Encyclopedia of Network Blueprints

Encyclopedia of Network Blueprints

Ed Taylor

McGraw-Hill

New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogota Caracas Lisbon London

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x Contents

C h a p t e r 1 Data Communication Reference Information 1

Signal Characteristics 2 Signal Types 2 Signaling Methods 2 Signaling Characteristics 3 Analog and Digital Commonalities 3 Waveforms 6

How to Use Data Representation 7 Binary 8 Hexadecimal 10 Converting Binary to Hex 11

Transmission Characteristics 12 Asynchronous Transmission 12 Synchronous Transmission 13 How to Interpret Bandwidth 14 How to Interpret Channel Capacity 16 Serial Transmission 16 Parallel Transmission 17 Simplex Transmission 17 Half-Duplex Transmission 17 Full-Duplex Transmission 18

Modulation Techniques 18 Frequency-Shift Key Modulation (FSK) 19 Differential Phase-Shift Key Modulation 19 Phase-Shift Key Modulation 19

Encoding Techniques 21 Popular Interface Standards 22

Multiplexing 24 Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM) 24 Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) 25

Measuring Bandwidth 25 Bit Rate 26 Baud Rate 26 Types of Links 26 Practical Bandwidth Measurements 28

Signal Transmission 28 Summary 30

Contents xi

Chapter Z Blueprint Protocols 33

Perspective 34 Lower-Layer Protocols 36

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 36 Enterprise System Connection (ESCON) 37 Ethernet 37 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) 40 Frame Relay 41 Parallel Channel 41 Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) 44 Token Ring 45 X.25 46 IEEE 802 Protocols 47

Upper-Layer Protocols 50 Systems Network Architecture (SNA) 51 Advanced Peer-to-Peer Architecture 52 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) 53 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) 55 NetWare 56 Digital Network Architecture 57 Windows NT 59

Summary 61

Chapter 3 How to Lay the Network Foundation 63

Initial Planning 64 Who 64 What 65 Where 65 When 66 Why 66 How 66 How Much 67 How Long 67 The Comprehensive Approach 68

Network Need Analysis 68 Internal 69 External 71 Geographic 71

xii Contents

Physical Considerations 73 Electrical Considerations 74 Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning (HVAC) 80 The Human Factor 82 Evolution 83 Technical Factors 84 Summary 84

Chapter 4 Electrical Consideration and Power Conditioning 87

Electrical Terminology 88 Practical Information 93

Wire 93 Site Wiring 98 Harmonics 102 Ground Loops 104

Calculating Power Requirements 104 Equipment Category and List 105 Calculations 106

Types of Power Protection 106 Surge Protectors 106 Voltage Regulators 106 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) 107 Generators 107 Transfer Switch Gear 107 Parallel Switch Gear 107 The UPS in My Network 107

Liebert Information on the UPStations S UPS 110 Standards 110 System Description (Modes of Operation) 112 System Performance Requirements 113 AC Input to UPS 113 AC Output, UPS Inverter 113 Batteries 114 Environmental Conditions 115 User Documentation 115 Warranty 116 Quality Assurance 116 Product Fabrication 116 Product Wiring 116 Product Cabinet 116

Contents xiii

Product Cooling 117 Components 117 Display and Controls 119 On-Line Battery Test 121 Remote Emergency Power Off (REPO) 121 Bypass (Optional on 3.5-6.0 kVA UPS modules) 121 Internal Battery 122 Output Load Modules 123 UPS Accessories (Optional Components) 123 Power Management Load Modules (Optional on 3.5-12.0 kVA Units) 126 External Battery Cabinet 127 Dual Input (Optional on 8.0-18.0 kVA UPS Modules) 128 Field Quality Control 128 Unit Start-up and Site Testing 129 Manufacturer's Field Service 129 UPS Maintenance Training 129 Maintenance Contracts 130 Liebert Corporation Year 2000 Product Compliance Statement 130 Product Compliance 131 On-Site Access Control Software and Year 2000 Compliance 132

Summary 133

Chapter 5 Network Components 135

Component Overview 137 Rack Enclosures (Great Lakes Cabinets) 138 Network Hubs (Bay Networks) 139 Network Printer (IBM) 141

Author's Comment 143 Network Storage Silo (SMS Data Products Group) 143

Millennia Series S70028 145 NETower for Windows NT 146 SMS AXIS StorPoint Connectivity Module 147 RAID: The S700HDA 148 Discport Pro XL 150

Tektronix Oscilloscope 153 Network Cable Tester (WaveTek LANPro XL) 158 Network Server (IBM Netfinity 7000) 161

Standard Features 162 Netfinity Manager 165 Hardware and Software Information 166

xiv Contents

Summary Information 177 Microsoft Windows 95 and 98 177 Microsoft Windows NT 177 Uninterruptable Power Supply-UPS (Liebert) 178 General Cable 179 Electrical Components (Pass & Seymour Legrand) 179 Commercial Desktop Computers (IBM) 180

Standard Features 182 Remote Workstations (IBM ThinkPads) 184 Network Communication Hub (3Com USRobtics) 186 Multimedia Components (Creative Labs) 191 Infrastructure Equipment (Thomas & Betts) 192 Ethernet and SCSI Adapters (Adaptec Corporation) 194

Scalability 201 Flexible Configuration 201 Resilient, Redundant Links 202 Full Duplex Mode 202 Designed for Performance 202

Network Security & Virus Protection Software (McAfee) 206 VirusScan 207 Desktop Security Suite 207 Commuter 207 QuickBackup 208 Service Desk 208 NetShield 208 WEBScan . . 208 PCCrypto 208 Author's Policy 209

Network Tape Drive (Sony) 209 Electrical Cable (Beiden) 213 Computer Cabling (Belkin) 213 Infrared Network Interface (JetEye) 214 Power Protection (Tripplite) 214 Summary 215

Chapter 6 Network Design, Components, and Troubleshooting: Part 1 217

Network Design 218 Component Overview 219 Temperature Probe (Fluke) 220 Oscilloscope/Digital Multimeter (Tektronix) 223

Contents xv

Network Analyzer (Internet Advisor: Hewlett-Packard) 227 Internet Advisor Mainframe Characteristics: 228 Internet Advisor General Specifications 228 Hardware Filtering 228 Internet Advisor Physical Characteristics 228 Internet Advisor Operating Conditions 228

6.6 Rack Enclosure (Great Lakes Cabinets) 251 Commercial Desktop Computers (IBM) 253

Model 658842U 266 MHz Pentium II Characteristics 257 Standard Features 258 Legal Notices 259

Remote Workstations (IBM ThinkPads) 260 Legal Notices 262

Data Communications Network HUB (3Com USRobotics) 263 Ethernet Network Hubs (Bay Networks) 272 Patch Panel (Hubbell Wiring) 274 Network Wiring (Thomas & Betts) 276 Network Power Infrastructure (Thomas & Betts) 279 Network Server (IBM NetFinity 7000) 280 Summary 288

Chapter 7 Network Design, Components, and Troubleshooting: Part 2 291

Operating System Software 292 Network Printer 321

Electrical Considerations for the Network Printer 323 Author's Comment 325

Network and Computer Security (McAfee) 326 VirusScan 327 Desktop Security Suite 327 Commuter 327 QuickBackup 327 Service Desk 327 NetShield 328 WEBScan 328 PCCrypto 328 Author's Policy 328

Multimedia Components (Creative Labs) 329 Network Storage (SMS Data Products Group) 329 Network Wiring Analyzer (Wavetek) 330 Troubleshooting Network Analyzer (Hewlett-Packard) 337

xvi Contents

Network Tape Drive (Sony) 357 Power Protection (Liebert) 357

Liebert Pre-Site Visit Checklist 359 Conceptual Use of the Network UPS 359 Network UPS Details 361 Liebert Site Power Audit (Sample Report) 362

Computer Cables and Accessories (Belkin) 370 Software Troubleshooting Tools 371 Miscellaneous Devices/Tools 374

External CD-ROM 374 Wire Testers 374 Break-out AC Test Cable 375

Summary 375

Chapter 8 APPN Technology and Blueprints 377

Origins and Evolution 378 Version 1 378 APPN Version 2 380 Correlations with T2.1 Architecture 380

Node Types 381 APPN Node Types 381

APPN Node Structure 387 Data Link Control (DLC) 387 Path Control (PC) 389 Logical Unit (LU) 391 Control Point (CP) 396 Node Operator Facility (NOF) 400

Directory Services (DS) 400 Directory Service Terminology 401 DS Functions 402 Directory Database (DD) Function 403 The Network Search Function (NSF) 403 Central Directory Server (CDS) 404 Directory Entry Contents 405

Topology and Routing Services (TRS) 405 Class-of-Service (COS) Database 406 Route Selection Service 406 Topology Database 407

Configuration Services (CS) 408 Management Service (MS) 409

Contents xvii

Address Space Manager (ASM) 410 Functions of the ASM 410 LFSIDs 411

Session Services (SS) 411 Full-Qualified Path Control Identifier (FQPCID) 412 LU-LU Session Initiation/Deactivation 412 CP-CP Session Activation/Deactivation 413

Node Operator Facility (NOF) 414 NOF Functions 415 Commands Listing and Function 415

APPN Concepts and Traditional SNA 417 APPN Structure 417 SNA Structure 417 APPN-SNA Mixture 418

Blueprint #1 419 APPN Blueprint #2 419 APPN Blueprint #3 419 APPN Blueprint #4 423 APPN Blueprint #5 423 APPN Blueprint #6 : 426 APPN Blueprint #7 427 APPN Blueprint #8 427 Blueprint #9 430 APPN Blueprint #10 431 Summary 433

Chapter 9 Windows NT Technology and Blueprints 435

Workstation and Server Operational Overview 436 Terminology 438 NT File Structure Support 442

FAT 442 NTFS 443 High Performance File System (HPFS) 445 CD-ROM File System 445

Architecture and Conceptual Overview 445 NT Executive Services 450 Kernel 451 Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) 454 Application Environment Subsystem 455 Input/Output (I/O) Manager 455

Local Procedure Call (LPC) Facility 455 Administration Concepts 455

Workgroups 455 Domains 456 Trust Relationships 457 User Attributes 457

Workstation and Server Commonalities 458 Networking and Services in Windows NT 460

TCP/IP 461 User Protocols and Applications 462 Administrative Utilities 462 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) 468 Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) 471 Domain Name System (DNS) 471 NetBEUI 478 IPX/SPX 479 IPX 486 Sequence Packet Exchange (SPX) 489 Data Link Control (DLC) 490 STREAMS 490 Remote Procedure Call (RPC) 490 Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) 491 Workstation 491 NetBIOS 491 Client Service for NetWare 491 Computer Browser 491 Server 492 Remote Access Service (RAS) 492 LMHosts 492

NT Server Selection 492 NT Network Peripherals 495

Network Storage Products 496 Network Tape Drive 498 Network Printing 498

NT Administration 500 Network Server Administration Information 501 NT Workstation System Information 519 NETstat Command 523 NETstat Command for Interface Statistics 524 NETstat Command for Active Sessions 524 NETstat Command for Comprehensive Statistics 525

xix

NETstat Command for View 526 NETstat Command for Users 526 NETstat Active Connections 526 Windows NT CMD 527

The Registry 529 High-Speed Server Connections 530 Highlights of Windows NT Server, Enterprise Edition 532

Microsoft Cluster Server (MSCS) 535 Microsoft Message Queue Server (MSMQ) 536 4 Gigabyte (GB) Memory Tuning 536 Up to 8-Way SMP Server Support 537 Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS) 537 Microsoft Message Queue Server Standard Edition 537 Windows 95 User Interface 537 Administrative Wizards 537 Task Manager 538 Network Monitor 538 Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) 538 Microsoft Internet Explorer 538 Microsoft Front Page 538 Microsoft Index Server 538 Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) 539 Remote Access Service (RAS) Multilink Aggregation Channel 539 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) 539 Multiprotocol Router (MPR) 539 Telephony Application Programming Interface (TAPI) and Unimodem . . . . 539 Domain Name System (DNS) Server Integration

with Windows Internet Name Service 539 Scalability 540 Windows 95 Remote Program Load 540 Policy Desktop Configuration 540 Cryptography APIs 540 Minimum Requirements for Enterprise Edition 540

NT Blueprint #1 541 Blueprint #2 542 NT Blueprint #3 542 NT Blueprint #4 544 NT Blueprint #5 545 NT Blueprint #6 547 NT Blueprint #7 549 NT Blueprint #8 549

NT Blueprint #9 552 NT Blueprint #10 553 Summary 553

C h a p t e r 1 0 Sys tems Network Architecture (SNA) Blueprints 5 5 5

Hardware Architecture 556 An Evolutionary Perspective 556 System/360 (S/360) 557 System/370 (S/370) 560 370/Extended Architecture (370/XA) 561 Enterprise System Architecture/370 (ESA/370) 565 System/390 (S/390) 569

Hardware Components 573 Processors 573 Channels 573 Communication Controller 577 Cluster Controller 578 Establishment Controller 579 Interconnect Controller 580 Direct Access Storage Device (DASD) 581 Tape Devices 582 Printers 583 Terminals 584

IBM Operating Systems 584 Multiple Virtual Storage (MVS) 585 Virtual Machine (VM) 588 Virtual Storage Extended (VSE) 591

IBM Software Offerings 595 Virtual Telecommunication Access Method (VTAM) 596 Job Entry Subsystem 2 (JES2) 602 Network Control Program (NCP) 603

NetView 604 Time Sharing Option (TSO) 606 Customer Information Control System (CICS) 608 Database 2 (DB2) 609 Remote Spooling Communication Subsystem (RSCS) 610 Local Area Network Resource Extension and Services (LANRES) 610

SNA by Traditional Layers 612 IBM's Blueprint for Networking 613

Subnetworking Layer 614

Transport/Networking Layer 614 Application Support Layer 614 Application Layer 615 Switching Boundaries 615

Traditional Concepts 616 Nodes 616 Subareas 617 Network Accessible Units (NAUs) 617 Sessions 621 Link Stations (LS) 621 Link 622 Domains 622

SNA Protocol Structure 624 Basic Link Unit 625 Path Information Unit 625 Basic Information Unit 625

SNA Data Streams 625 SNA Character String (SCS) 626 3270 626 General Data Stream 626 Information Interchange Architecture 626 Intelligent Printer Data Stream 626

Profile Concepts 626 Transmission Service Profiles 627 Function Management Profiles 627

Function Management Header (FMH) Concepts 627 Request/Response Header (RH) Concept 628 SNA Commands 628

Theory of Command Flow 629 The SNA Command Structure 630

Flow Control 630 Explicit Route (ER) 630 Virtual Route (VR) 630 Class of Service (COS) 631

Advance Program-to-Program Communication (APPC) 631 Origins and Evolution 631 Conceptual Overview 631 Conversations 632 Transaction Program 634 Types of Verbs 634 LU6.2 Session Considerations 634

xxii Contents

Sync Point Processing 635 A Perspective on Blueprints 636 Blueprint #1 636 SNA Blueprint #2 637 Blueprint #3 639 Blueprint #4 641 Blueprint #5 642 Blueprint #6 645 Blueprint #7 648 Blueprint #8 651 Blueprint #9 654 Blueprint #10 656

Chapter 1 1 TCP/IP Bluepr in ts : P a r t 1 6 5 9

A Historical Perspective 660 In the 1970s 660 In the 1980s 661 In the 1990s 661

Forces Contributing to the Growth of TCP/IP 661 Technology 661 Market Forces 662 Availability 662 Individual Knowledge 662

Layer Analysis 663 Overview and Correlation to the OSI Model 663 Network Layer Components and Functions 664 Transport Layer Components and Functions 665 Popular Application-Layer Offerings 665

TCP/IP Network Requirements 666 IP Version 4 666

IPv4 Header Format 667 Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) 669

Expanded Addressing Capabilities 669 Header Format Simplification 669 Improved Support for Extensions and Options 669 Flow Labeling Capability 669 Authentication and Privacy Capabilities 670

IPv6 Terminology 670 IPv6 Header Format 671 IPv6 Extension Headers 672

Contents xxiii

Extension Header Order 673 Options 674

IPv6 Hop-by-Hop Options Header 676 IPv6 Routing Header 678 IPv6 Fragment Header 682 IPv6 Destination Options Header 686 IPv6 No Next Header 687 IPv6 Packet Size Considerations 687 IPv6 Flow Labels 688 IPv6 Packet Priority 691 IPv6 and Upper-Layer Protocols 692

Upper-Layer Checksums 692 Maximum Packet Lifetime 693 Maximum Upper-Layer Payload Size 693 Formatting Guidelines for Options 694

IPv6 Address Architecture '. 696 IPv6 Addressing 697 Address Type Representation 698 Unicast Addresses 700 IPv6 Addresses and IPv4 Addresses 701

NSAP Addresses 702 IPX Addresses 702 Global Unicast Addresses 702 IPv6 Unicast Addresses 703

Anycast Addresses 704 Multicast Addresses 705

Predefined Multicast Addresses 707 Node Address Requirement 708 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 709

ICMP Message Structure 710 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 711

ARP Theory of Operation 712 ARP Message Format 713

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) 715 RARP Request and Server Operation 715

Router Protocols 717 RIP 717 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) 718

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 721 TCP Operation 722 TCP and the Host Environment 724

xxiv Contents

Interfaces and TCP 724 TCP Reliability 725 TCP Connection Establishment/Clearing 725 TCP and Data Communication 727 TCP Precedence and Security 728 TCP Segment (Header) Format 728 TCP Terminology 732 TCP Sequence Numbers 735 Initial Sequence Number Selection 737 Knowing When to Keep Quiet 739 TCP Quiet Time Concept 739 Establishing a TCP Connection 741 Half-Open Connections and Other Anomalies 744 Reset Generation 746 TCP Reset Processing 747 Closing a TCP Connection 747 Precedence and Security 749 TCP and Data Communication 750 TCP Retransmission Timeout 750 TCP Communication of Urgent Information 751 Managing the Window 751 User/TCP Interface 753 TCP User Commands 753 TCP-to-User Messages 759 TCP/Lower-Level Interface 759 TCP Event Processing 760

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 775 UDP Header Analysis 776 UDP Applications 776

Summary 777

Chapter 12 TCP/IP Blueprints: Part 2 779

TCP/IP Addressing 779 IPv4 Addressing 780 Address Classifications 781 Ports 782 Well-Known Ports 782 Port Manipulation 782 Sockets 782 Hardware Address 782

Synthesis 783 Popular TCP Applications 783

X Window System 783 Telnet 786 File Transfer Protcol (FTP) 787 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 789 Domain Name System (DNS) 790

Popular UDP Applications 793 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 793 Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) 795 Remote Procedure Call (RPC) 795 Network File System (NFS) 796 Custom Applications 798 PING and Finger 799

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 799 Terminology 800 Overall Operation 802 Protocol Parameters 804 Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) 805 HTTP URL 806 Character Sets 807 Content Codings 808 HTTP Message Types 809 HTTP Message Headers 809 HTTP Message-Body 810 HTTP Message Length 811 General Header Fields 812 HTTP Request 812 HTTP Request-Line 813 HTTP Request-URI 814 The Resource Identified by a Request 815 Request-Header Fields 816 HTTP Response 817 HTTP Status-Line 817 HTTP Status-Code and Reason-Phrase 817 HTTP Response-Header Fields 819 Entity 820 Entity-Header Fields 820 Entity-Body 821 Type 821 Length 821

xxvi Contents

HTTP Connections 822 HTTP Connection Operation 822 Negotiation 823 Pipelining 823 Proxy Servers 823 Considerations 824 Message Transmission Requirements 825 Method Definitions 826 Status Code Definitions 831 Access Authentication 842 Basic Authentication Scheme 844 Content Negotiation 844 Transparent Negotiation 847 Caching in HTTP 847 Header Field Definitions 848 Byte Ranges 879

TCP/IP Blueprint #1 889 TCP/IP Blueprint #2 890 TCP/IP Blueprint #3 891 TCP/IP Blueprint #4 893 TCP/IP Blueprint #5 894 TCP/IP Blueprint #6 897 TCP/IP Blueprint #7 899 TCP/IP Blueprint #8 901 Summary 903

Chapter 13 ATM Technology and Blueprints 905

A Perspective on ATM 906 Fundamental ATM Concepts 906 ATM Layer Structure 908

ATM Layers Defined 908 ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) Functions 910

AAL Type 0 910 AAL Type 1 910 AAL Type 2 911 AAL Type 3/4 911 AAL Type 5 911

ATM Cell Structure 911 ATM Cell Components 912

ATM Interface Types 912

Contents xxvii

Private 912 Public 913

ATM Transmission Concepts 915 Transmission Path 915 Virtual Path 915 Virtual Circuit 915

Implementation 916 Local Router and ATM Backbone 916 ATM Backbone LANs 916 ATM Backbone Nodes 916 ATM LANs and ATM Backbone 919

Physical-Layer Architecture 921 SONET 921 DS3 921 Fiber 100 Mb 921

Reasons for ATM Use 923 Bandwith 923 Isochronous Traffic Support 925 Capacity Per-Person Per-Use 925 Expandability 926

ATM Terminology 926 ATM Blueprint #1 927 ATM Blueprint #2 929 ATM Blueprint #3 930 Additional Information 932 Summary 932

Chapter 14 Frame Relay Technology and Blueprints 933

Principles of Frame Relay 934 The Virtual Link 936 Data Link Connection Identifier (DCLI) 937 Frame Relay Costs 938 Frame Relay Frame Components 938

Virtual Circuits 939 Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC) 939 Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) 939 Multicast Virtual Circuit (MVC) 940

Access Devices 940 Switches 940 Network Device 940

xxviii Contents

FRAD 940 Frame Relay with TCP/IP and SNA 943 Frame Relay Blueprint #1 944 Frame Relay Blueprint #2 944 Frame Relay Blueprint #3 947 Consumer Tips 947 Additional Information 949

ANSI 949 CCITT 949

Summary 949

Network Blueprint Acronyms 951

Network Blueprint Terminology 987

Bibliography 1079

Network Blueprint Trademarks 1089

Index 1097

About the Author 1123