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Encyclopedia of Entomology

Encyclopedia of Entomology

Edited byJohn L. CapineraUniversity of Florida

Second Edition

Volume 4S–Z

Professor John L. CapineraDept. Entomology and NematologyUniversity of FloridaGainesville FL 32611–0620USA

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008930112

ISBN: 978-1-4020-6242-1This publication is available also as:Electronic publication under ISBN 978-1-4020-6359-6 andPrint and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-1-4020-6360-2

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Editor: Zuzana Bernhart, Dordrecht/ Sandra Fabiani, HeidelbergDevelopment Editor: Sylvia Blago, HeidelbergProduction Editor: le-tex publishing services oHG, LeipzigCover Design: Frido Steinen-Broo, Spanien

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Cyrus AbivardiSwiss Federal Institute of Technnoloy

Donald R. BarnardUnited States Department of Agriculture

Jean-Luc BoevéRoyal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences

Drion BouciasUniversity of Florida

Paul. M. ChoateUniversity of Florida

Whitney CranshawColorado State University

Thomas C. EmmelUniversity of Florida

J. Howard FrankUniversity of Florida

Severiano F. GayuboUniversidad de Salamanca

Eugene J. GerbergUniversity of Florida

Donald W. HallUniversity of Florida

Marjorie A. HoyUniversity of Florida

John B. HeppnerFlorida State Collection of Arthropods

Pauline O. LawrenceUniversity of Florida

Heather J. McAuslaneUniversity of Florida

James L. NationUniversity of Florida

Herb OberlanderUnited States Department of Agriculture

Frank B. PeairsColorado State University

Editorial Board

Acknowledgments

This project is the labor of many people, including some who labored diligently behind the scenes. Among those to whom I am greatly indebted for their ‘behind-the-scenes’ assistance are Pam Howell and Carole Girimont (first edition) and Pam Howell (second edition) for document processing and editing assistance; Mike Sanford, Pat Hope, and Jane Medley (first edition) and Hope Johnson (second edition) for assistance with the images, and Marsha Capinera for compiling the list of contributors. Ron Cave, Andrei Sourakov, and Lyle Buss helped greatly by supplying numerous photographs for the second edition.

Howard Frank deserves special mention for his editing acumen and assistance. Drion Boucias con-tributed the lengthy unattributed sections on insect pathology. The unattributed biographic sketches with last names beginning with A to J were contributed by Howard Frank. All other unattributed sections were contributed by John Capinera.

Preface

Some biologists have called this the ‘Age of Insects.’ Among animals, certainly the diversity of insects is unrivaled. Nearly one million species have been described to date, and some entomologists estimate that as the tropics are fully explored, we will find that there are actually more than three million insect spe-cies. The large number of insects is often attributed to the divergence of plants (angiosperms), which provide numerous hosts and places to feed, but if plant feeders are excluded from the tabulation the biodiversity of insects remains unrivaled. Virtually every environment has been exploited by these resil-ient organisms. Even if one dislikes insects, they are impossible to ignore, and a little knowledge about them could be indispensable should one have a ‘close encounter’ of an unpleasant kind.

Insects are remarkable biological organisms. They are small enough to escape the detailed scrutiny of most people, but I have yet to meet anyone whom, once provided the opportunity to examine insects closely (through a microscope) is not completely amazed by the detail and complexity of these exqui-sitely designed (by natural selection) beasties. They are fascinating in function as well as form. Insects are the only invertebrates to fly, they are disproportionately strong, and their ecological adaptability defies belief. For example, some insects produce their own version of anti-freeze, which allows them to be fro-zen solid yet to regain normal function upon thawing. Their sensory abilities are beyond human com-prehension; a male insect can sometimes locate a female by her ‘perfume’ (pheromone) from several kilometers distance. Although not normally considered intelligent, insects display surprisingly complex behaviors, and altruistic social systems that could well serve as models for human societies.

Insects and their close relatives are important for many reasons besides their sheer diversity. Their effect on humans is profound. Insects are our chief competitor for food and fiber resources throughout the world. Annual crop losses of 10 to 15% are attributed to insects, with both pre-harvest and post-harvest losses considerably more at times. Insects also are the principal vector of many human, animal, and plant diseases, including viruses, mollicutes, bacteria, fungi, and nematodes. The ability to transmit diseases magnifies their effect, and makes it more difficult to manage injury. Over the course of human history, insect-transmitted disease has caused untold human suffering. For example, introduction of flea-transmitted bubonic plague to Europe centuries ago killed millions of people and caused severe disruption to western civilization. Though less dramatic, mosquito-transmitted malaria kills thousands annually throughout the world, and unlike plague, which is now mostly a historical footnote, the toll continues to mount.

Advances in technology, particularly the introduction of chemical insecticides, have done much to remove the threat of insect-related damage from the consciousness of most humans. Insecticides are applied preventatively to avoid pre- and post-harvest damage to crops, to our dwellings, and to our land-scape. This is an oft-overlooked but remarkable achievement that has increased stability in the supply and price of resources, and in the lives of resource producers. No longer are people faced with starvation or economic ruin due to the ravages of insects; in almost all parts of the world, the ready availability of insecticides can be used to prevent massive insect population outbreaks. However, we realize increas-ingly that this approach is not without its own set of health, environmental and economic costs, and alleviating dependency on insecticides, or making alternatives to insecticides more readily available, has assumed greater priority.

x Preface

We are faced with an interesting dichotomy. There is a wealth of information about insects, but it is known mostly to ‘insect scientists’ (entomologists). The public (non-entomologists or 99.99% of all peo-ple) has little knowledge about insects, and poor access to vital information about these important organisms. So this encyclopedia is presented to bridge the gap – to better enable those with a need to know to find fundamental information provided by more than 450 experts in the field of entomology. We provide a broad overview of insects and their close relatives, including taxonomy, behavior, ecology, physiology, history, and management. Importantly, we provide critical links to the entomological litera-ture, much of which presently is unavailable for search electronically. The contributors are distinguished entomologists from around the world. They hope that the availability of this encyclopedia will help oth-ers to reap the benefits of centuries of discovery, and to discover the wonders that make the study of insects so compelling. It was constructed with college and university students in mind, but others may find it a handy reference.

John L. Capinera, Gainesville (Florida) April, 2008

Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology

Major Taxa of Insects and Their Near Relatives

Alderflies and Dobsonflies (Megaloptera)Angel Insects (Zoraptera)Bark-Lice, Book-Lice, or Psocids (Psocoptera)Beetles (Coleoptera)Bristletails (Archeognatha)Bugs (Hemiptera)Butterflies and Moths (Lepidoptera)Caddisflies (Trichoptera)Centipedes (Chilopoda)Chewing and Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera)Cockroaches (Blattodea)Diplurans (Diplura)Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata)Earwigs (Dermaptera)Fleas (Siphonaptera)Flies (Diptera)Gladiators (Mantophasmatodea)Grasshoppers, Katydids, and Crickets

(Orthoptera)Lacewings, Antlions, and Mantispids

(Neuroptera)Mayflies (Ephemeroptera)Millipedes (Diplopoda)Mites (Acari)Pillbugs and Sowbugs, or Woodlice (Isopoda)Praying Mantids (Mantodea)Proturans (Protura)Rock Crawlers (Grylloblattodea)Scorpionflies (Mecoptera)Scorpions (Scorpiones)Sea Spiders (Pycnogonida)Silverfish (Zygentoma)Snakeflies (Raphidioptera)Spiders (Araneae)Springtails (Collembola)Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmida)

Stoneflies (Plecoptera)Stylopids (Strepsiptera)Symphylans (Symphyla)Termites (Isoptera)Thrips (Thysanoptera)Ticks (Ixodida)Wasps, Ants, Bees, and Sawflies (Hymenoptera)Webspinners (Embiidina)

Other Groups

Anagrus Fairyflies (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae)Apoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Apoidea:

Spheciformes)Argasid (Soft) Ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae)Assassin Bugs, Kissing Bugs and Others

(Hemiptera: Reduviidae)Bark Beetles, Dendroctonus spp. (Coleoptera:

Curculionidae: Scolytinae)Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apiformes)Bess Beetles (Coleoptera: Passalidae)Biting Midges, Culicoides (Diptera:

Ceratopogonidae)Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae)Blister Beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae)Bulb Mites, Rhizoglyphus (Acari: Acaridae)Burnet Moth Biology (Lepidoptera:

Zygaenidae)Brush-Footed Butterflies (Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae)Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera)Carpenter Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae:

Xylocopinae)Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae)Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea)Clearwing Moths (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)

xii Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology

Coreid Bugs and Relatives: Coreidae, Stenocepahidae, Alydidae, Rhopalidae, and Hyocephalidae (Hemiptera: Coreoidea)

Crane Flies (Diptera: Tipulidae and Others)Dance Flies, Balloon Flies, Predaceous Flies

(Diptera: Empidoidea, exclusive of Dolichopodidae)

Darkling Beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)Earwigflies (Mecoptera: Meropeidae)Fairyflies (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)Flea Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae:

Alticinae)Four-Legged Mites (Eriophyoidea or Tetrapodili)Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)Fungus Gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae and

Others)Gall Midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)Giant Water Bugs (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae)Greater Fritillaries or Silverspots, Speyeria [=

Argynnis] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae):

TaxonomyHarvester Ants, Pogonomyrmex (Hymenoptera:

Formicidae)Horse Flies and Deer Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae)Jerusalem Crickets (Orthoptera:

Stenopelmatidae)Jumping Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae: Salticidae)June Beetles, Phyllophaga spp. (Coleoptera:

Scarabaeidae: Melolothinae: Melolothini)Katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)Kissing Bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae)Lace Bugs (Hemiptera: Tingidae)Ladybird Beetles (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera)Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)Leaf-Cutting Ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae:

Attini)Leaf-Miner Flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae)Leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)Longicorn, Longhorned, or Round-Headed

Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)Long-Legged Flies (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)Mantidflies (Neuroptera: Mantispidae)

Marine Insects and the Sea-Skater Halobates (Hemiptera: Gerridae)

Metalmark Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)Microdon spp. (Diptera: Syrphidae)Minute Pirate Bugs (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)Moths (Lepidoptera: Heterocera)Nuttalliellidae (Acari)Orchid Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)Parasitic Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera: Parasitica)Paederus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae:

Paederinae)Pelecinid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Pelecinidae)Periodical Cicadas, Magicicada spp. (Hemiptera:

Cicadidae)Phytoseiid Mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae)Powderpost Beetles (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae:

Lyctinae)Pine Tip Moths, Rhyacionia spp. (Lepidoptera:

Tortricidae)Plant Bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae)Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea)Plume Moths (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae)Powderpost Beetles (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae:

Lyctinae)Predatory Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae:

Asopinae)Riffle Beetles (Coleoptera: Elmidae)Robber Flies (Diptera: Asilidae)Rove Beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)Sac Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae: Tengellidae,

Zorocratidae, Miturgidae, Anyphaenidae, Clubionidae, Liocranidae, and Corinnidae)

Sap Beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta)Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)Scale Insects and Mealybugs (Hemiptera:

Coccoidea)Scarab Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea)Skin-Piercing and Blood-Feeding Moths, Calyptra

spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Calpinae)Soil Mites (Acari: Oribatida and Others)Spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea)Spongillaflies (Neuroptera: Sisyridae)Stilt Bugs (Hemiptera: Berytidae)

xiii Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology

Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Emphasizing Economic Importance

Tachinid Flies (Diptera: Tachinidae)Tent Caterpillars, Malacosoma spp. (Lepidoptera:

Lasiocampidae)Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Collyrinae

and Cicindelinae)Termites (Isoptera) in South AmericaTiphiid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae)Treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae)Underwing Moths –Catocala (Lepidoptera:

Noctuidae)Velvet Ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)Water Penny Beetles (Coleoptera: Psephenidae)Weevils, Billbugs, Bark Beetles, and Others

(Coleoptera: Curculionoidea)Weta (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae,

Rhaphidophoridae)Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Morphology and Anatomy

Abdomen of HexapodsAntennae of HexapodsHead of HexapodsInternal Anatomy of InsectsAlimentary Canal and DigestionLegs of HexapodsMouthparts of HexapodsThorax of HexapodsWings of InsectsEggs of InsectsNervous SystemEyes and VisionIntegument: Structure and FunctionNygmaWing Coupling

Physiology

Accessory Pulsatile HeartsAdipokinetic and Hypertrehalosemic

Neurohormones

Alarm PheromonesAlary MusclesAlimentary Canal and DigestionBiological Clock of the German Cockroach,

Blattella germanica (L.)Chordotonal Sensory OrgansCorazoninCryptobiosisDiapauseDorsal Vessel: Heart and AortaEcdysone Agonists, a Novel Group of Insect

Growth RegulatorsEcdysteroidsEmbryogenesisEndocrine Regulation of Insect ReproductionEyes and VisionFatty Acid Binding ProteinsFireflies: Control of FlashingHemocytes in Insects: Their Morphology and

FunctionH-OrganImmunityIntegument: Structure and FunctionEntomopathogenic Fungi and Their Host CuticleJuvenile HormoneLearning in Insects: Neurochemistry and

Localization of Brain FunctionLocomotion and MusclesMetamorphosisMidgut and Insect PathogensMultifunctional SemiochemicalsNervous SystemNeurological Effects of Insecticides and the Insect

Nervous SystemNutrition in InsectsOogenesisPheromonesPolyphenism in Insects and Juvenile Hormone

(JH)Prothoracicotropic HormoneReflex BleedingRegulation of Sex Pheromone Production in

MothsReproductionReselin

xiv Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology Sex Attractant PheromonesSocial Insect PheromonesSound Production in the CicadoideaStorage ProteinsStorage Protein ReceptorsStress-Induced Host Plant Free Amino Acids and

InsectsTaste and Contact ChemoreceptionTracheal System and Respiratory Gas ExchangeUltrastructure of Insect SensillaVenoms and Toxins in InsectsVenoms of Ectoparasitic WaspsVenoms of Endoparasitic WaspsVitellogenesisWater Balance

Genetics

Bacteriophage WOBehavior of Insects: Genetic Analysis by Crossing

and SelectionBehavior: Molecular Genetic AnalysesGenetic Modification of Drosophila By P

ElementsGenetic SexingGenetic TransformationGenomes of InsectsHomeotic Genes in ColeopteraHoney Bee Sexuality: A Historical PerspectiveMeiotic Drive in InsectsMolecular DiagnosisPolytene ChromosomesSex Ratio Modification by Cytoplasmic AgentsSibling SpeciesTransgenic Arthropods for Pest Management

ProgramsRNA Interference

Behavior

Acoustic Communication in InsectsAcoustical Communication in Heteroptera

(Hemiptera: Heteroptera)

Arthropod-Associated Plant Effectors (AAPEs): Elicitors and Suppressors of Crop Defense

Attraction of Insects to Organic Sulfur Compounds in Plants

Blister Beetle Antennal Twisting BehaviorConstruction Behavior of InsectsCrypsisCycloalexyDeflection MarksDeimatic BehaviorDrumming Communication and Intersexual

Searching Behavior of Stoneflies (Plecoptera)

Environmental Influences on Behavioral Development in Insects

Facultative PredatorsFlash ColorsGlowwormsGregarious Behavior in InsectsHilltoppingHost Location in Parasitic WaspsHost Plant Selection by InsectsInverted CopulationLearning in InsectsMarking Insects for Studying Ecology and

BehaviorMosquito OvipositionMultifunctional SemiochemicalsMyrmecomorphyMyrmecophilesParental Care in Heteroptera (Hemiptera:

Heteroptera)Puddling Behavior in ButterfliesRed Imported Fire Ant Territorial BehaviorReflex BleedingSociality of InsectsSound Production in the CicadoideaSphragisSpider Behavior and Value in Agricultural

LandscapesThermoregulation in InsectsVibrational CommunicationVisual Mating SignalsWalking Stick Defensive Behavior and

Regeneration of Appendages

xvHighlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology Ecology and Evolution

Adaptation of Indigenous Insects to Introduced Crops

AllelochemicalsAnt-Plant InteractionsAposematismArthropod-Associated Plant Effectors

(AAPEs): Elicitors and Suppressors of Crop Defense

Bioclimatic Models in EntomologyBiogeographyBrachelytryBromeliad FaunaCannibalismCarnivorous PlantsCarnivory and Symbiosis in the Purple

Pitcher PlantCastesCave Adapted InsectsCave Habitat ColonizationChemical Ecology of InsectsCold Tolerance in InsectsConservation of InsectsCryptobiosisDecomposer InsectsDiapauseEggs of InsectsEndophytic Fungi and Grass-Feeding

InsectsFood Habits of InsectsFossil Record of InsectsFuranocoumarinsGall FormationGalápagos Islands Insects: Colonization,

Structure, and EvolutionGeological TimeGlowwormsGregarious Behavior in InsectsGround Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Feeding EcologyHypertelyHypericinInquilines and Cleptoparasites

Insectivorous PlantsLife TablesMimicryMosquito Larval Feeding EcologyMosquito Overwintering EcologyNatural Enemy Attraction to Plant

VolatilesNight Blooming Plants and Their Insect

PollinatorsNutrient Content of InsectsOutbreaks of InsectsOverwintering in InsectsPhase Polymorphism in LocustsPhylogeneticsPhytotelmataPlant Extrafloral NectariesPlant Secondary Compounds and Phytophagous

InsectsPollination and Flower VisitationPollination by Osmia Bees (Hymenoptera:

Megachilidae)Pollination by Yucca MothsPollution and Terrestrial ArthropodsPolyphenismPolyacetylenes and Their Thiophene

DerivativesPredation: The Role of Generalist Predators

in Biodiversity and Biological Control

Pyrophilous InsectsPyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Tiger Moths

(Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)Retournement and Deversement of the

Aedeagus in ColeopteraRhythms of InsectsSeed Predation by InsectsSexual SelectionSociality of InsectsSpecies ConceptsSpeciation Processes Among InsectsSymbiosis Between Planthoppers and

MicroorganismsTrichomes and InsectsTritrophic InteractionsWater Pollution and Insects

xvi Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology Microbiology and Pathology

Microbial Control of InsectsMicrobial Control of Medically Important

InsectsSymbionts of InsectsSymbiosis Between Planthoppers and

MicroorganismsSymbiotic Viruses of Parasitic WaspsFungal Pathogens in InsectsEntomopathogenic Fungi and Their Host CuticleMidgut and Insect PathogensImmunityPathogens of Whiteflies (Hemiptera:

Aleyrodidae)Diseases Of Grasshoppers and LocustsNematode Parasites of InsectsNematomorphs (Nematomorpha)Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Insect

ManagementThrips-Parasitic NematodesAmerican FoulbroodAmoebaeAscosphaera apisAscovirusesBacillus sphaericusBacillus thuringiensisBaculovirusesBeauveriaBirnavirusesCestodesCoelomomycesCulicinomycesEntomophthoralesEntomopoxviruses (Poxviruses)GranulovirusHelicosporiumHirsutellaIridovirusesLaboulbenialesLagenidium giganteumLecanicilliumMetarhiziumMicrosporidia (Phylum Microsporidia)Nosema locustae (Protozoa: Microsporidia)

Nosema diseaseNomuraeaOrcytes virus and other NudivirusesPaecilomycesPaenibacillusParvovirusesPolydnavirusesReovirusesRhabdovirusesSeptobasidiumSerratia entomophilaSmall RNA viruses of invertebratesSorosporellaTrichomycetes

Humans and Insects

Apiculture (Beekeeping)Aquatic Entomology and FlyfishingButterfly CountsButterfly GardeningCareers in EntomologyCollecting and Preserving InsectsCommon (Vernacular) Names of InsectsConservation of InsectsCosts and Benefits of InsectsCultural EntomologyEntomodeltiologyEntomophagy: Human Consumption of InsectsForensic EntomologyHistory and InsectsHoneybee Sexuality: An Historical PerspectiveIdentification of InsectsInsects as AphrodisiacsInvasive SpeciesLacquers and Dyes From InsectsLiterature and InsectsMaggot TherapyMarking Insects for Studying Ecology and

BehaviorMidges as Human FoodMythology and InsectsNative American Culture and InsectsPopularity of Insects

xviiHighlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology Pronunciation of Scientific Names and TermsPsychiatry And Insects: Phobias and Delusions of

Insect Infestations in HumansRearing of InsectsScientific Names and Other Words From Latin

and GreekSericultureSilkTeaching and Training in Entomology: Institu-

tional ModelsTeaching Entomology: A Review of Techniques

Notable and Pioneer Entomologists

Abafi-Aigner, Lajos (Ludwig Aigner)Abbott, JohnAgassiz, Jean Louis RodolpheAldrovandi, Ulisse (Ulysse, Ulysses)Alexander, Charles PaulAmerasinghe, Felix P.Andrewartha, Herbert GeorgeArnett, Jr., Ross HaroldAudinet-Serville, Jean-GuillaumeAudouin, Jean-VictorBarber, Herbert SpencerBates, Henry WalterBates, MarstonBeck, Stanley DwightBeklemishev, Vladimir NikolayevicHBell, William J.Becquaert, Joseph CharlesBerlese, AntonioBernhauer, MaxBertram, Douglas SomervilleBíró, LajosBlackburn, ThomasBlackwelder, Richard ElliotBlaisdell, Frank EllsworthBlatchley, Willis StanleyBodenheimer, Friedrich (Frederick) SimonBohart, Richard M.Boheman, Carl HeinrichBoisduval, Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Dechauffour

Bokor, ElemérBonnet, CharlesBorgmeier, ThomasBøving, Adam GiedeBrauer, Friedrich MoritzBroun, ThomasBruch, CarlosBrues, II, Charles ThomasBrullé, Gaspard AugusteBrunner von Wattenwyl, CarlBuffon, Georges Louis Leclerc (Comte de)Burgess, Albert FranklinBurmeister, Carl Hermann ConradBuxton, Patrick AlfredCalvert, Philip PowellCameron, MalcolmCandèze, Ernest Charles AugusteCarpenter, Frank MortonCarter, Herbert JamesCasey, Thomas LincolnCaudell, Andrew NelsonChagas, Carlos Justiniano RibeiroChaudoir, Maximilien Stanislavovitch deChampion, George CharlesChapman, Reginald FrederickChevrolat, Louis Alexandre AugusteChiang, Huai C.China, William EdwardChittenden, Frank HurlbutChristophers, (Sir) Samuel RickardCockerell, Theodor Dru AlisonComstock, John HenryCoquillett, Daniel WilliamCraw, AlexanderCresson, Ezra TownsendCriddle, NormanCrotch, George RobertCrowson, Roy AlbertCsiki, Erno (Ernst Dietl)Curran, Charles HowardCurtis, JohnCushman, Robert AsaCuvier, (Baron) Georges Léopold Chretien

Frédéric DagobertDahlbom, Anders Gustav

xviii Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology Darlington, Jr., Philip J.Darwin, CharlesDavis, William ThompsonDebach, PaulDegeer, Carl (Carolus, Karl, Charles)Dejean, Pierre François Marie AugusteDethier, Vincent GastonDobzhansky, Theodosius GrigorievichDonisthorpe, Horace St. John KellyDouglas, John WilliamDrake, Carl JohnDudich, EndreDufour, Léon Jean MarieDuponchel, Philogène August-JosephDyar, Harrison GreyEdwards, William HenryEickwort, George C.Emerson, Alfred EdwardsEndrödi, Sebö (Sebastian Endrödi)Endrödy-Younga, Sebastian (Sebestyén

Endrödy-Younga, Sebestyén Endrödy)Erichson, Wilhelm FerdinandEsaki, TeisoEvans, Howard EnsignFabre, Jean-Henri CasimirFabricius, Johann ChristianFairchild, Alexander Graham BellFairmaire, LéonFall, Henry ClintonFauvel, Charles Adolphe AlbertFelt, Ephraim PorterFenichel, SámuelFennah, Ronald GordonFernald, Charles HenryFerris, Gordon FloydFischer Von Waldheim, GotthelfFitch, AsaFletcher, JamesFoote, Richard H.Forbes, Stephen AlfredFord, Edmund BriscoForel, Auguste HenriFourcroy, Antoine-François (Comte de)Frisch, K. vonFrivaldszky, Imre

Frivaldszky, JánosFroggatt, Walter WilsonGahan, Arthur BurtonGanglbauer, LudwigGermar, Ernst FriedrichGhilarov, Mercury SergeevichGirault, Alexandre ArsèneGlover, TownendGmelin, Johann FriedrichGoeldi, Emil (Emilio) AugustGorgas, William CrawfordGraham, Marcus William Robert de VereGrassi, Giovanni BattistaGravenhorst, Johan Ludwig ChristianGressitt, Judson LinsleyGrote, Augustus RadcliffeGuenée, AchilleGuérin-Méneville, Félix EdouardGundlach, Johannes (Juan) ChristopherGyllenhal, LeonhardHaddow, Alexander JohnHagen, Hermann AugustHagen, Kenneth SverreHahn, Carl WilhelmHale Carpenter, Geoffrey DouglasHaliday, Alexander HenryHandlirsch, AntonHansen, ViktorHarris, Thaddeus WilliamHatch, Melville HarrisonHeer, OswaldHenneguy, Louis FélixHennig, WilliHerman, OttóHerrich-Schäffer, Gottlieb AugustHewitt, Charles GordonHinton, Howard EverestHobby, Bertram MauriceHocking, BrianHogstraal, Harry O.Holland, William JacobHope, Frederick WilliamHopkins, Andrew DelmarHorn, George HenryHorn, Hermann Wilhelm Walther

xixHighlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology Horsfall, William R.Howard, Leland OssianHübner, JacobHuffaker, Carl BartonHungerford, Herbert BarkerIhering, Hermann VonImms, Augustus DanielJacquelin du Val, Pierre Nicolas CamilleJeannel, RenéJohannsen, Oskar AugustusJordan, Heinrich Ernst KarlKaszab, ZoltánKellogg, Vernon LymanKennedy, John S.Kershaw, John Crampton WilkinsonKevan, Douglas Keith McEwanKiesenwetter, Ernst August Hellmuth vonKirby, WilliamKlee, Waldemar G.Knipling, Edward FredKoebele, AlbertKraatz, Ernst GustavKring, James BurtonLamarck, Jean-BaptisteLatreille, Pierre AndréLea, Arthur MillsLea, H. ArnoldLeConte, John LawrenceLeech, Hugh BosdinLefroy, Harold MaxwellLeng, Charles WilliamLepeletier, Amédée Louis MichelLindroth, Carl H.Linnaeus, Carolus (Linné, Carl von)Linsley, Earle GortonLoew, HermannLorguin, Pierre Joseph MichelLugger, OttoMacleay (Sir) William JohnMacquart, Pierre Justin MarieMallis, ArnoldMann, William M.Mannerheim, Carl Gustav vonMarlatt, Charles LesterMarx, George

Maskell, William MilesMasters, GeorgeMatheson, RobertMatsumura, ShonenMcdunnough, James HallidayMcglashan, Charles FayetteMeigen, Johann WilhelmMellanby, KennethMelander, Axel LeonardMelsheimer, Frederick ValentineMénétriés, EdouardMetcalf, Clell LeeMetcalf, Zeno PayneMeyrick, EdwardMiller, DavidM’lachlan, RobertMorgan, Thomas HuntMorrison, Herbert KnowlesMorse, Albert PittsMotschulsky, Victor IvanovichMüller, Johann Friedrich TheodorMüller, JosefMulsant, EtienneNeedham, James GeorgeNewell, WilmonNewman, Edward.Newsom, Leo DaleOlivier, Guillaume AntoineOrmerod, Eleanor AnneOsborn, HerbertOsten Sacken, C.R.Packard, Alpheus SpringPainter, Reginald HenryPalm, ThurePass, Bobby CliftonPatch, Edith MarionPaykull, GustafPeairs, Leonard MarionPeck, William DandridgePetrunkevitch, AlexanderPickett, Allison DeforestPomerantsev, Boris IvanovichPotter, CharlesProkopy, Ronald J.Provancher, (l’abbé) Léon

xx Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology Putzeys, Jules Antoine Adolphe HenriRabb, Robert LamarRadoshkowsky, Octavius Johnde Réaumur, René Antoine FerchaultRedi, FrancescoRedtenbacher, LudwigReed, Walter.Rehn, James Abram GarfieldReitter, EdmundRemington, Charles LeeRey, ClaudiusRichards, Owain WestmacottRiley, Charles ValentineRobineau-Desvoidy, Jean BaptisteRondani, CamilloRosen, DavidRoss, Herbert HoldsworthRothschild, MiriamRoubal, JanSabrosky, CurtisSahlberg, Carl ReinholdSailer, Reece I.Sanderson, DwightSaunders, WilliamSaussure, Henri Louis Frederic deSay, ThomasScheerpeltz, OttoSchneiderman, Howard AllenSchwarz, Eugene AmandusScudder, Samuel HubbardSelys-Longchamps, Michel Edmond deSharp, DavidShelford, Victor ErnestSignoret, Victor AntoineSilvestri, FilippoSylveira Caldeira, João daSmirnoff, Vladimir A.Smith, John BernhardtSmith, Harry ScottSmith, Ray F.Snodgrass, Robert EvansSnow, Francis HuntingtonSpielman, AndrewStål, CarlSteinhaus, Edward Arthur

Stern, Vernon M.Swammerdam, JanSwezey, Otto HermanSzent-Ivány, József Gyula HubertusThomas, CyrusThomson, Carl GustavThunberg, Carl PeterTillyard, Robin JohnTorre-Bueno, José Rollin De LaTownes, Jr., Henry K.Treherne, John EUhler, Philip ReeseUsinger, Robert LeslieUvarov, (Sir) Boris PetrovichVan Den Bosch, RobertVan Duzee, Edward PaysonVarley, George CViereck, Henry LorenzWalker, FrancisWaloff, NadejdaWalsh, Benjamin DannWalsingham, (Lord) Thomas de GrayWasmann, ErichWesmael, ConstantinWestwood, John ObadiahWheeler, William MortonWiedemann, Christian Rudolph WilhelmWigglesworth, (Sir) Vincent BrianWilliams, Carroll MiltonWilliston, Samuel WendellWirth, Willis WagnerWolcott, George N.Wollaston, Thomas VernonYoung, Jr., David AZeller, Philipp ChristophZetterstedt, Johann WilhelmZachvatkin (Jasykov), Aleksei Alekseevich

Pest Management

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)Economic Injury Level (EIL) and Economic

Threshold (ET) Concepts in Pest Management

xxiHighlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology Costs and Benefits of InsectsMethods for Measuring Crop Losses by InsectsSampling ArthropodsTraps for Capturing InsectsScale and Hierarchy in Integrated Pest

ManagementPhenology Models for Pest ManagementAgroecologyOrganic AgricultureRegulatory EntomologyRegulations Affecting the Implementation of

Regulatory Entomology PracticesInvasive SpeciesPest Risk AnalysisMechanical Protection of Humans from

Arthropod Attacks and BitesRepellents of Biting FliesPhysical Management of Insect PestsKaolin-Based Particle Films for Arthropod

ControlControlled Atmosphere Technologies for Insect

ControlCultural Control of InsectsPlant Resistance to InsectsResistance of Solanaceous Vegetables to InsectsCover, Border and Trap Crops for Pest and

Disease ManagementPolycultureMicrobial Control of InsectsVisual Attractants and Repellents in IPMPush-Pull Strategy for Insect Pest ManagementArea-Wide Insect Pest ManagementSterile Insect TechniqueFilter Rearing System for Sterile Insect

TechnologyWeeds in Crop Systems for Pest SuppressionBiological Control of WeedsWeed Biological Control in AustraliaBiological Control of Invasive Plants in Latin

AmericaHost Specificity of Weed-Feeding InsectsForeign Exploration for Insects that Feed on

WeedsFlower Strips as Conservation Areas for Pest

Management

Augmentative Biological ControlClassical Biological ControlConservation Biological ControlNatural Enemies Important in Biological ControlMass Rearing of Natural EnemiesCulture of Natural Enemies on Factitious Foods

and Artificial DietsClassical Biological Control of Chestnut Gall

Wasp in JapanConservation of Ground Beetles in

Annual CropsFilth Fly Parasitoids (Hymenoptera:

Pteromalidae) in North AmericaCarabid Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as

ParasitoidsHistory of Biological Control of Wheat Stem

Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)Parasitism of Lepidoptera Defoliators in

Sunflower and Legume Crops, and Adjacent Vegetation in the Pampas of Argentina

Transmission of Plant Diseases by InsectsPlant Viruses and InsectsManagement of Insect-Vectored Pathogens of

PlantsTransmission of Xylella fastidiosa Bacteria by

Xylem-Feeding InsectsVectors of Phytoplasmas

Pesticides and Pesticide Application

Acaricides or MiticidesBoric AcidDDTInsecticidesInsecticide Application: The Dose Transfer

ProcessFood-Based Poisoned Baits for Insect ControlSoil FumigationStructural FumigationInsecticide BioassayInsecticide FormulationInsecticide ResistanceInsecticide Toxicity

xxii Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology Pesticide HormoligosisSynergismChronotoxicologyDetoxification Mechanisms in InsectsEnhanced Biodegradation of Soil-Applied

PesticidesPesticide Resistance ManagementNatural Products Used for Insect ControlBotanical InsecticidesChinaberry, Melia azedarach, a Biopesticidal TreePyrethrum and Persian Insect PowderNeemHorticultural OilsSoaps as InsecticidesDiatomaceous EarthPhotodynamic Action in Pest Control and

MedicineNeurological Effects of Insecticides and the Insect

Nervous SystemRegulations Affecting Use of Pesticides

Pests Groups and Their Management

Agricultural Crop Pests in Southeast Asia Including South China

Alfalfa (Lucerne) Pests and Their ManagementApple Pests and Their ManagementBanana Pests and Their ManagementBark Beetles in The Genus DendroctonusCassava Pests and Their ManagementCitrus Pests and Their ManagementCoffee Pests and Their ManagementCrucifer Pests and Their ManagementDesert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forskål

(Orthoptera: Acrididae) PlaguesGrasshoppers and Locusts as Agricultural PestsGrasshoppers of the Argentine PampasGrasshopper and Locust Pests in AfricaGrasshopper and Locust Pests in AustraliaGrasshopper Pests in North AmericaGramineous Lepidopteran Stem Borders in

AfricaMahogany Pests and Their Management

Maize (Corn) Pests and Their ManagementMite Pests of Crops in AsiaMusk Thistle Suppression Using Weevils For

Biological ControlPalm InsectsPests and Their Natural Enemies (Parasitoids

and/or Predators) in The Middle EastPotato Pests and Their ManagementSchool IPM, or Pest Management on School

GroundsShade Tree Arthropods and Their ManagementSmall Fruit Pests and Their ManagementStored Grain and Flour Insects and Their

ManagementSugarcane Pests and Their ManagementSweetpotato Weevils and Their Eradication

Programs in JapanTropical Fruit Pests and Their ManagementTurfgrass Insects of the United States and Their

ManagementUrban EntomologyVegetable Pests and Their ManagementVeterinary Pests and Their ManagementWheat Pests and Their ManagementWhitefly Bioecology and Management in Latin

AmericaWood-Attacking Insects

Medical and Veterinary Entomology

African Horse Sickness VirusesArgasid (Soft) Ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae)Avian (Bird) MalariaBed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae: Cimex spp.)Biting Midges, Culicoides spp. (Diptera:

Ceratopogonidae)Black Flies Attacking Livestock: Simulium

arcticum Malloch and Simulium luggeri Nicholson & Mickel (Diptera: Simuliidae)

Bluetongue DiseaseBovine Hypodermosis: Phenology in EuropeBrown Dog Tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus

(Latreille) (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae)

xxiiiHighlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology Cat Flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis Bouché

(Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)Chagas, Carlos Justiniano RibeiroChagas Disease or American TrypanosomiasisChagas Disease: Biochemistry of the VectorChikungunyaChironomids as a Nuisance and of Medical

ImportanceCockroaches and DiseaseDermatitis LinearisDengueDirofilariasisEastern Equine EncephalitisHorse Flies and Deer fliesHouse Fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera:

Muscidae)Human Botfly, Dermatobia hominis (Linneaus,

Jr.) (Diptera: Oestridae)Human LiceHuman Lymphatic Filariasis (Elephantiasis)Human ScabiesHypodermosis in DeerJapanese EncephalitisLa Crosse EncephalitisLeishmaniasisLyme BorreliosisMaggot TherapyMalariaMechanical Protection of Humans from Arthro-

pod Attacks and BitesMicrobial Control of Medically

Important InsectsMites (Acari)Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)Mosquitoes as Vectors of Viral PathogensMosquito OvipositionMyiasisOnchocerciasisPaederinaPederinPathogen Transmission by ArthropodsPiroplasmosis: Babesia and TheileriaReed, WalterRepellents of Biting FliesRocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Wood Tick, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles (Acari: Ixodidae)

Rodent Trypanosomiasis: A Comparison Between Trypanosoma lewisi and Trypanosoma musculi

Simulium spp. Vectors of Onchocerca volvulusSkin-Piercing and Blood-Feeding Moths,

Calyptra spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Calpinae)

Sleeping Sickness or African TrypanosomiasisSt. Louis EncephalitisSugar-Feeding in Blood-Feeding FliesTaiga Tick, Ixodes persulcatus Schulze (Acari:

Ixodida: Ixodidae)Tick ParalysisTicks (Ixodida)Ticks as Vectors of PathogensTrypanosomesTsetse Flies, Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae)Types of Pathogen Transmission by ArthropodsVector Capability of Blood-Sucking Arthropods:

A Forecasting MatrixVenoms And Toxins in InsectsWest Nile FeverYellow Fever

Arthropods of Economic Importance

African Armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

African Honey Bee, Africanized Honey Bee, or Killer Bee, Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

African Mahogany-Feeding Caterpillar, Heteronygmia dissimilis Aurivillius (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

African Pine-Feeding Grasshopper, Plagiotriptus pinivorus (Descamps) (Orthoptera: Eumastacidae)

Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee, Megachile rotundata Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Allegheny Mound Ant, Formica exsectoides Foretl (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

xxiv Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology American Grasshopper, Schistocerca americana

(Drury) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)Almond Seed Wasp, Eurytoma amygdali

Enderlein (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae)American Serpentine Leafminer, Liriomyza

trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)Argentine Ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr),

(Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dolichoderinae)

Army Cutworm, Euxoa auxiliaris (Grote) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)

Asparagus Aphid, Brachycorynella asparagi (Mordvilko) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Aster Leafhopper, Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Australian Sheep Blowfly, Lucilia cuprina Wiedemann (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Banana Weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae: Cimex spp.)Bee Louse, Bee Fly, or Braulid, Braula coeca

Nitzsch (Diptera: Braulidae)Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)

(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)Bertha Armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker

(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)Black Cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel)

(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)Black Fig Fly, Silba adipata McAlpine (Diptera:

Lonchaeidae)Bogong moth, Agrotis infusa (Boisduval)

(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)Boll Weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman

(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)Brown Citrus Aphid, Toxoptera citricida

(Kirkaldy) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)Cabbage Aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.)

(Hemiptera: Aphididae)Cabbage Maggot or Cabbage Root Fly, Delia radi-

cum (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

Cabbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)

Cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Cape Honey Bees, Apis mellifera capensis EscholtzCassava Mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti

Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Chilli Thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Chinch Bug, Blissus leucopterus (Say) (Hemiptera: Blissidae)

Cluster Fly, Pollenia rudis (Fabricius) and P. pseudorudis Rognes (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Coconut Mite, Aceria guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae)

Coffee Berry Borer, Hypthenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Corn Delphacid, Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

Corn Earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Corn Leaf Aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Corn Leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis (Delong And Wolcott) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Cotton Leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval)

Crapemyrtle Aphid Sarucallis kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Date Palm Stem Borer, Pseudophilus testaceus Gah. (= Jebusea hammershmidti Reiche) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Diaprepes Root Weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

xxvHighlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology Differential Grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis

(Thomas) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)Douglas-Fir Beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae

pseudotsugae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae)

Driver Ants (Dorylus Subgenus Anomma) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Dubas Bug (Old World Date Bug), Ommatissus binotatus (Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae)

Eastern Lubber Grasshopper, Romalea microptera (Beauvois) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Elm Leaf Beetle, Xanthogaleruca (= Pyrrhalta) luteola (Müller) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Eri Silkworm, Philosamia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Eurasian Spruce Bark Beetle, Ips typographus Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae)

European Cherry Fruit Fly Rhagoletis cerasi (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

European Earwig, Forficula auricularia Linnaeus (Dermaptera: Forficulidae)

Face Fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer (Diptera: Muscidae)

Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Formosan Subterranean Termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Fruit Stalk Borer, Oryectes elegans Prell (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Gamagrass Leafhopper Dalbulus quinquenotatus Delong & Nault (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Grape Phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Phylloxeridae)

Grapevine Leafhopper Complex (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Cyprus

Greater Date Moth, Arenipses sabella Hmps (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

Harlequin Bug, Murgantia histrionica (Hahn) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Hazelnut and Walnut Twig Borer, Oberea linearis Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Hessian Fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

Honey Bee, Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Horn Fly, Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae)

House Fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae)

Human Botfly, Dermatobia hominis (Linneaus, Jr.) (Diptera: Oestridae)

Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Jewel Wasp, Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

Khapra Beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

Large Milkweed Bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

Large Cabbage White Butterfly, Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

Larger Grain Borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)

Leaf-Cutting Ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini)

Lesser Date Moth, Batrachedra amydraula Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterygidae)

Lettuce Root Aphid, Pemphigus bursarius (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Locust Borer, Megacyllene robiniae (Forster) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

xxvi Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology Lovebug, Plecia nearctica Hardy (Diptera:

Bibionidae)Mango Mealybug, Rastrococcus invadens Williams

(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)Mediterranean Fruit Fly Ceratitis capitata

(Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)Melon Aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera:

Aphididae)Melon Fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett)

(Diptera: Tephritidae)Melon Thrips, Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera:

Thripidae)Melonworm, Diaphania hyalinata Linnaeus

(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)Mexican Bean Beetle, Epilachna varivestris

Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)Migratory Grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes

(Fabricius) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)Mole Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) and

Their Biological ControlMonarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus Linnaeus

(Lepidoptera: Danaidae)Mormon Cricket, Anabrus simplex Haldeman

(Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae

Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae)

Myndus crudus (Van Duzee) (Hemiptera: Cixiidae)

Neotropical Brown Stink Bug, Euschistus heros (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Neotropical Soybean Budborer, Crocidosema aporema (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Northern Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica barberi Smith & Lawrence (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Olive Fruit Curculio, Rhynchites (= Coenorrhinus) cribripennis Desbrochers (Coleoptera: Attelabidae)

Olive Fruit Fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (= Dacus oleae) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Olive Psyllids, Euplyllura spp. (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)

Onion Maggot, Delia antiqua (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Pea Leafminer, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

Pear Psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)

Pepper Weevil, Anthonomus eugenii Cano (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Phoracantha Longicorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Pickleworm, Diaphania nitidalis (Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Pine Weevil, Hylobius abietis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Pink Hibiscus Mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Pistachio Seed Wasps, Eurytoma plotnikovi Nikol’skaya (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) and Megastigmas pistaciae Walker (Hymenoptera: Torymidae)

Potato Aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Potato Tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Plum Curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Pseudo-Curly Top Treehopper, Micrutalis malleifera (Fowler) (Hemiptera: Membracidae)

Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Redlegged Grasshopper, Melanoplus femurrubrum (Degeer) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Rhammatocerus schistocercoides Rehn (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Rocky Mountain Wood Tick, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles (Acari: Ixodidae)

xxviiHighlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology Roundheaded Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus adjunc-

tus Blandford (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae)

Seedcorn Maggot or Bean Seed Fly, Delia platura (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

Silkworm, Bombyx mori (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Silverleaf Whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Small Green Stink Bug, Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

Small Hive Beetle, Aethina tumida Murray (Nitidulidae: Coleoptera)

Small Honey Ant, Prenolepis imparis (Say) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Small Rice Stink Bug, Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

Southern Green Stink Bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

Soybean Aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Spined Soldier Bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Spotted Cucumber Beetle or Southern Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunc-tata Mannerheim (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Spruce Budworms, Choristoneura Lederer (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Squash Bug, Anasa tristis (DeGeer) (Hemiptera: Coreidae)

Squash Vine Borer, Melittia cucurbitae (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidaae)

Stable Fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Muscidae)

Sweetpotato and Silverleaf Whiteflies, Bemisia spp. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Sweetpotato Flea Beetle, Chaetocnema confinis Crotch (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Alticinae)

Sweetpotato Weevil, Cylas formicarius (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Brentidae)

Taiga Tick, Ixodes persulcatus Schulze (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae)

Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois (Hemiptera: Miridae)

Taro Caterpillar or Rice Cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)

Tent Caterpillars, Malacosoma spp. (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

Termites (Isoptera) in South AmericaTimarcha Latreille (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae,

Chrysomelinae)Tomato Hornworm, Manduca quinquemaculata

(Haworth) and Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca sexta (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

Tracheal Mite, Acarapis woodi Rennie (Acarina: Tarsonemidae)

Tsetse Flies, Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae)Turnip Aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach)

(Hemiptera: Aphididae)Turnip Root Maggot, Delia floralis (Fallen)

(Diptera: Anthomyiidae)Twospotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae

Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)Two-Spotted Stink Bug, Perillus bioculatus

(Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)Twostriped Grasshopper, Melanoplus bivittatus

(Say) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)Varroa Mite, Varroa destructor Anderson &

Truemann (Acari: Varroidae)Variegated Cutworm, Peridroma saucia (Hübner)

(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)Vegetable Leafminer, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard

(Diptera: Agromyzidae)Viburnum Leaf Beetle, Pyrrhalta viburni

(Paykull) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)Vine Mealybug, Planococcus ficus Signoret

(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)Western Balsam Bark Beetle, Dryocoetes confusus

Swain (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae)

Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Leconte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Western Grapeleaf Skeletonizer, Harrisina brillians Barnes & McDunnough (Lepidoptera: Zyganeidae)

xxviii Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology Western Harvester Ant, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis

(Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)Western Thatching Ant, Formica obscuripes

(Forel) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)Wheat Stem Sawflies: Cephus cinctus Norton,

Cephus pygmaeus (L.) and Trachelus tabidus (F.) (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)

White Grubs, Phyllophaga, and Others (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Winter Moth, Operophtera brumata (L.) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and Its Biological Control

Wireworms, Several Genera and Species (Coleoptera: Elateridae)

Yellowstriped Armyworm, Spodoptera ornithogalli (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

List of Contributors

Abivardi, CyrusInstitute of Integrative BiologyETH ZurichUniverstät-Str.16 (CHN)CH-8092 ZurichSwitzerland

Abou-Fakhr, Efat M.Department of Plant SciencesFaculty of Agricultural and Food SciencesAmerican University of BeirutP.O. Box 11-0236Bliss StreetBeirutLebanon

Adams, Byron J.Department of Microbiology and Molecular BiologyBrigham Young UniversityProvo, Utah 84602USA

Adler, PeterDepartment of EntomologyClemson UniversityBox 340365114 Long HallClemson, South Carolina 29634-0365USA

Agnello, Arthur M.Department of EntomologyNew York State Agricultural Experiment StationCornell UniversityGeneva, New York 14456-0462USA

Agrios, GeorgePlant Pathology DepartmentUniversity of Florida

Gainesville, Florida 32611-0680USA

Ajjan, IskandarUniversity of TishreenP.O. Box 740LatakiaSyria

Ajlan, AzizDepartment of Plant ProtectionCollege of Agricultural and Food SciencesKing Faisal UniversityP.O. Box 55009Hofuf, Al-Hasa 31982Saudi Arabia

Albajes, RamonUniversitat de LleidaCentre UdL-IRTARovira Roure 17725199 LleidaCataloniaSpain

Alborn, HansUSDA, Agricultural Research ServiceChemistry Research Unit1600-1700 SW 23rd DriveGainesville, FL, 32608 USA

Aldryhim, YousifP.O. Box 2460Riyadh, 1141Saudi Arabia

Alekseev, Andrey N.Russian Parasitological SocietyP.O. Box 738

xxx List of Contributors 191186St. Petersburg, D-186Russia

All, JohnDepartment of EntomologyUniversity of Georgia413 Biological Sciences BuildingAthens, Georgia 30602USA

Alomar, ÒscarIRTACentre de CabrilsCarretera de Cabrils s/n08348 CabrilsBarcelona, CataloniaSpain

Alvarez, Juan M.Aberdeen Research and Education CenterUniversity of IdahoP.O. Box 870Aberdeen, Idaho 83210-0870USA

Amalin, Divina M.USDA-APHIS13601 Old Cutler RoadMiami, Florida 33158USA

Amerasinghe, Felix P.International Management Institute127 Sunil Mawatha, PelawattaBattaramulla, 10120Sri Lanka

Anderson, RobertCanadian Museum of NatureP.O. Box 3443, Station DOttawa, Ontario K1P 6P4 Canada

Arif, BasilGreat Lakes Forestry Center1219 Queen Street EastSault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 5M7Canada

Armstrong, EarleneDepartment of EntomologyUniversity of Maryland4122 Plant Sciences BuildingCollege Park, Maryland 20742USA

Arthurs, StevenDepartment of EntomologyBiological Control LaboratoryTexas A&M UniversityCollege Station, Texas 77843-2475USA

Asaro, ChristopherDepartment of EntomologyUniversity of Georgia413 Biological Sciences BuildingAthens, Georgia 30602-2603USA

Attathom, TipvadeeDepartment of EntomologyKasetsart UniversityKamphaengsaen CampusNakhon Pathom, 73140Thailand

Baldwin, Rebecca W.Entomology and Nematology DepartmentP.O. Box 110620University of FloridaGainesville, Florida, 32611 USA

Barbara, Kathryn A.Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

xxxiList of Contributors Barfield, CarlEntomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Barrera, Juan F. Departamento de Entomología Tropical El Colegio de la Frontera SurTapachula, Chiapas, 30700 México

Barth, MartinFriedrich-Miescher-Laboratorium der Max-Planck-GesellschaftSpemannstr. 39720726 TübingenGermany

Baumgärtner, JohannInternational Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE)P.O. Box 17319Addis AbabaEthiopia

Baz, ArturoUniversidad de AlcalaDepartment Biologia AnimalAlcala de HenaresMadrid, E-28801Spain

Becnel, James J.Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary EntomologyUSDA-ARSGainesville, Florida 32611-0970USA

Beeman, Richard W.USDA-ARSGMPRC1515 College AvenueManhattan, Kansas USA

Behmer, Spencer T.Department of EntomologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege Station, Texas 77843-2475 USA

Bellotti, Anthony C.CIAT - Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical Apartado Aéreo 6713, Cali Colombia

Beard, Charles E. Box 340315 - 114 Long HallEntomology, Soils and Plant SciencesClemson UniversityClemson, South Carolina 29634-0315USA

Bennett, Gary W.Center for Urban and Industrial ManagementDepartment of EntomologyPurdue University1158 Smith HallWest Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1158USA

Bentz, Barbara J.Rocky Mountain Research StationForestry Sciences Lab860 N 1200 ELogan, Utah 84321USA

Berisford, C. WayneDepartment of EntomologyUniversity of Georgia413 Biological Sciences BuildingAthens, Georgia 30602USA

Berlinger, Menachem J.Entomology LaboratoryAgricultural Research OrganizationGilat Regional Experiment Station

xxxii List of Contributors P.O. Box 7710Be’er-Sheva, 84843Israel

Bernays, Elizabeth A.Department of EntomologyUniversity of ArizonaP.O. Box 2100Tucson, Arizona 85721-0036USA

Berry, ColinCardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityP.O. Box 911Museum AvenueCardiff, Wales CF10 3USUK

Bidochka, MichaelDepartment of Biological SciencesBrock UniversitySt. Catharine’s, OntarioCanada

Blackwell, AlisonCenter for Tropical Veterinary MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEaster Bush Veterinary CentreRoslin, Midlothian EH25 9RGUK

Blum, Murray S.Department of EntomologyUniversity of Georgia413 Biological Sciences BuildingAthens, Georgia 30602USA

Boevé, Jean-LucDépartement d’EntomologieIRSNB-KBINRoyal Belgian Institute of Natural SciencesRue Vautier 29

B-1000 BruxellesBelgium

Borgemeister, ChristianInstitute of Plant Diseases and Plant ProtectionUniversity of HannoverHerrenheuser Str. 230419 HannoverGermany

Bostanian, Noubar J.Horiticultural Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri-Food Canada430, Boulevard GouinSt.-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec J3B 3E6Canada

Boucher, Stéphanie Lyman Entomological MuseumMcGill University, Macdonald CampusSte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec H9X 3V9Canada

Boucias, DrionEntomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Bowles, David E.Resource Protection DivisionFreshwater Conservation Branch/River Studies ProgramTexas Parks and Wildlife DepartmentP.O. Box 1685San Marcos, Texas 78666USA

Brambila, JulietaFlorida Department of Agriculture and Consumer ServicesDivision of Plant Industry

xxxiiiList of Contributors 1911 SW 34th StreetGainesville, Florida 32614USA

Brandenburg, RickDepartment of EntomologyNorth Carolina State UniversityP.O. Box 7613Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7613USA

Brault, Aaron C.Centers for Disease Control and PreventionNational Center for Infectious DiseasesDivision of Vector-Borne Infectious DiseasesP.O. Box 2087Foothills CampusFort Collins, Colorado 80522USA

Brewer, J. WayneDepartment of EntomologyAuburn University301 Funchess HallAuburn University, Alabama 36849-5413USA

Brown, Harley P.Department of ZoologyUniversity of Oklahoma730 Van Vleet Oval, Room 314Norman, Oklahoma 73019-6121USA

Brown, Susan J.Division of BiologyKansas State University9 Anderson HallManhattan, Kansas 66506USA

Broza, MeirUniversity of HaifaOranim, Tivon 36006Israel

Burden, BeverlyDepartment of Biological SciencesLouisiana State University - ShreveportOne University PlaceShreveport, Louisiana 71115USA

Buss, Eileen A.Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Byers, George W.Snow Entomological DivisionNatural History MuseumUniversity of Kansas1460 Jayhawk BoulevardLawrence, Kansas 66045-7523USA

Cabana, JeanAFA Environment Inc.1100, Rene-Levesque Boulevard West25th FloorMontreal, Quebec H3B 5C9Canada

Caceres, CarlosFAO/IAEAAgricultural and Biotechnology LaboratoryA-2444 SeibersdorfAustria

Calabrese, Diane M.1000 Robin RoadSilver Spring, Maryland 20901-1873USA

Cane, James H.USDA-ARSBee Biology and Systematics LaboratoryUtah State University

xxxiv List of Contributors 5310 Old Main HillLogan, Utah 84322-5310USA

Capinera, John L.Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Cardwell, Kitty F.USDA/CSREESWashington, D.C. USA

Cave, Ronald D. Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Indian River Research and Education CenterFt. Pierce, Florida 34945-3138 USA

Cédola, Claudia V.CEPAVEUniversidad Nacional de La PlataConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas2 No 584 (1900)La PlataArgentina

Chapman, RegArizona Research LaboratoriesDivision of NeurobiologyUniversity of ArizonaP.O. Box 210077Tuscon, Arizona 85721-0077USA

Cheng, LannaScripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California, San Diego9500 Gilman DriveLaJolla, California 92093-0202USA

Cherry, RonEverglades Research and Education CenterUniversity of Florida3200 E. Palm Beach RoadBelle Glade, Florida 33430USA

Chiappini, ElisabettaIstituto di Entomologia e Patologia VegetaleFacoltà di AgrariaUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreVia Emilia Parmense, 84Piacenza, 29100Italy

Choate, Paul M.Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Chouinard, GéraldInstitut de Recherche et de Développement en Agroenvironnement3300 SicotteSaint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 7B8Canada

Chow, Yien-ShingNational Museum of Natural Science1, Kuan Chien RoadTaichung 404, TaiwanRepublic of China

Christian, PeterNational Institute for Biological Standards and ControlPotters Bar, HertfordshireUK

Cilek, James E.Biting Fly and Tick Control SectionJohn A. Mulrennan, Sr. Public Health Entomology Research and Education Center

xxxvList of Contributors Florida A&M University4000 Frankford AvenuePanama City, Florida 32405-1933USA

Clement, Stephen L.USDA-ARSWestern Regional Plant Introduction StationWashington State University59 Johnson HallP.O. Box 646402Pullman, Washington 99164-6402USA

Collier, Rosemary H.Horticulture Research InternationalWellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EFUK

Conlong, Des E.SASA Experiment StationPrivate Bag X02Mount EdgecombeKwa Zulu-Natal, 4300South Africa

Constantino, ReginaldoDepto de ZoologiaUniversidade de Brasília70910-900 Brasília, DF Brazil

Coons, Lewis B.Integrated Microscopy CenterUniversity of Memphis201 Life Sciences BuildingRooms LS 101-113Memphis, Tennessee 38152-6040USA

Costas, MIguelFacultad de Biología Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain

Cranshaw, WhitneyDepartment of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest ManagementColorado State UniversityFort Collins, Colorado 80523-0001USA

Cresswell, JamesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ExeterHather LaboratoriesPrince of Wales RoadExeter, EX4 4PSUK

Crist, Thomas O.Department of ZoologyMiami UniversityPearson Hall Room 212Oxford, Ohio 45056-1400USA

Crooker, AllenBiology DepartmentHartwick CollegeOneonta, New York 13820 USA

Cuda, James P.Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Cumming, Jeffrey M.Canadian National Collection of Insects Arachnids and Nematodes Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada K.W. Neatby Building, C.E.F. Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6Canada

Cushing, Paula E.Department of ZoologyDenver Museum of Nature and Science

xxxvi List of Contributors 2001 Colorado BoulevardDenver, Colorado 80205-5798USA

Cusson, MichelNatural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest Service1055 rue du P.E.P.S.P.O. Box 3800Sainte-Foy, Quebec G1V 4C7Canada

Czél, GyozoHungarian Natural History MuseumBudapestHungary

Daane, Kent M.Division of Insect BiologyESPMUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley, California 94720USA

Dam, Nicole M. vanNetherlands Institute of EcologyCentre for Terrestrial EcologyP.O. Box 406666 ZG HeterenThe Netherlands

Dame, DavidEntomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Daniels, Jaret C.Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Danoff-Burg, James A.Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental BiologyColumbia University1020 Schermerhorn Extension, MC55571200 Amsterdam AvenueNew York, New York 10027USA

Davidson, Diane W.Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Utah257 South, 1400 EastSalt Lake City, Utah 84112-0840USA

DeClercq, PatrickLaboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop ProtectionFaculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological SciencesGhent UniversityCoupure Links 653B-9000 GhentBelgium

Denell, Robin E.Division of BiologyKansas State University9 Anderson HallManhattan, Kansas 66506USA

Denmark, Harold A.Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer ServicesDivision of Plant Industry1911 SW 34th StreetGainesville, Florida 32614USA

Devorshak, ChristinaUSDA-APHIS-PPQCenter for Plant Health Science and Technology

xxxviiList of Contributors Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis LaboratoryRaleigh, North Carolina USA

Dicke, MarcelLaboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityP.O. Box 80316700EH WageningenThe Netherlands

Dietrich, C.H.Center for BiodiversityIllinois Natural History Survey607 East Peabody DriveChampaign, Illinois 61820USA

Dorchin, NettaMuseum KoenigAdenauerallee 16053113 BonnGermany

Downer, R.A.Laboratory for Pest Control Application TechnologyOhio Agricultural Research and Development CenterOhio State University1680 Madison AvenueWooster, Ohio 44691-4096USA

Downie, D.A.Department of Zoology and EntomologyRhodes UniversityGrahamstown 6140 South Africa

Downing, HollyUnit 9003College of Arts and SciencesBlack Hills State University

1200 University StreetSpearfish, South Dakota 57799-9003USA

Dunford, James, C.Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida, 32611 USA

Dyby, Susanne D.Res. Le Rambouillet Bat. B1 Allée des LuciolesBeaulieu-sur-Mer, 06310France

Easton, EmmettDepartment of Plant and Environmental Protection SciencesUniversity of Hawaii at Manoa3050 Maile WayGilmore Hall 310Honolulu, Hawaii 96822-2271USA

Ebert, Timothy A.Laboratory for Pest Control Application TechnologyOhio Agricultural Research and Development CenterOhio State University1680 Madison AvenueWooster, Ohio 44691-4096USA

Edmunds, MalcolmDepartment of Environmental ManagementUniversity of Central LancashirePreston, PR1 2HEUK

xxxviii List of Contributors Ellis, AmandaFlorida Department of Agriculture and Consumer ServicesDivision of Plant IndustryP.O. Box 147100Gainesville, Florida 32614-7100USA

Ellis, James D.Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620 USA

Emmel, Thomas C.McGuire Center for Lepidoptera Research and ConservationUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Epsky, Nancy D.USDA/ARSSubtropical Horticulture Research Station13601 Old Cutler RoadMiami, Florida 33158USA

Farag, Mohamed A.Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryTexas Tech UniversityLubbock, Texas 79409-1061USA

Fasulo, Thomas R.Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Feir, DorothyBiology DepartmentSt. Louis UniversitySt. Louis, Missouri 63103USA

Felicioli, Antonio Universita’ degli Studi di PisaDipartimento di Anatomia, Biochimica e Fisiologia veterinaria Viale delle Piagge n° 2, 56100 Pisa Italy

Feng, QiliGreat Lakes Forestry Center1219 Queen Street EastSault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 5M7Canada

Finch, StanHorticulture Research InternationalWellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EFUK

Finke, Mark D.6811 Horned Owl TrailScottsdale, Arizona 85262-8519USA

Fishel, FredUniversity of Florida,Pesticide Information Office PO Box 110710Gainesville, Florida 32611-0710 USA

Fitzgerald, T.D.Department of BiologyState University of New York at CortlandCortland, New York 13045 USA

Floate, Kevin D.Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLethbridge Research Centre5403 1st AvenueP.O. Box 3000Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1Canada

xxxixList of Contributors Flowers, R. WillsCenter for Biological Control/EntomologyDivision of Agricultural SciencesFlorida A&M UniversityTallahassee, Florida 32307USA

Fornasari, LucaClas de l’Ermitage636, ave. E. Jeanbrau34090 MontpellierFrance

Frank, J. HowardEntomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Franz, GeraldFAO/IAEAAgricultural and Biotechnology LaboratoryA-2444 SeibersdorfAustria

Froeba, Jason G. Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, FL 32611-0620USA

Gabrys, BeataInstitute of Biotechnology and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Zielona GoraMonte Cassino 21b65-561 Zielona GoraPoland

Gäde, GerdZoology DepartmentUniversity of Cape TownPrivate Bag

Rondebosch 7700Cape TownRepublic of South Africa

Galante, EduardoCIBIOUniversity of Alicante03080 San Vicente del RaspeigAlicanteSpain

Gall, Lawrence F.Peabody Museum of Natural HistoryYale UniversityP.O. Box 208118New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8118USA

Gangwere, Stan K.Department of Biological SciencesWayne State UniversityDetroit, Michigan 48202USA

Garcia, LloydNorth Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer SciencesPlant Industry DivisionP.O. Box 27647Raleigh, North Carolina 27611USA

Gayubo, Severiano F.Area de ZoologíaFacultad de BiologíaUniversidad de Salamanca37071 SalamancaSpain

Gerberg, Eugene J.Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

xl List of Contributors Gerlach, GünterBotanischer Garten München - NymphenburgMenzinger Str. 6580638 München Germany

Gerling, DanDepartment of ZoologyTel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv, 69978Israel

Ghiradella, HelenDepartment of BiologyState University of New York at AlbanyAlbany, New York 12222USA

Giberson, DonnaDepartment of BiologyUniversity of Prince Edward Island 550 University Ave.Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3Canada

Giblin-Davis, Robin M.Fort Lauderdale Research and Education CenterUniversity of Florida3205 College AvenueDavie, Florida 33314-7719USA

Gibson, G.A.P.Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada960 Carling AvenueOttawa, Ontario K1A 0C6Canada

Glenn, D. Michael USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station 2217 Wiltshire Rd. Kearneysville, WV 25430USA

Goebel, RégisSASEX-CIRADEntomology DepartmentPrivate Bag X02Mount Edgecombe, 4300South Africa

Goettel, MarkLethbridge Research CentreAgriculture and Agri-Food Canada5403 1st Avenue SouthP.O. Box 3000Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1Canada

Gold, Clifford S. CIAT (International Center for Tropical Agriculture)P.O. Box 6247Kampala Uganda

Goodman, Katie Department of Biological SciencesWestern Illinois UniversityMacomb, Illinois 61455 USA

Goula, Marta University of BarcelonaBarcelona Spain

Greco, Nancy M.CEPAVEUniversidad Nacional de La PlataConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas2 No 584 (1900)La PlataArgentina

Grewal, Parwinder S. Department of EntomologyThe Ohio State University

xliList of Contributors Columbus, Ohio 43210 USA

Gruner, Susan V. Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620 USA

Guertin, ClaudeINRSInstitut Armand-Frappier531 Boulevard des PrairiesLaval, Quebec H7V 1B7Canada

Gupta, Virendra K.Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Gwynne, Darryl T. University of Toronto at MississaugaMississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6 Canada

Habeck, DaleEntomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Hahn, Daniel A. Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620 USA

Halbert, SusanFlorida Department of Agriculture and Consumer ServicesDivision of Plant Industry1911 SW 34th StreetGainesville, Florida 32614USA

Hall, Donald W.Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Hall, Jason P.W.National Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashington, D.C. 20560-0127USA

Hall, Robert D.Office of ResearchUniversity of Missouri205 Jesse HallColumbia, Missouri 65211USA

Handler, Alfred M.Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary EntomologyUSDA-ARSP.O. Box 145651700 SW 23rd DriveGainesville, Florida 32608USA

Hangay, George80 Gondola RoadNarrabeen, New South Wales 2101Australia

Hansen, Laurel D.Department of BiologySpokane Falls Community College3410 W. Fort George Wright Dr. Spokane, WA 99224-5288USA

Harman, Dan M.University of MarylandCenter for Environmental Science

xlii List of Contributors Appalachian LaboratoryFrostburg, Maryland 21532-2307USA

Haunerland, Norbert H.Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6Canada

Headings, MarkAgricultural Technical InstituteOhio State University1328 Dover RoadWooster, Ohio 44691-8905USA

Heath, Allen AgResearch WallacevilleWallaceville Animal Research Centre PO Box 40063, Upper Hutt, 5140New Zealand

Held, David W.Entomology DepartmentUniversity of KentuckyS-225 Agricultural Science Center Building NorthLexington, Kentucky 40546-0091USA

Henneman, M.L.Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolBristol, BS8 1THUK

Heppner, John B.Florida State Collection of ArthropodsFlorida Department of Agriculture and Consumer ServicesDivision of Plant IndustryP.O. Box 147100Gainesville, Florida 32614-7100USA

Hernandez, SantiagoUniversities of Cordoba and ExtremaduraCáceres, 10071Spain

Hilje, Luko Plant Protection Unit7170 CATIETurrialba, Cost Rica

Hinkle, Nancy C.Department of EntomologyUniversity of Georgia413 Biological Sciences BuildingAthens, Georgia 30602USA

Hirsch, Helmut V.B.Department of BiologyState University of New York at Albany1400 Washington AvenueAlbany, New York 12222USA

Ho, Chyi-ChenTaiwan Agricultural Research InstituteDepartment of Applied ZoologyWufengTaichung, TaiwanRepublic of China

Hodges, Greg S.Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer ServicesDivision of Plant Industry1911 SW 34th StreetGainesville, Florida 32614USA

Horton, David R.USDA/ARS5230 Konnowac Pass RoadWapato, Washington 98951USA

xliiiList of Contributors Hou, Roger F.Department of EntomologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung 402, TaiwanRepublic of China

Howard, Forrest W.Fort Lauderdale Research and Education CenterUniversity of FloridaFt. Lauderdale, Florida 33314-7719USA

Hoy, Marjorie A.Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Huber, JohnCanadian Forestry Service960 Carling AvenueOttawa, Ontario K1A 0C6Canada

Hunter, Fiona F.Department of Biological SciencesBrock UniversitySt. Catharine’s, Ontario L2S 3A1Canada

Hurd, HilaryKeele UniversitySchool of Life SciencesKeele, Staffordshire ST55BGUK

Hurd, Lawrence E.Department of BiologyWashington & Lee UniversityLexington, Virginia 24450USA

Ioffe-Uspensky, Inna Department of ParasitologyThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Hadassah Medical SchoolJerusalem Israel

Isman, Murray B.Faculty of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of British Columbia248-2357 Main MallVancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4Canada

James, Rosalind R.USDA/ARS, Bee Biology and Systematics LaboratoryDepartment of Biology, UMC 5310Utah State University5310 Old Main HillLogan, Utah 84321-5310USA

Jaffe, KlausUniversidad Simón BolívarApartado 89000, Caracas 1080 Venezuela

Jeremías, Xavier Museum of Natural SciencesC./ Catalunya 2808758 Cervelló (prov. Barcelona)Spain

Jolivet, Pierre67, Bd Soult75012 ParisFrance

Juárez, M. PatriciaFacultad de Ciencias MédicasUniversidad Nacional de la PlataCalle 60 y 120C.C. 455La Plata, 1900Argentina

xliv List of Contributors Kabissa, Joe C.B.Tanzania Cotton Lint and Seed BoardPamba HouseGarden AvenueP.O. Box 9161Dar Es SalaamTanzania

Kalkar, Ö.Department of EntomologyClemson UniversityClemson, South Carolina USA

Katsoyannos, ByronAristotle University of ThessalonikiDepartment of AgricultureLaboratory of Applied Zoology and ParasitologyThessaloniki, 541 24Greece

Kathirithamby, JeyaraneyDepartment of ZoologyOxford UniversitySouth Parks RoadOxford OX1 3PS, UK

Keeley, Larry L.Department of EntomologyTexas A&M University2475 TAMUCollege Station, Texas 77843-2475USA

Kerr, Peter H.California Department of Food and Agriculture Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch3294 Meadowview Rd. Sacramento, California 95832USA

Kfir, RamiARC-Plant Protection Research InstituteRietondale Research Station600 Soutpansberg Road

Private Bag X134Pretoria, 0001South Africa

Khan, Zeyour R.ICIPEP.O.B. 30772NairobiKenya

Kima, Peter E.Microbiology and Cell Science DepartmentUniversity of FloridaBuilding 981, Box 110700Gainesville, Florida 32611-0700USA

Klassen, WaldemarTropical Research and Education CenterUniversity of Florida18905 SW 280th StreetHomestead, Florida 33031-3314USA

Klotz, John H. Department of EntomologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiverside, California USA

Klowden, Marc J.Division of EntomologyUniversity of IdahoMoscow, Idaho 83844-2339USA

Koehler, Philip G.Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0602USA

Kok, L.T.Department of EntomologyCollege of Agriculture and Life SciencesVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

xlvList of Contributors 216 Price HallBlacksburg, Virginia 24061-0319USA

Kondratieff, Boris C.Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest ManagementColorado State UniversityFort Collins, Colorado 80523USA

Kouloussis, Nikos A.Aristotle University of ThessalonikiLaboratory of Applied Zoology and ParasitologyThessaloniki, 541 24Greece

Krafsur, Elliot S.206 Hidden Valley CircleShepherdstown, West Virginia 25443 USA

Lacey, Lawrence A.USDA-ARSYakima Agricultural Research Lab5230 Konnowac Pass RoadWapato, Washington 98951USA

Lambdin, Paris L.Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyUniversity of Tennessee2431 Center Drive205 Ellington Plant Sciences BuildingKnoxville, Tennessee 37996-4560USA

Lapointe, Stephen L. USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Lab2001 South Rock RoadFort Pierce, Florida 34945USA

Landis, Douglas A.Department of EntomologyCenter for Integrated Plant Systems

Michigan State University204 Center for Integrated Plant SystemsEast Lansing, Michigan 48824-1311USA

Lawrence, Pauline O.Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Leather, Simon R. Division of BiologyImperial College LondonSilwood Park CampusAscot, SL5 7PY UK

Lebiush-Mordechi, SarahEntomology LaboratoryAgricultural Research OrganizationGilat Regional Experiment StationP.O. Box 7710Be’er-Sheva, 84843Israel

Lecoq, MichelCentre de Coopération Internationale en Recher-che Agronomique pour le DéveloppementPrifasTA 40/D34398 Montpellier, Cedex 5France

Lee, Clarence M.Department of BiologyHoward University415 College Street N.W.Washington, D.C. 20059USA

Lee, How-JingDepartment of EntomologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei 106, TaiwanRepublic of China

xlvi List of Contributors Legaspi, Benjamin C., Jr.USDA-ARS, FAMU-Center for Biological Control6383 Mahan Drive Tallahassee, Florida 32308USA

Legaspi, Jesusa C. USDA-ARS, FAMU-Center for Biological Control6383 Mahan Drive Tallahassee Florida 32308USA

Legg, DavidDepartment of Renewable ResourcesCollege of AgricultureUniversity of WyomingP.O. Box 3354Laramie, Wyoming 82071USA

Leppla, Norman C.Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Leskey, TracyUSDA-ARSAppalachian Fruit Research Station45 Wiltshire RoadKearneysville, West Virginia 25430USA

Liburd, OscarEntomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Liebman, MattDepartment of AgronomyIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011-1010USA

Lloyd, James E.Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Long, Lewis S.Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Lord, Cynthia C.Florida Medical Entomology LaboratoryUniversity of Florida200 9th Street S.E.Vero Beach, Florida 32962-4699USA

Lord, JeffreyUSDA-ARSNorthern Plains Area Grain Marketing and Production Research CenterBiological Research Unit1515 College AvenueManhattan, Kansas 66502-2796USA

Lounibos, L. PhilipFlorida Medical Entomology LaboratoryUniversity of Florida200 9th Street S.E.Vero Beach, Florida 32962-4699USA

Luna, María G.Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California at Irvine321 Steinhaus HallIrvine, California 92697-2525USA

Lysyk, TimLaboratory of Vector EcologyAgriculture and Agri-Food Canada

xlviiList of Contributors P.O. Box 30005403 1st Avenue SouthLethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1Canada

MacVean, CharlesInstituto de InvestigacionesUniversidad del Valle de GuatemalaAptdo. Postal 82Guatemala CityGuatemala

Magalhães, BonifácioEMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e BiotecnologiaParque Estação BiológicaFinal WS NorteCEP 70770-900Brasilia-DFBrazil

Maimala, S.Department of AgricultureMinistry of Agriculture and CooperationChatuchak, BangkokThailand

Marshall, DavidEcology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Connecticut75 N. Eagleville Rd., U-3043Storrs, Connecticut 06269 USA

Malakar-Kuenen, RakshaDivision of Insect BiologyESPMUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley, California 94720USA

Mankin, RichardUSDA/ARSCenter for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology

1600/1700 SW 23rd DriveP.O. Box 14565Gainesville, Florida 32604USA

Manley, Donald G.PeeDee Research and Education CenterClemson University2200 Pocket RoadFlorence, South Carolina 29506-9706USA

Mapes, Carol C.Biology DepartmentKutztown UniversityKutztown, Pennsylvania 19530USA

Marcos-Garcia, Maria AngelesCIBIOUniversity of Alicante03080 San Vicente del RaspeigAlicanteSpain

Martínez, JavierUniversities of Cordoba and ExtremaduraCáceres, 10071Spain

Martínez, MaricelaInstituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua (IMTA)Paseo Cuaunhahuac 8532 ProgresoJiutepec, MorelosMexico

Mason, Peter G.Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research CentreAgriculture and Agri-Food Canada960 Carling AvenueOttawa, Ontario K1A 0C6Canada

xlviii List of Contributors Matthews, Deborah L.Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA

Matsumoto, YoshiharuUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan

Matthiessen, John N.CSIRO EntomologyUnderwood AvenueFloreat, Western Australia 6014Australia

McAuslane, Heather J.Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

McCravy, Kenneth W.Department of Biological SciencesWestern Illinois University1 University CircleMacomb, Illinois 61455USA

McFadyen, RachelCRC Australian Weed ManagementNatural Resource SciencesMeiers RoadIndooroopilly, QueenslandAustralia

McIver, JamesForestry and Range Sciences LaboratoryPacific Northwest Research StationUSDA Forest Service1404 Gekeler laneLaGrande, Oregon 97850USA

McSorley, RobertEntomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Meagher, RobertUSDA-ARSCenter for Medical and Veterinary Entomology1700 SW 23rd DriveGainesville, Florida 32608-1069USA

Medal, JulioEntomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620 USA

Meinke, Lance J.Department of EntomologyUniversity of NebraskaLincoln, Nebraska 68583-0816USA

Meinking, Terri L.Department of DermatologyUniversity of Miami School of Medicine1600 NW 10 AvenueP.O. Box 016960 (R-117)Miami, Florida 33101USA

Menalled, Fabián D.Department of AgronomyIowa State UniversityAgronomy HallAmes, Iowa 50011-1010USA

Merkl, OttóHungarian Natural History MuseumH-1088 BudapestBaross utca, 13Hungary

xlixList of Contributors Meyer, Jason Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620 USA

Meyerdirk, Dale E.USDA APHIS, PPQNational Biological Control Institute4700 River RoadUnit 135Riverdale, Maryland 20737-1228USA

Miller, Barry R.Centers for Disease Control and PreventionNational Center for Infectious DiseasesDivision of Vector-Borne Infectious DiseasesP.O. Box 2087Foothills CampusFort Collins, Colorado 80522USA

Miller, Dini M.Department of EntomologyVirginia Tech University, 216A Price HallBlacksburg, Virginia 24061 USA

Miller, Laura T.West Virginia Department of AgriculturePlant Industries Division1900 Kanawha Boulevard, EastCharleston, West Virginia 25305-0191USA

Mitcham, Elizabeth Department of Plant Sciences, Mail Stop 2University of CaliforniaOne Shields AvenueDavis, California 95616 USA

Mitsuhashi, JunDepartment of BioscienceTokyo University of Agriculture

Sakuragaoka 1-1-1Setagaya-kuTokyo, 156-8502Japan

Mizell, Patricia A.North Florida Research and Education CenterUniversity of Florida155 Research RoadQuincy, Florida 32351USA

Mizell, Russell F., IIINorth Florida Research and Education CenterUniversity of Florida155 Research RoadQuincy, Florida 32351USA

Moriya, SeiichiInsect Ecology LaboratoryNational Agricultural Research Center3-1-1, KannondaiTsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666Japan

Morrill, Wendell L.Department of EntomologyMontana State UniversityBozeman, Montana 59717-0001USA

Moya-Raygoza, GustavoUniversidad de GuadalajaraDepartamento de Botánica y ZoologíaApartado Postal 139Zapopan, Jalisco 45101Mexico

Mutun, SerapAbant Izzet Baysal UniversityDepartment of BiologyBolu, 14280Turkey

l List of Contributors Nadel, HannahUSDA-ARS SJVASCSan Joaquin Valley Science Center9611 Riverbend Ave. Parlier, California 93648USA

Nagoshi, RodUSDA-ARSCenter for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary EntomologyP.O. Box 14565Gainesville, Florida 32608USA

Napper, EmmaRothamstedHarpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQUK

Naranjo, Steven E.USDA-ARSWestern Cotton Research Laboratory4135 E. Broadway RoadPhoenix, Arizona 85040USA

Nation, James L.Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Navajas, MariaInstitut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueCampus International de BaillarguetCS 30016Montferrier sur Lez cedex, 34988France

Navarette, IgnacioUniversities of Cordoba and ExtremaduraCáceres, 10071Spain

Nayar, Jai K.Florida Medical Entomology LaboratoryUniversity of Florida200 9th Street SEVero Beach, Florida 32962USA

Nealis, Vince Natural Resources Canada-Canadian Forest ServicePacific Forestry Centre506 W. Burnside RoadVictoria, British Columbia V8Z 1M5Canada

Negron, Jose F.USDA Forest ServiceRocky Mountain Research Station240 West ProspectFort Collins, Colorado 80526USA

Neuenschwander, PeterInternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture08 B.P. 0932CotonouBénin

Neven, Lisa, G.USDA-ARS, Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory5230 Konnowac Pass RoadWapato, WA 98951 USA

Nguyen, KhuongEntomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Nicolson, Sue Department of Zoology & EntomologyUniversity of PretoriaPretoria 0002 South Africa

liList of Contributors Noling, Joseph W. University of FloridaCitrus Research & Education Center700 Experiment Station Rd. Lake Alfred, Florida 33850 USA

Norris, Douglas E.Johns Hopkins UniversityBloomberg School of Public HealthW. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology615 North Wolfe Street Rm E5008Baltimore, Maryland 21205USA

Northfield, TobinUniversity of FloridaNorth Florida Research and Education Center155 Research Rd.Quincy, Florida 32351 USA

O’Brien, Lois B.College of Engineering Sciences, Technology and AgricultureFlorida A&M UniversityTallahassee, Florida 32307-4100USA

O’Hara, James, E.Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada960 Carling AvenueOttawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 Canada

Oi, David H.USDA-ARSCenter for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology1600 SW 23rd DriveGainesville, Florida 32608-1067USA

Okuda, TakashiNational Institute of Agrobiological SciencesAnhydrobiosis Research Unit, 1-2 OhwashiTsukuba, 305-8634 Japan

O’Neill, Kevin M.Department of Land Resources and Environmental SciencesMontana State University Bozeman, MT 59717USA

Orphanides, George M.Agricultural Research InstituteP.O. Box 22016Nicosia, 1516Cyprus

Otis, Gard W.Department of Environmental BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelph, Ontario N1G 2W1Canada

Overholt, William AllanIndian River Research and Education CenterUniversity of FloridaFort Pierce, Florida USA

Panizzi, Antõnio R.Embrapa SojaCaixa Postal 231Londrina, PR 86001-970Brazil

Papadopoulos, Nikos T.Aristotle University of ThessalonikiLaboratory of Applied Zoology and ParasitologyThessaloniki, 541 24Greece

lii List of Contributors Parra, José Roberto PostaliDepartamento de Entomologia Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola. Esalq/USP, C.P. 9 - 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP Brazil

Paré, Paul W.Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryTexas Tech UniversityLubbock, Texas 79409-1061USA

Paulson, Gregory S.Shippensburg UniversityDepartment of BiologyShippensburg, Pennsylvania 17257USA

Peairs, Frank B.Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest ManagementColorado State UniversityFort Collins, Colorado 80523-1177USA

Peck, Daniel C.Department of Entomology, Barton LaboratoryNew York State Agricultural Experiment StationCornell University630 West North StreetGeneva, New York 14456USA

Peck, Stewart B.Department of Biology4640 CTTC Building Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6 Canada

Pellmyr, OlleDepartment of Biological SciencesUniversity of IdahoRoom 252, Life Sciences Building

P.O. Box 443051Moscow, Idaho 83844-3051USA

Peña, Jorge E.Tropical Research and Education CenterUniversity of Florida18905 SW 280th StreetHomestead, Florida 33031-3314USA

Pendland, J.C.Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Pereyra, Patricia C.CEPAVEUniversidad Nacional de La PlataConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas2 No 584 (1900)La PlataArgentina

Philogène, Bernard J.R.Department of BiologyUniversity of OttawaPoste 416630 Marie Curie StreetOttawa, Ontario K1N 6N5Canada

Pickett, John A.RothamstedHarpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQUK

Pinzauti, Mauro Universita’ degli Studi di PisaDipartimento di Coltivazione e Difesa delle Specie LegnoseVia S. Michele degli Scalzi, n°2, 56100 Pisa Italy

liiiList of Contributors Pollet, MarcResearch Group Terrestrial EcologyUniversity of Ghent, Ghent, Belgiumand Royal Belgian Institute of Natural SciencesBrussels Belgium

Potter, Daniel A.Department of EntomologyUniversity of KentuckyS-225 Agricultural Science Center Building NorthLexington, Kentucky 40546-0091USA

Powers, Ann M.Centers for Disease Control and PreventionNational Center for Infectious DiseasesDivision of Vector-Borne Infectious DiseasesP.O. Box 2087Foothills CampusFort Collins, Colorado 80522USA

Preston, Catherine A.USDA - ARSCenter for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary EntomologyP.O. Box 145651700 SW 23rd DriveGainesville, Florida 32608USA

Prischmann, DeirdreUSDA ARS NPA NCARL2923 Medary Ave.Brookings, South Dakota 57006-9401USA

Prokopy, Ronald J.Department of EntomologyUniversity of MassachusettsFernald HallAmherst, Massachusetts 01003USA

Pszczolkowski, MaciejMissouri State University and State Fruit Experiment Station9740 Red Spring RoadMountain Grove, Missouri 65711 USA

Punzo, FredDepartment of BiologyUniversity of TampaBox 5F401 West Kennedy BoulevardTampa, Florida 33606USA

Purcell, Alexander H.Division of Insect BiologyUniversity of California201 WellmanBerkeley, California 94720-3112USA

Puterka, GaryUSDA-ARS, PSRL1301 N. WesternStillwater, Oklahoma 74074USA

Ragsdale, David W.Department of EntomologyUniversity of Minnesota1980 Folwell AvenueSt. Paul, Minnesota 55108 USA

Raina, Ashok K.USDA-ARSSouthern Regional Research CenterFormosa Subterranean Termite Research Unit1100 Robert E. Lee BoulevardP.O. Box 19687New Orleans, Louisiana 70179-0687USA

liv List of Contributors Randolph, SarahDepartment of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxford, 0X1 3PSUK

Rashidan, KiaUniversity of Saint Boniface200 Avenue de la CathedralWinnipeg, Manitoba R2H 0H7Canada

Ratcliffe, Brett C.Systematics Research CollectionsUniversity of NebraskaLincoln, Nebraska 68588-0514 USA

Redborg, Kurt E.Department of BiologyCoe College1220 First AvenueCedar Rapids, Iowa 52402USA

Reina, DavidFaculty of Veterinary SciencesUniversities of Cordoba and ExtremaduraCáceres, 10071Spain

Resh, Vincent H.Environmental Science, Policy and ManagementUniversity of California201 Wellman HallBerkeley, California 94720USA

Retnakaran, ArthurGreat Lakes Forestry Center1219 Queen Street EastSault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 5M7Canada

Rey, JorgeFlorida Medical Entomology LaboratoryUniversity of Florida200 9th Street S.E.Vero Beach, Florida 32962USA

Ribes, Eva University of BarcelonaBarcelona Spain

Richman, David B.The Arthropod MuseumEntomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science DepartmentNew Mexico State UniversityMSC 3BE, Box 30003Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003USA

Riddick, Eric W.USDA-ARSBiological Control and Mass Rearing Research Unit810 Highway 12 EastP.O. Box 5367Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762-5367USA

Riley, David G.Coastal Plain RegionUniversity of GeorgiaP.O. Box 748Tifton, Georgia 31793-0748USA

Rinkevich, Frank D.L.Department of BiologyMillersville UniversityMillersville, Pennsylvania 17551USA

Rivers, David B.Department of Biological SciencesButler University

lvList of Contributors 4600 Sunset AvenueIndianapolis, Indiana 42608USA

Roderick, George Environmental Science (ESPM)University of California Berkeley, California 94720-3114USA

Rogers, Michael E.Department of EntomologyUniversity of KentuckyS-225 Agricultural Science Center NorthLexington, Kentucky 40546-0091USA

Roltsch, William J.California Department of Food and AgricultureBiological Control Program3288 Meadowview RoadSacramento, California 95832USA

Roe, Kelly Department of Biological SciencesWestern Illinois UniversityMacomb, Illinois 61455 USA

Rosenberg, David M.Freshwater Institute501 University CrescentWinnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6Canada

Ross, Edward S.California Academy of SciencesDepartment of EntomologyGolden Gate ParkSan Francisco, California 94118USA

Rossi, AnthonyDepartment of Natural SciencesUniversity of North Florida

Jacksonville, Florida 32224USA

Rothschild, MarjorieIntegrated Microscopy CenterUniversity of Memphis201 Life Sciences BuildingRooms LS 101-113Memphis, Tennessee 38152-6040USA

Rust, Michael K.Department of EntomologyUniversity of California, RiversideRiverside, California USA

Rutledge, C. RoxanneFlorida Medical Entomology LaboratoryUniversity of Florida200 9th Street S.E.Vero Beach, Florida 32962-4699USA

Sanborn, Allen F.Barry UniversitySchool of Natural and Health Sciences11300 NE Second AvenueMiami Shores, Florida 33161-6695USA

Sánchez, Norma E.CEPAVEUniversidad Nacional de La PlataConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas2 No 584 (1900)La PlataArgentina

Sanford, Malcolm T.Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

lvi List of Contributors Sarzynski, ErinEntomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Sastry, ShivashankarNational Institute of Mental HealthSaint Elizabeth HospitalU.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesWashington, D.C. USA

Schabel, Hans G.College of Natural ResourcesUniversity of WisconsinStevens Point, Wisconsin 54481USA

Scheffrahn, Rudolph H.Fort Lauderdale Research and Education CenterUniversity of Florida3205 College AvenueFort Lauderdale, Florida 33314USA

Scherer, Clay W.DuPont Professional ProductsWilmington, Delaware USA

Schmelz, Eric USDA, Agricultural Research ServiceChemistry Research Unit 1600-1700 SW 23rd Drive Gainesville, Florida 32608 USA

Schmidt, Justin O.Southwestern Biological Institute1961 W. Brichta Dr.Tucson, Arizona 85745 USA

Schneider, David C.Ocean SciencesMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John’s, Newfoundland A1B 3X7Canada

Schöning, CasparDepartment of Population BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 152100 CopenhagenDenmark

Schulthess, FritzIITAContonouRepublic of Benin

Schuster, JackUniversidad del ValleAptd 82Guatemala CityGuatemala

Scotti, Paul D.The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New ZealandMt. Albert Research CentreAucklandNew Zealand

Seal, Dakshina R. Tropical Research and Education CenterUniversity of Florida18905 SW 280th StreetHomestead, Florida 33031-3314USA

Serrano, David Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of Florida Gainesville, Florida32611 USA

Setamau, MamoudouTexas A&M Agricultural Experiment StationWeslaco, Texas 78596-8399USA

lviiList of Contributors Shaaya, EliDepartment of Food ScienceAgricultural Research OrganizationThe Volcani CenterP.O. Box 6Bet Dagan, 50250Israel

Shanower, Thomas G.USDA-ARSNorthern Plains Agricultural Research LaboratoryPest Management Research Unit1500 N. Central AvenueSidney, Montana 59270USA

Shapiro-Ilan, David I.USDA-ARS, SAASoutheastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory21 Dunbar RoadByron, Georgia 31008USA

Shepard, B. MerleCoastal Research and Education CenterClemson University2865 Savannah HighwayCharleston, South Carolina 29414-5333USA

Shields, Vonnie D.C.Biological Sciences DepartmentTowson University800 York RoadTowson, Maryland 21252-3042USA

Shippy, Teresa D.Division of BiologyKansas State UniversityManhattan, Kansas USA

Shirk, Paul D.USDA-ARSCenter for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary EntomologyBox 110970Gainesville, Florida 32611-0970USA

Showler, Allan T.USDA-ARS, SARC2413 East Highway 83Building 201Weslaco, Texas 78596USA

Shukle, Richard H.USDA-ARSDepartment of EntomologyPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana 47907USA

Sikes, Derek S. University of Alaska Museum907 Yukon DriveFairbanks, AK 99775-6960 USA

Sims, Kelly R. Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611USA

Sinclair, Bradley J. Entomology, Ontario Plant Laboratories, Canadian Food Inspection AgencyK.W. Neatby Building, C.E.F. Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6Canada

Sivinski, JohnUSDA-ARSCenter for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology

lviii List of Contributors 1700 SW 23rd DriveGainesville, Florida 32604-2565USA

Skevington, JeffAgriculture and Agri-Food CanadaK.W. Neatby Building, C.E.F.960 Carling Ave.Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6Canada

Slaney, DavidEcology and Health Research Center Department of Public HealthWellington School of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of OtagoP.O. Box 7343Wellington SouthNew Zealand

Smagghe, GuyLaboratory of AgrozoologyFaculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological SciencesGhent UniversityCoupure Links 653B-9000 GhentBelgium

Smith, HughUniversity of California Cooperative Extension 624-A West Foster Road Santa Maria, California 93455USA

Smith, John P.John A. Mulrennan, Sr., Public Health Entomology Research & Education CenterFlorida A&M University4000 Frankford AvenuePanama City, Florida 32405-1933USA

Soler Cruz, M.D. AmparoDepartment of ParasitologyUniversity of Granada18071 GranadaSpain

Solter, Leellen F.Illinois Natural History Survey607 East Peabody DriveChampaign, Illinois 61820USA

Somma, Louis A. Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611 USA

Soroka, Juliana J. Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaSaskatoon Research Centre107 Science PlaceSaskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0X2 Canada

Sourakov, AndreiEntomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Spafford, HelenSchool of Animal Biology (M0895)University of Western Australia 35 Stirling HighwayCrawley, W.A. 6009Australia

Stange, Lionel A.Florida Department of AgricultureDivision of Plant IndustryP.O. Box 110980Gainesville, Florida 32611-0980USA

lixList of Contributors Steck, Gary J.Florida State Collection of ArthropodsDivision of Plant Industry1911 SW 34th StreetGainesville, Florida 32608-1201USA

Stocks, Ian308 Long HallDepartment of Entomology, Soils, and Plant SciencesClemson UniversityClemson, South Carolina 29634-0315USA

Steinkraus, Donald C.Department of EntomologyUniversity of ArkansasVirology Laboratory319 Agriculture BuildingFayetteville, Arkansas 72701USA

Stewart, Kenneth W.Department of Biological ScienceUniversity of North TexasP.O. Box 305220Denton, Texas 76203-5220USA

Stonedahl, Gary106 Briza CourtBellingham, Washington 98226USA

Striganova, Bella R.Laboratory of Soil Zoology and General EntomologyA. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and EvolutionRussian Academy of SciencesLeninsky Prospect, 33Moscow 119071Russia

Sullivan, Daniel J.Department of Biological SciencesFordham UniversityBronx, New York 10458USA

Swisher, Marilyn E.Department of Family, Youth and Community SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0310USA

Sword, GregorySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of SydneyThe Macleay Building A12 Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia

Tabachnick, Walter J.Florida Medical Entomology LaboratoryUniversity of Florida200 9th Street SEVero Beach, Florida 32962-4699USA

Tanaka, SeijiLaboratory of Insect Life Cycles and PhysiologyDivision of Insect and Animal SciencesIndependent Administrative InstitutionOhwashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634 Japan

Tartar, AurélianEntomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Taylor, Steven J.Center for BiodiversityIllinois Natural History Survey

lx List of Contributors 607 East Peabody Drive (MC-652)Champaign, Illinois 61820-6970USA

Teal, Peter E.A.USDA-ARSCenter for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology1700 SW 23rd DriveP.O. Box 14565Gainesville, Florida 32604USA

Tew, James E.Ohio State University1608 Madison AvenueWooster, Ohio 44691-1030USA

Thomas, Michael C.Florida State Collection of ArthropodsFlorida Department of Agriculture and Consumer ServicesP.O. Box 147100Gainesville, Florida 32614-7100USA

Thompson, SarahDepartment of EntomologyNorth Carolina State UniversityP.O. Box 7613Raleigh, North Carolina 27965-7613USA

Thompson, VintonRoosevelt UniversityChicago, Illinois 60605USA

Tilgner, ErichDepartment of EntomologyUniversity of Georgia413 Biological Sciences BuildingAthens, Georgia 30602USA

Tinsaara, WilliamBioversity InternationalP.O. Box 24384, KampalaUganda

Tipping, ChristopherDelaware Valley College700 East Butler Ave. Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18901USA

Triplehorn, CharlesDepartment of EntomologyMuseum of Biological DiversityOhio State University1315 Kinnear RoadColumbus, Ohio 43212-1192USA

Trumble, John T.Department of EntomologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiverside, California 92521-0001USA

Tsai, James H.Fort Lauderdale Research and Education CenterUniversity of Florida3205 College AvenueFort Lauderdale, Florida 33314-7799USA

Tzanakakis, Minos E.Aristotle University of ThessalonikiDepartment of Applied Zoology and ParasitologyThessaloniki, 541 24Greece

Ueshima, NorihiroMatsusaka University Matsusaka, MieJapan

lxiList of Contributors Uspensky, IgorDepartment of ChemistryA. Silberman Institute of Life SciencesHebrew University of Life SciencesJerusalem 91904Israel

Valles, Steven M.USDA-ARSCenter for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology1600 SW 23rd DriveGainesville, Florida 32608USA

Vandergast, Amy G.U.S. Geological Survey San Diego, CaliforniaUSA

VanderMeer, Robert K.USDA-ARSCenter for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary EntomologyP.O. Box 145651700 SW 23rd DriveGainesville, Florida 32608USA

Vázquez, M. ÁngelesDepartamento de Zoología y Antropología FísicaC/ José Antonio Novais 2, pl.X Lab. 9 Universidad Complutense de Madrid28040 MadridSpain

Vega, Fernando E.USDA-ARSInsect Biocontrol LaboratoryBeltsville Agricultural Research CenterBuilding 011A, Room 214Beltsville, Maryland 20705USA

Verma, K.K.HIG1/327, Housing Board ColonyBorsi, DURG - 491001India

Vickerman, Danel B.Department of EntomologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiverside, California 92521-0001USA

Villegas, BaldomeroCalifornia Department of Food and AgricultureBiological Control Program3288 Meadowview RoadSacramento, California 95832USA

Vincent, CharlesHorticultural Research and Development CenterAgriculture and Agri-Food Canada430 Boulevard GouinSaint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec J3B 3E6Canada

Wallace, John R.Department of BiologyMillersville UniversityMillersville, Pennsylvania 17551USA

Wang, Ping Entomology DepartmentCornell UniversityNew York State Agricultural Experiment StationGeneva, New York 14456USA

Wang, QiaoInstitute of Natural ResourcesMassey UniversityPB 11122Palmerston NorthNew Zealand

lxii List of Contributors Weber, Donald C.USDA, ARS, PSI, Insect Biocontrol LaboratoryBldg. 011A, Rm. 107, BARC-West Beltsville, MD 20705USA

Weber, Richard G.Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology University of DelawareNewark, Delaware 19716 USA

Webster, Thomas C.Atwood Research FacillityKentucky State UniversityFrankfort, Kentucky 40601USA

Weinstein, PhilipEcology and Health Research Center, Department of Public HealthWellington School of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of OtagoP.O. Box 7343Wellington SouthNew Zealand

Weintraub, Phyllis G.Agricultural Research OrganizationGilat Research StationD.N. Negev, 85280Israel

Weissman, David B.Department of EntomologyCalifornia Academy of SciencesGolden Gate ParkSan Francisco, CA 94118USA

Weston, Paul A.Department of EntomologyCornell University

Comstock HallIthaca, New York 14853-0901USA

Wheeler, Alfred G.Department of EntomologyClemson University114 Long HallBox 340365Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0365USA

Wiener, LindaSt. John’s CollegeSanta Fe, New Mexico 87501USA

Wild, AlexDepartment of EntomologyUniversity of ArizonaPO Box 2100 Tucson, Arizona 85721-0036USA

Williamson, R. ChrisDepartment of EntomologyUniversity of Wisconsin237 Russell LabsMadison, Wisconsin 53706-1520USA

Willis, John S.Department of Cellular BiologyUniversity of Georgia724 Biological Sciences BuildingAthens, Georgia 30602-2607USA

Willis, Judith H.Department of Cellular BiologyUniversity of Georgia724 Biological Sciences BuildingAthens, Georgia 30602-2607USA

lxiiiList of Contributors Willmott, Keith R.McGuire Center for Lepidoptera Research and ConservationUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611USA

Wing, Steven R.University of FloridaP.O. Box 115001Gainesville, Florida 32611USA

Worner, SueNational Centre for Advanced Bio-Protection TechnologiesBio-Protection and Ecology DivisionLincoln University P.O. Box 84, CanterburyNew Zealand

Wysiecki, María L.CEPAVEUniversidad Nacional de La PlataConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas2 No 584 (1900)La PlataArgentina

Yousten, Allan A.Department of BiologyVirginia Tech2119 Derring Hall

Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0406USA

Yu, Simon J.Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Zachvatkin, Yuri A. Department of EntomologyK. A. Timiryazev Agricultural AcademyTimiryazeva St., 49, Build. 12Moscow 127550Russia

Zhu, Kun YanDepartment of EntomologyKansas State University123 Waters HallManhattan, Kansas 66506-4004USA

Zaspel, JenniferEntomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611-0620 USA

Zuparko, Robert L.Essig Museum of EntomologyUniversity of California201 Wellman HallBerkeley, California 94720-3112USA