Encoding Getting the information in our heads!!!! How do you encode the info you read in our text?

Encoding

Getting the information in our heads!!!!

How do you encode the info you read in our text?

Two ways to encode information

• Automatic Processing

• Effortful Processing

Automatic ProcessingAutomatic Processing

• Unconscious encoding of incidental information.Unconscious encoding of incidental information.

• You encode space, time and frequency without You encode space, time and frequency without effort.effort.

• Things can become automatic with practice.Things can become automatic with practice.

For example:

“You’re a jerk Bobby!”

“Where’s my coat?”

Going to your friends house…

Effortful ProcessingEffortful Processing

Encoding that requires attention Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.and conscious effort.

Rehearsal is the most common Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique.effortful processing technique.

Through enough rehearsal, what Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic.was effortful becomes automatic.

Things to remember about Encoding

1. The next-In-Line effect: we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next.

2. Information minutes before sleep1. is seldom remembered; 2. in the hour before sleep, well remembered.

3. Taped info played while asleep? registered by ears, but we do not remember it.

Spacing EffectSpacing Effect

•We encode We encode better when we better when we study or study or practice in practice in increments increments over timeover time..

•DO NOT DO NOT CRAM!!!!!CRAM!!!!!

List the U.S. Presidents

Take out a piece of paper and….

The Presidents

Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower

J.Adams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy

Jefferson Pierce McKinley L.Johnson

Madison Buchanan T.Roosevelt Nixon

Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford

JQ Adams A.Johnson Wilson Carter

Jackson Grant Harding Reagan

Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush

Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton

Tyler Arthur FD.Roosevelt Bush Jr.

Polk Cleveland Truman Obama

Serial Positioning Effect

• Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. (serial position curve)

If we graph an average person’s memory of the presidential list- it would probably look something like this.

PresidentsRecalled

Serial Positioning Effect

Primacy Effect: Tendency to remember words early in a list

Recency Effect: Tendency to remember last items on a list

Types of Encoding• Semantic Encoding: the

encoding of meaning, like the meaning of words

•Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words.

•Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images.

Encoding exercise

Which type works best?

Self-Reference EffectSelf-Reference Effect•An example of how An example of how

we encode meaning we encode meaning very well.very well.

• We remember things We remember things when they relate to, when they relate to, or describe us.or describe us.

•Think of your 3 most Think of your 3 most memorable memorable memories.memories.

•How many are of you?How many are of you?

Peg-word system

Encoding Strategies

Mnemonic Devices: Any learning technique that aids memory

use imagery, semantics to remember…

Links to examples of mnemonic devices.

Acronyms: Mars, Venus, Earth, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.

"Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums."

….

Mnemonic Devices• Peg Word System• One- bun• Two- shoe• Three- tree• Four- on the floor….

• List: bologna, windex, razor blades, butter…

• Weave a story matching each to a number…

ChunkingChunking

Organizing items Organizing items into familiar, into familiar, manageable units.manageable units.

Often it will occur Often it will occur automatically.automatically.

Chunk- from Goonies

1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1

Do these numbers mean anything to you?

1492, 1776, 1812, 1941 how about now?

Chunking1,3 and 5 make little sense to us. But when we chunk the characters differently (2,4,6) they become easy to remember.

Key Word SystemKey Word System……

TermTerm Key WordKey Word Mental PictureMental Picture

Broca’s AreaBroca’s Area Tom Brokaw Tom Brokaw News cast (talking)News cast (talking)

Parietal LobeParietal Lobe parentparent parent parent touchingtouching your your cheekcheek

AmygdalaAmygdala Armageddon Armageddon good vs evil (aggression, good vs evil (aggression, fear)fear)

HippocampusHippocampus ???????? ??????????

Loci (Location)Loci (Location)500 BC.- Simonides500 BC.- Simonides

Imagine location (house)Imagine location (house) Each item in list in specific locationEach item in list in specific location

ExampleExample (Grocery List) (Grocery List) Coffee in microwave Coffee in microwave Bread in toasterBread in toaster Dog food in food bowl in kitchenDog food in food bowl in kitchen Vacuum bags on living room rugVacuum bags on living room rug Dust polish on dining room tableDust polish on dining room table

Peg, key word, chunking, loci Peg, key word, chunking, loci (60 (60 seconds)seconds)

HamHam PencilPencil turkeyturkey penpen Check bookCheck book detergentdetergent footballfootball glassesglasses globeglobe BrotherBrother LaundryLaundry MapMap ScrabbleScrabble JeopardyJeopardy pizzapizza