resources locally in an outbreak of COVID-19. This should include workforce, including the deployment of volunteers where it is safe to do so. And in cases where there may be isolated outbreaks within certain providers, how best the NHS can support in recovery.
Local authorities, working with their Local Resilience Forums, are drawing on their pre-existing plans for pandemic influenza. This includes plans for mutual aid and close working with community health services.
The government and PHE has published guidance specifically for care homes covering: o https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/wuhan-novel-coronavirus-infection-prevention-and-control/covid-19-personal-protective-equipment-ppe
General guidance: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-residential-care-supported-living-and-home-care-guidance/covid-19-guidance-on-residential-care-provision#steps-the-nhs-can-take-to-support-care-homes
Admission and care of residents during a COVID-19 incident: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/878099/Admission_and_Care_of_Residents_during_COVID-19_Incident_in_a_Care_Home.pdf
Links to national guidance and care home webinars
The Coronavirus (COVID-19): adult social care action plan has now been published on gov.uk which outlines how the government will support the adult social care sector in England throughout the coronavirus outbreak https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-adult-social-care-action-plan?utm_source=dfdae1be-7cc5-474f-a0de-4ec26695bdba&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=govuk-notifications&utm_content=immediate
PHE SW has created a set of short webinar presentations for care home staff as follows:
Part 1 Introduction: What is COVID-19, Key guidance, Social distancing, Shielding and self-isolation and Recognising a case https://youtu.be/ShN2I0bhMo4
Part 2 Staff Protection and Wellbeing: Protecting staff health, Hand hygiene, Safe use of PPE, Obtaining PPE https://youtu.be/X-HDV0vP2P4
Part 3 Admissions and isolation Practices: Transmission based infection control precautions, New admissions, Managing isolation safely and Recognising and reporting an outbreak https://youtu.be/y6mxsheBURM
Part 4 Personal Protective Equipment: Putting on and removing PPE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GncQ_ed-9w
End of Life Care Information for Residential Homes
(Where there is no registered nurse working)
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End of Life Care Information
for Residential Care Homes (i.e. where there is no Registered nurse
working):
What to expect in the last few days of life.
This guidance relates to patients who have been identified as dying by a GP or registered
Health Care Professional and all treatment is aimed at comfort. If a resident is deteriorating and there is no plan in place for their treatment contact your GP or 111. This information describes some of the things that are likely to happen when someone is
dying or close to death. Everyone is an individual and can experience things differently;
hence the dying process is unique to every single person. Care should be individualised for
that person. You should ensure that the patient’s GP is consulted and updated about the
person’s condition; in particular if a GP has not reviewed the patient recently. The GP will
decide about medications that will be prescribed.
Please do remember that you can phone the advice line of your local Hospice on the numbers
below if you would like advice:
St Peter’s Hospice - 0117 9159430
Weston Hospice - 01934 423900
Coping with Dying
Each person is unique but in most cases we notice some characteristic changes that help us
to know that a person is dying. These fall into four main categories:
1) Less need for food and drink
2) Withdrawal from the world
3) Changes in breathing
4) Changes that happen just before death
1. Less need for food and drink
When someone is dying, their body no longer has the same need for food and drink as before. Their body slows down and cannot digest food so well or take up its goodness. The patient may want to eat or drink but try not to worry if they do not want very much.
Some people may not want to eat or drink at all in the last days of life and swallowing may become difficult as they become more unwell. Although their mouth may look dry, this is not
necessarily a sign that they are dehydrated. Gently moistening their mouth with a damp sponge and applying lip salve can give comfort.
139
2. Withdrawal from the world
For most, this usually happens gradually. The person spends more and more time asleep. When they are awake they are often drowsy and less able to show interest in what is going
on around them. This is a natural change, not usually caused by medication. This period often lasts several days but for some it can be longer or shorter. We are aware that people
who are dying from COVID-19 might die fairly quickly; hence this period can be short days.
It is important to remember that, even when the person is or appears to be sleeping or
resting, they may still be able to hear you. Do not feel that you need to stop communicating with the person.
The patient may find it comforting for someone to read to them or play some of their favourite music. Or they may prefer you simply to sit quietly with them. Try to do whatever
you think would give the person the most comfort. We encourage you to keep talking to them as they may well be able to hear you, even if they cannot respond.
3 Changes in breathing
A change in the breathing pattern is a normal part of the dying process. When someone is dying, the body becomes less active and their need for oxygen reduces. The knowledge that someone is close at hand can be a real help in preventing breathlessness caused by anxiety.
So, just sitting quietly and holding the person’s hand can make a difference. Medication can also be used to help relieve these feelings of breathlessness. Please discuss this with the
person’s GP.
Things that might help if someone is breathless:
o Opening a window or door can help keep the room cool. o Cooling the face by using a cool flannel or cloth can help.
o Portable fans are not recommended for use during outbreaks of infection
Occasionally in the last hours of life, breathing can become noisy. This is caused by secretions in the throat and upper chest, which may build up as someone becomes sleepier and less able to clear them. It may be helpful to change the person's position so that they are on their
side if they agree or do not seem too disturbed by being moved.
The doctor or district nurse may also suggest medication which may help to reduce the fluids
in their chest or throat. This is not always needed, and it does not always make a difference. The noisy breathing can sound alarming but this doesn’t usually distress the dying person.
In the very last moments of life, the person's breathing pattern may change. Breaths may become much slower and quieter before they stop altogether.
4. Changes that happen just before death
Some people may become restless or anxious as death gets near. If this is the case, District Nurses can assess as to whether medication to relieve this might help.
When death is very close (within minutes or hours), the patient’s breathing pattern may change. It can become rapid, shallow or with long pauses between breaths.
The patient’s skin may become pale, and moist and slightly cool.
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Most people do not wake from sleep in the final moments of life but die peacefully and
comfortably. Breathing will usually gradually slow and then stop altogether. This may take a long time in some people and it can be difficult to pinpoint the exact moment of death.
Symptoms that might occur:
The GP and District nurse will usually organise ‘Just in Case’ (sometimes called ‘as required’) medications. These medications are prescribed to relieve symptoms and not change the course of the natural dying process. They are supplied in a variety of forms, for example:
injections, under the tongue (sublingual) or between the gum and the cheek (buccal). The following guidance is not related to administering these medications, but offers practical
advice in promoting comfort.
If medication has not been prescribed for a symptom please liaise with the patient’s GP. If it
has been prescribed please liaise with Sirona’s Single point of access (SPA) Tel: 0300 1256789, regarding administration of the prescribed injectable medication.
1. Pain: o People may experience pain due to existing illnesses and may also develop pain
as a result of excessive coughing or immobility. At the end of life they may grimace or groan to show this
o Not being able to pass urine can cause pain
o Check their position in the bed to see if this might help
2. Agitation/Distress:
o Some people may become agitated and confused towards the end of life. They may seem confused at times and then seem their normal selves at other times.
o People who become delirious may start behaving in ways that are unusual for them- they may become more agitated than normal or feel more sleepy and withdrawn.
o Pain may worsen agitation
o Not being able to pass urine may also worsen agitation
3. Nausea & Vomiting:
o Sometimes people may feel nauseated or sick when they are dying
o If they are vomiting and unable to sit up, turn the person on their side to protect their airway.
Symptoms related to suspected or confirmed COVID-19
1. Fever:
Fever is when a human’s body temperature goes above the normal range of 36-37° Centigrade.
Signs and symptoms of a fever: o shivering
o shaking o chills
141
o aching muscles + joints
o other body aches o may feel cold despite body temperature rising
Things that might help:
o Try a cool flannel applied across the face
o Reduce room temperature - open a window or door o Wear loose clothing
o Oral fluids if able to drink 2. Cough: Cough is a protective reflex response to airway irritation.
To minimise the risk of cross-transmission: o Cough Hygiene: cover the nose and mouth with a disposable tissue when
sneezing, coughing, wiping & blowing the nose
o dispose of used tissues promptly into clinical waste bin used for infectious or
contaminated waste Things that might help:
o humidify room air o oral fluids
o honey & lemon in warm water o elevate the head when sleeping
What happens after the person has died
Within the first few hours after death you will need to call the District Nurse or GP to come
and confirm the death. Once the GP or District Nurse has been you can contact a funeral
director. They can usually be contacted 24 hours a day.
The infection control precautions described in this document continue to apply whilst an
individual who has died remains in the care home. This is due to the ongoing risk of infectious
transmission via contact, although the risk is usually lower than for those living.
Please find further guidance from Public Health England about the care of the deceased with
suspected or confirmed coronavirus (COVID-19) here:
for Nursing Homes (This is for a Registered Nurse):
What to expect in the last few days of life.
This guidance relates to patients who have been identified as dying by a GP or registered Health Care Professional and all treatment is aimed at comfort. If a resident is deteriorating
and there is no plan in place for their treatment contact your GP or 111. This information describes some of the things that are likely to happen when someone is
dying or close to death. Everyone is an individual and can experience things differently; hence the dying process is unique to every single person. Care should be individualised for that person. You should ensure that the patient’s GP is consulted and updated about the
person’s condition; in particular if a GP has not reviewed the patient recently. The GP will decide about which medications are to be prescribed. NB: This guidance does not provide
information about specific medication. This can be found on separate BNSSG guidance. Please do remember that you can phone the advice line of your local Hospice on the numbers
below if you would like advice:
St Peter’s Hospice - 0117 9159430
Weston Hospice - 01934 423900
Discussion about Care Plans:
Conversations about preferences and priorities, including advance decisions to refuse
treatment, are part of advance care planning for anybody who has a progressive life-limiting illness. In the context of people who have severe COVID-19 disease, honest conversations about preferred place of care, goals of care and treatment escalation planning should be
initiated as early as is practicable so that a personalised care plan can be documented and revised as the situation changes. Families and carers should be involved in these discussions
as far as possible and in line with the person’s wishes.
In the context of COVID-19, the person is likely to have become ill and deteriorate quickly, so
the opportunity for discussion may be limited or lost. Families and carers may be shocked by the suddenness of these developments and may themselves be ill or required to self-isolate. As far as possible it remains important to offer these conversations. Equally, it is a person’s
right to not be forced to have these conversations. Being kept informed helps to reduce anxiety, even in highly uncertain situations and even if the conversations need to be
conducted behind PPE or, by telephone or video consult.
In Bristol, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire these plans are usually documented on
a ResPECT form (Recommended Summary Plan for Emergency Care and Treatment). Ideally a GP will complete a form electronically and print off a paper ReSPECT form for the Nursing
Home. The GP can then share the plan through our Electronic Palliative Care Coordination system and it can be viewed in a system called Connecting Care by out of hours doctors, hospitals, hospices and ambulance services. For further information regarding ReSPECT form:
(Adapted from: COVID-19 and Palliative, End of Life and Bereavement Care in Secondary Care. Role of the specialty and
guidance to aid care. NHS Northern Care Alliance NHS Group. Association of Palliative Medicine of Great Britain & Ireland. V3.
6/4/20).
Coping with Dying
Each person is unique but in most cases we notice some characteristic changes that help us
to know that a person is dying. These fall into four main categories:
1) Less need for food and drink
2) Withdrawal from the world
3) Changes in breathing
4) Changes that happen just before death
1. Less need for food and drink
When someone is dying, their body no longer has the same need for food and drink as before. Their body slows down and cannot digest food so well or take up its goodness. The patient may want to eat or drink but try not to worry if they do not want very much.
Some people may not want to eat or drink at all in the last days of life and swallowing may
become difficult as they become more unwell. Although their mouth may look dry, this is not necessarily a sign that they are dehydrated. Gently moistening their mouth with a damp sponge and applying lip salve can give comfort.
2. Withdrawal from the world
For most, this usually happens gradually. The person spends more and more time asleep. When they are awake they are often drowsy and less able to show interest in what is going
on around them. This is a natural change, not usually caused by medication. This period often lasts several days but for some it can be longer or shorter. We are aware that people who are dying from COVID-19 might die fairly quickly; hence this period can be short days.
It is important to remember that, even when the person is or appears to be sleeping or
resting, they may still be able to hear you. Do not feel that you need to stop communicating with the person.
The patient may find it comforting for someone to read to them or play some of their favourite music. Or they may prefer someone to sit quietly with them. Try to do whatever you
think would give the person the most comfort. We encourage you to keep talking to them as they may well be able to hear you, even if they cannot respond.
3. Changes in breathing
A change in the breathing pattern is a normal part of the dying process. When someone is dying, the body becomes less active and their need for oxygen reduces. The knowledge that someone is close at hand can be a real help in preventing breathlessness caused by anxiety.
So, just sitting quietly and holding the person’s hand can make a difference. Medication can also be used to help relieve these feelings of breathlessness. Please discuss this with the
person’s GP.
Things that might help if someone is breathless:
145
Opening a window or door can help keep the room cool.
Cooling the face by using a cool flannel or cloth can help.
Portable fans are not recommended for use during outbreaks of infection
Occasionally in the last hours of life, breathing can become noisy. This is caused by secretions in the throat and upper chest, which may build up as someone becomes sleepier and less
able to clear them. It may be helpful to change the person's position so that they are on their side if they agree or do not seem too disturbed by being moved.
The GP may also suggest medication which may help to reduce the fluids in their chest or throat. This is not always needed, and it does not always make a difference. The noisy
breathing can sound alarming but this doesn’t usually distress the dying person.
In the very last moments of life, the person's breathing pattern may change. Breaths may
become much slower and quieter before they stop altogether.
4. Changes that happen just before death
When death is very close (within minutes or hours), the patient’s breathing pattern may
change. It can become rapid, shallow or with long pauses between breaths.
The patient’s skin may become pale, and moist and slightly cool.
Most people do not wake from sleep in the final moments of life but die peacefully and comfortably. Breathing will usually gradually slow and then stop altogether. This may take a
long time in some people and it can be difficult to pinpoint the exact moment of death.
Symptoms that might occur:
Please liaise with the patient’s GP regarding ‘Just in Case’ (sometimes called ‘as required’)
medications. The aim of these medications is to relieve symptoms and not change the natural course of the dying process. They are supplied in a variety of forms, for example: injections,
under the tongue (sublingual) or between the gum and cheek (buccal). If medication has not been prescribed for a symptom please liaise with the patient’s GP. If a medication is
prescribed, the symptom is causing distress and you have assessed that medication is required please administer following the prescribed instructions.
1. Pain: o People may experience pain due to existing illnesses and may also develop pain
as a result of excessive coughing or immobility. At the end of life they may grimace or groan to show this
o Not being able to pass urine can cause pain
o Check their position in the bed to see if this might help
2. Agitation/Distress:
o Some people may become agitated and confused towards the end of life. They may seem confused at times and then seem their normal selves at other times.
o People who become delirious may start behaving in ways that are unusual for
them- they may become more agitated than normal or feel more sleepy and withdrawn.
146
o Pain may worsen agitation
o Not being able to pass urine may also worsen agitation
3. Nausea & Vomiting:
o Sometimes people may feel nauseated or sick when they are dying
o If they are vomiting and unable to sit up, turn the person on their side to protect their airway.
Symptoms related to suspected or confirmed COVID-19
3. Fever: Fever is when a human’s body temperature goes above the normal range of 36-37°
Centigrade.
Signs and symptoms of a fever: o shivering
o shaking o chills
o aching muscles + joints o other body aches o may feel cold despite body temperature rising
Things that might help:
o Try a cool flannel applied across the face o Reduce room temperature - open a window or door
o Wear loose clothing o Oral fluids if able to drink
4. Cough:
Cough is a protective reflex response to airway irritation. To minimise the risk of cross-transmission:
o Cough Hygiene: cover the nose and mouth with a disposable tissue when sneezing, coughing, wiping & blowing the nose
o dispose of used tissues promptly into clinical waste bin used for infectious or
contaminated waste
Things that might help: o humidify room air o oral fluids
o honey & lemon in warm water o elevate the head when sleeping
This symptom information has been adapted from:
1) NICE. COVID-19 rapid guideline: Managing symptoms (including at the end of life) in the community.
NG163. Published 3/4/20
2) COVID-19 and Palliative, End of Life and Bereavement Care in Secondary Care. Role of the specialty and
guidance to aid care. NHS Northern Care Alliance NHS Group. Association of Palliative Medicine of Great
Britain & Ireland. V3. 6/4/20
147
3) What happens after the person has died
Within the first few hours after death you will need to call the GP to come and confirm the
death. Once the GP has been you can contact a funeral director. They can usually be
contacted 24 hours a day.
The infection control precautions described in this document continue to apply whilst an
individual who has died remains in the care home. This is due to the ongoing risk of infectious
transmission via contact, although the risk is usually lower than for those living.
Please find further guidance from Public Health England about the care of the deceased with
suspected or confirmed coronavirus (COVID-19) here: