EN378-1

EUROPEAN STANDARD

NORME EUROPÉENNE

EUROPÄISCHE NORM

EN 378-1

June 2000

ICS 01.040.27; 27.080; 27.200 Supersedes EN 378:1994

English version

Refrigerating systems and heat pumps - Safety andenvironmental requirements - Part 1: Basic requirements,

definitions, classification and selection criteria

Systèmes de réfrigération et pompes à chaleur - Exigencesde sécurité et d'environnement - Partie 1 : Exigences de

base, définitions, classification et critères de choix

Kälteanlagen und Wärmepumpen - Sicherheitstechnischeund umweltrelevante Anforderungen - Teil 1 :

Grundlegende Anforderungen, Definitionen, Kassifikationenund Auswahlkriterien

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 11 November 1999.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the officialversions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONC OM ITÉ EUR OP ÉEN DE NOR M ALIS AT IONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

© 2000 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.

Ref. No. EN 378-1:2000 E

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Contents

Page

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Basic Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Selection of refrigerants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Selection of cooling or heating systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Annex A (informative) Equivalent terms in English, French and German . . 25Annex B (informative) Total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) . . . . . . . . 29Annex C (informative) Location of refrigerating systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Annex D (informative) Protection of people who are inside cold rooms . . . 40Annex E (informative) Information about refrigerants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Annex F (informative) Risk assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Annex G (informative) Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Annex ZA (informative) Clauses of this European Standard addressing

essential requirements or other provisions of EU Directives . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Foreword

This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 182 "Refrigerating systems, safetyand environmental requirements", the secretariat of which is held by DIN.

This European Standard supersedes EN 378:1994.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text orby endorsement, at the latest by December 2000, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latestby December 2000.

This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and theEuropean Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).

For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this standard.

NOTE 1: It should be noted that this standard at the time of publication does not satisfy all essential safetyrequirements of the Directive 97/23/EC.

NOTE 2: This European Standard had also been proposed for inclusion in the mandate under the EU Direc-tive 89/392/EEC (Machinery Directive). As the mandate has been given after the Standard had been acceptedby the Technical Committee for submission to formal vote and in order not to further delay its publication, itwill be reviewed within the context of the latest version of the Machinery Directive directly after the publication.

This EN 378-1:1999 is part of a standard consisting of a series of the following parts:

Part 1 Basic requirements, definitions, classification and selection criteria

Part 2 Design, construction, testing, marking and documentation

Part 3 Installation site and personal protection

Part 4 Operation, maintenance, repair and recovery

For the 6-month enquiry, the draft standard was issued in 13 parts. After the discussion of the comments receivedduring the enquiry it was decided to rearrange the content of 12 parts and to publish the final standard in the above4 parts. The remaining part 13 will be published as a separate standard.

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The annexes A, B, C, D, E, F, G and ZA of this European Standard are informative.

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the followingcountries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

Introduction

This European Standard relates to safety and environmental requirements in the design, construction, manufacture,installation, operation, maintenance and disposal of refrigerating systems and appliances in respect to the local andglobal environments, but not to the final destruction of the refrigerants.

The term "refrigerating system" used in this standard includes heat pumps.

It is intended to minimize possible hazards to persons, property and the environment from refrigerating systems andrefrigerants. These hazards are associated essentially with the physical and chemical characteristics of refrigerantsas well as the pressures and temperatures occurring in refrigeration cycles.

Inadequate precautions may result in:

– rupture of a part or even an explosion, with risk from projected materials;

– escape of refrigerant due to a fracture, a leakage caused by bad design, incorrect operation, and inadequatemaintenance, repair, charging or disposal;

– burning or explosion of escaping refrigerant with consequent risk of fire.

Refrigerants, their mixtures and combinations with oils, water or other materials, which are present in the refrigerat-ing system, intended or unintended, affect the internal surrounding materials chemically and physically for exampledue to pressure and temperature. They can, if they have detrimental properties, endanger persons, property and theenvironment directly or indirectly due to global longterm effects (ODP,GWP) when escaping from the refrigeratingsystem. The specifications of such refrigerants, mixtures and combinations are given in other standards and are notincluded in this standard.

Hazards due to the states of pressure and temperature in refrigerating systems are essentially due to the simulta-neous presence of the liquid and vapour phases. Furthermore, the state of the refrigerant and the stresses that itexerts on the various components do not depend solely on the processes and functions inside the plant, but alsofrom external causes.

The following hazards are worthy of note:

a) from the direct effect of low temperature, for example:

– brittleness of materials at low temperatures;– freezing of enclosed liquid (water, brine or similar);– thermal stresses;– changes of volume due to temperature changes;– injurious effects to persons caused by low temperatures;

b) from excessive pressure due to, for example:

– increase in the pressure of condensation, caused by inadequate cooling or the partial pressure of noncondensable gases or an accumulation of oil or liquid refrigerant;– increase in the pressure of saturated vapour due to excessive external heating, for example of a liquidcooler, or when defrosting an air cooler or high ambient temperature when the plant is at a standstill;– expansion of liquid refrigerant in a closed space without the presence of vapour, caused by a rise inexternal temperature;– fire;

c) from the direct effect of the liquid phase, for example:

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– excessive charge or flooding of equipment;– presence of liquid in compressors, caused by syphoning, or condensation in the compressor;– liquid hammer in piping;– loss of lubrication due to emulsification of oil;

d) from the escape of refrigerants, for example:

– fire;– explosion;– toxicity;– caustic effects;– freezing of skin;– asphyxiation;– panic;– depletion of the ozone layer;– global warming;

e) from the moving parts of machinery, for example:

– injuries;– hearing loss from excessive noise;– damage due to vibration.

Attention is drawn to hazards common to all compression systems, such as excessive temperature at discharge,liquid slugging, erroneous operation or reduction in mechanical strength caused by corrosion, erosion, thermalstress, liquid hammer or vibration.

Corrosion, however, should have special consideration as conditions peculiar to refrigerating systems arise due toalternate frosting and defrosting or the covering of equipment by insulation.

The above analysis of the hazards applying to refrigerating systems explains the plan on which this EuropeanStandard has been based.

1 Scope 1.1 This European Standard specifies the requirements relating to safety of persons and property, but not goodsin storage, and the local and global environment for:

a) stationary and mobile refrigerating systems of all sizes, including heat pumps;

b) secondary cooling or heating systems; and

c) the location of these refrigerating systems.

1.2 For refrigerating systems with a limited mass of refrigerant only some of the parts and clauses are applicable.The exceptions are defined in the scope and the clauses of each Part of EN 378.

1.3 This European Standard is not applicable to refrigerating systems with air or water as refrigerant.

1.4 This European Standard covers the hazards mentioned in the introduction.

1.5 This European Standard is applicable to new refrigerating systems. The part dealing with maintenance, repair,operation, recovery, reuse and disposal also applies to existing systems. Parties responsible for existing refrigeratingsystems should consider the safety and environmental aspects of this European Standard and implement the morestringent requirements so far as they are reasonably practicable.

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The extent to which hazards are covered is indicated in the introduction. In addition, machinery should comply asappropriate with EN 292-1 and EN 292-2 for hazards which are not covered by this standard.

NOTE Directive 94/9/EC concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosiveatmospheres can be applicable to the type of machine or equipment covered by this European standard. Thepresent standard is not intended to provide means of complying with the essential health and safety requirementsof Directive 94/4/EC.

2 Normative references This European Standard incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. Thesenormative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. Fordated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this EuropeanStandard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition of thepublication referred to applies.

EN 292-1Safety of machinery – Basic concepts, general principles for design – Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology

EN 292-2Safety of machinery – Basic concepts, general prinicples for design – Part 2: Technical principles andspecifications

EN 294Safety of machinery – Safety distances to prevent danger zones being reached by the upper limbs

3 Definitions

For the purposes of this European Standard the following definitions apply:

NOTE: See informative annex A for equivalent terms in English, French and German.

3.1 Refrigerating systems

3.1.1 refrigerating system [heat pump]: Combination of interconnected refrigerant-containing parts constitutingone closed refrigerant circuit in which the refrigerant is circulated for the purpose of extracting and rejecting heat (i.e.cooling, heating).

3.1.2 self-contained system: Complete factory-made refrigerating system in a suitable frame and/or enclosure, thatis fabricated and transported in one or more sections and in which no refrigerant containing parts are connected onsite other than by companion or block valves.

3.1.3 unit system: Self-contained system that has been assembled, filled ready for use and tested prior to itsinstallation and is installed without need for connecting any refrigerant containing parts; a unit system can includefactory assembled companion or block valves.

3.1.4 limited charge system: Refrigerating system in which the internal volume and total refrigerant charge aresuch that, with the system idle, the allowable pressure will not be exceeded if complete evaporation of the refrigerantcharge occurs.

3.1.5 absorption or adsorption system: Refrigerating system in which refrigeration is effected by evaporation ofa refrigerant, the vapour then being absorbed or adsorbed by an absorbent or adsorbent medium respectively, fromwhich it is subsequently expelled at a higher partial vapour pressure by heating and then liquefied by cooling.

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3.1.6 secondary cooling or heating system: System employing a fluid which transfers heat from the product orspaces to be cooled or heated or from another cooling or heating system to the refrigerating system.

3.1.7 closed system: Refrigerating system in which all refrigerant-containing parts are made tight by flanges,screwed fittings or similar connections.

3.1.8 sealed system: Refrigerating system in which all refrigerant containing parts are made tight by welding,brazing or a similar permanent connection.

3.1.9 high pressure side: Part of a refrigerating system operating at approximately the condenser pressure.

3.1.10 low pressure side: Part of a refrigerating system operating at approximately the evaporator pressure.

3.1.11 mobile system: Refrigerating system which is normally in transit during operation.

NOTE: Mobile systems include the following:

– refrigerating systems in vessels, e.g. refrigerated cargo systems in ships, refrigerating systems in fishingboats, air conditioning on board, refrigerating systems for provisions;

– transport refrigerating systems, e.g. transport of refrigerated cargo by road, train and containers;

– refrigerating systems for air conditioning in vehicles, e.g. cars, lorries, buses, excavators and cranes.

3.2 Occupancies, localities

3.2.1 special machinery room: Room or enclosure specially intended to contain, for reasons connected with safetyand environmental protection, components of the refrigerating system not accessible to the public but not includingrooms or enclosures containing only evaporators, condensers or piping.

3.2.2 human occupied space: Complete space which is occupied for a significant period by humans. Where thespaces around the apparent human occupied space are, by construction or design, not air tight, these areconsidered as part of the human occupied space, e.g. false ceiling voids, crawl ways, ducts, movable partitions anddoors with transfer grilles.

3.2.3 air lock: Isolating chamber provided with separate entrance and exit doors allowing passage from one placeto another whilst isolating one from the other.

3.2.4 lobby: Entrance hall or large hallway serving as a waiting room.

3.2.5 hallway: Corridor for the passage of people.

3.2.6 exit: Opening in the outer wall, with or without a door or gate.

3.2.7 exit passageway: Passageway immediately in the vicinity of the door through which people leave thebuilding.

3.2.8 cold room: Room or cabinet, maintained by a refrigerating system at a temperature lower than ambienttemperature.

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3.2.9 direct communication: Communication where the partition wall between rooms contains an opening whichcan optionally be shut by a door, window or hatch.

3.2.10 open air: Any unenclosed space, which may be roofed.

3.3 Pressures

3.3.1 gauge pressure: Pressure for which the value is equal to the algebraic difference between the absolutepressure and atmospheric pressure [see EN 764].

NOTE: All pressures are gauge pressures, unless otherwise indicated.

3.3.2 maximum allowable pressure: Maximum pressure for which the equipment is designed, as specified by themanufacturer.

NOTE 1: Limit to the operating pressure which should not be exceeded either when the system is working ornot, see EN 764.

NOTE 2: The Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC identifies the maximum allowable pressure by thesymbol "PS".

3.3.3 design pressure: Pressure chosen for the derivation of the calculation pressure of each component, seeEN 764.

NOTE: It is used for determining the necessary materials, thickness and construction for components withregard to their ability to withstand pressure.

3.3.4 strength test pressure: Pressure that is applied to test the strength of a refrigerating system or any part ofit.

3.3.5 leakage test pressure: Pressure that is applied to test a system or any part of it for pressure tightness.

3.3.6 maximum declared pressure: Pressure declared by the manufacturer of the component or device to whichit may be subjected without reducing its performance.

3.3.7 ultimate strength of a system: Pressure at which a part of the system ruptures or bursts.

3.4 Components of refrigerating systems

3.4.1 refrigerating installation: Assembly of components of a refrigerating system and all the apparatus necessaryfor its operation.

3.4.2 refrigerating equipment: Components forming a part of the refrigerating system, e.g. compressor, condenser,generator, absorber, adsorber, liquid receiver, evaporator, surge drum.

3.4.3 compressor: Device for mechanically increasing the pressure of a refrigerant vapour.

3.4.4 motorcompressor: Fixed combination of electrical motor and compressor in one unit.

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3.4.4.1 hermetic motorcompressor: Combination consisting of a compressor and electrical motor, both of whichare enclosed in the same housing, with no external shaft or shaft seals, the electrical motor operating in a mixtureof oil and refrigerant vapour.

3.4.4.2 semihermetic (accessible hermetic) motorcompressor: Combination consisting of a compressor andelectrical motor, both of which are enclosed in the same housing, having removable covers for access, but havingno external shaft or shaft seals, the electrical motor operating in a mixture of oil and refrigerant vapour.

3.4.4.3 canned rotor motorcompressor: Motorcompressor within a sealed housing not enclosing the motorwindings and having no external shaft.

3.4.5 open compressor: Compressor having a drive shaft penetrating the refrigerant-tight housing.

3.4.6 positive displacement compressor: Compressor in which compression is obtained by changing the internalvolume of the compression chamber.

3.4.7 non-positive displacement compressor: Compressor in which compression is obtained without changingthe internal volume of the compression chamber.

3.4.8 pressure vessel: Any refrigerant-containing part of a refrigerating system other than:

– compressors;

– pumps;

– component parts of sealed absorption systems;

– evaporators, each separate section of which does not exceed 15 l of refrigerant containing volume;

– coils and grids;

– piping and its valves, joints and fittings;

– control devices;

– headers and other components having an internal diameter of not greater than 152 mm and an internal netvolume of not greater than 100 l.

3.4.9 condenser: Heat exchanger in which vaporized refrigerant is liquified by removal of heat.

3.4.10 liquid receiver: Vessel permanently connected to a system by inlet and outlet pipes for accumulation ofliquid refrigerant.

3.4.11 evaporator: Heat exchanger in which liquid refrigerant is vaporized by absorbing heat from the substanceto be cooled.

3.4.12 coil: Part of the refrigerating system constructed from bent or straight pipes or tubes suitably connected andserving as a heat exchanger (evaporator or condenser).

3.4.13 grid: Part of the refrigerating system constructed from bent or straight pipes or tubes suitably connected andserving as a heat exchanger (evaporator or condenser).

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3.4.14 compressor unit: Combination of one or more compressors and the regularly furnished accessories.

3.4.15 condensing unit: Combination of one or more compressors, condensers or liquid receivers (when required)and the regularly furnished accessories.

3.4.16 evaporating unit: Combination of one or more compressors, evaporators, liquid receivers (when required)and the regularly furnished accessories.

3.4.17 surge drum: Vessels containing refrigerant at low pressure and temperature and connected by liquid feedand vapour return pipes to (an) evaporator(s).

3.4.18 internal gross volume: Volume calculated from the internal dimensions of a vessel, no account being takenof the volume of any internal parts.

3.4.19 internal net volume: Volume calculated from the internal dimensions of a vessel, after the subtraction of thevolume of the internal parts.

3.5 Piping, joints and fittings

3.5.1 piping: Pipes or tubes (including any hose, bellows or flexible pipe) for interconnecting the various parts ofa refrigerating system.

3.5.2 joint: Connection made between two parts.

3.5.3 welded joint: Joint obtained by the joining of metal parts in the plastic or molten state.

3.5.4 brazed joint: Joint obtained by the joining of metal parts with alloys which melt at temperatures in generalhigher than 450 °C but less than the melting temperatures of the joined parts.

3.5.5 soldered joint: Joint obtained by the joining of metal parts with metallic mixtures or alloys which melt attemperatures in general from 200 °C to 450 °C.

3.5.6 flanged joint: Joint made by bolting together a pair of flanged ends.

3.5.7 flared joint: Metal-to-metal compression joint in which a conical spread is made on the end of the tube.

3.5.8 screwed joint: Threaded pipe joint not requiring any sealing material e.g. compression joint with deformablemetal ring.

3.5.9 taper pipe thread end: Threaded pipe joint requiring filler materials in order to block the spiral leakage path.

3.5.10 header: Pipe or tube component of a refrigerating system to which several other pipes or tubes areconnected.

3.5.11 shut-off device: Device to shut off the flow of the fluid, e. g. refrigerant, brine.

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3.5.12 companion [block] valves: Pairs of mating stop valves, isolating sections of systems and arranged so thatthese sections may be joined before opening these valves or separated after closing them.

3.5.13 quick closing valve: Shut-off device which closes automatically (e.g. by weight, spring force, quick closingball) or has a very small closing angle.

3.6 Safety accessories

3.6.1 pressure relief device: Pressure relief valve or bursting disc device designed to relieve excessive pressureautomatically.

3.6.2 pressure relief valve: Pressure actuated valve held shut by a spring or other means and designed to relieveexcessive pressure automatically by starting to open at a pressure not exceeding the allowable pressure andreclosing after the pressure has fallen below the allowable pressure.

3.6.3 bursting disc: Disc or foil which bursts at a predetermined differential pressure.

3.6.4 fusible plug: Device containing a material which melts at a predetermined temperature and thereby relievingthe pressure.

3.6.5 temperature limiting device: Temperature actuated device that is designed to prevent unsafe temperatures.

3.6.6 safety switching device for limiting the pressure: Pressure actuated device that is designed to stop theoperation of the pressure generator.

3.6.6.1 pressure limiter: Device which automatically resets and is called PSH for high pressure protection and PSLfor low pressure protection.

3.6.6.2 pressure cut out: Device which is manually reset without the aid of a tool and is called PZH for highpressure protection and PZL for low pressure protection.

3.6.6.3 safety pressure cut out: Device which is manually reset only with the aid of a tool and is called PZHH forhigh pressure protection and PZLL for low pressure protection.

3.6.7 type tested safety switching device for limiting the pressure: Device which is type tested and designedto fail safe so that in the event of a defect or malfunction of the device the power supply will be interrupted.

3.6.8 changeover device: Valve controlling two safety devices and so arranged that only one can be madeinoperative at any one time.

3.6.9 refrigerant detector: Sensing device which responds to a pre-set quantity of refrigerant gas in the environ-ment.

3.7 Fluids

3.7.1 refrigerant: Fluid used for heat transfer in a refrigerating system, which absorbs heat at a low temperatureand a low pressure and rejects heat at a higher temperature and a higher pressure usually involving changes of thestate of the fluid.

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3.7.2 heat-transfer medium: Fluid (e.g. brine, water, air) for the transmission of heat without any change in itsstate.

3.7.3 toxicity: Ability of a refrigerant to be harmful or lethal due to acute or chronic exposure by contact, inhalationor ingestion.

NOTE: Temporary discomfort that does not impair health is not considered to be harmful.

3.7.4 lower flammability limit: Minimum concentration of refrigerant that is capable of propagating a flame withina homogeneous mixture of refrigerant and air.

3.7.5 fractionation: Change in composition of a refrigerant mixture by e.g. evaporation of the more volatilecomponent(s) or condensation of the less volatile component(s).

3.7.6 sudden major release: Release and vapourization of the majority of the total refrigerant charge in a shorttime, e.g. under 5 min.

3.7.7 short exposure time: Maximum time that humans can be exposed to a major release of refrigerant e.g. nomore than 10 min.

3.7.8 outside air: Air from outside the building.

3.7.9 halocarbon and hydrocarbon:

These are:

CFC: Fully-halogenated (no hydrogen remaining) halocarbon containing chlorine, fluorine and carbon;

HCFC: Halocarbon containing hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine and carbon;

HFC: Halocarbon containing only hydrogen, fluorine and carbon;

PFC: Halocarbon containing only fluorine and carbon;

HC: Hydrocarbon containing only hydrogen and carbon.

3.7.10 recover: Removing refrigerant in any condition from a system and store it in an external container.

3.7.11 recycle: Reducing contaminants in used refrigerants by separating oil, removing noncondensibles and usingdevices such as filters, driers or filter-driers to reduce moisture, acidity and particulate matter.

3.7.12 reclaim: Processing used refrigerants to new product specifications.

NOTE: Chemical analysis of the refrigerant determines that appropriate specifications are met. The identifica-tion of contaminants and required chemical analysis both are specified in national and international standardsfor new product specifications.

3.7.13 disposal: Conveying a product to another party, usually for destruction.

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3.8 Miscellaneous

3.8.1 competence: Ability to perform satisfactorily the activities within an occupation.

3.8.2 comfort air conditioning: Method of air treatment designed to satisfy the comfort requirements of theoccupants.

3.8.3 self-contained breathing apparatus: Breathing apparatus which has a portable supply of compressed air,independent of the ambient atmosphere, where exhaust air passes without recirculation to the ambient atmosphere.

3.8.4 vacuum procedure: Procedure to check the gas tightness of an uncharged system by drawing a vacuum.

4 Basic requirements 4.1 General

4.1.1 Refrigerating systems

Refrigerating systems shall be designed, constructed, installed, operated, maintained and disposed of according tothis European Standard.

4.1.2 Refrigerants

Where refrigerants of different groups are used in a refrigerating system the requirements of each individual groupshall apply.

4.1.3 Discharge of refrigerants

Deliberate discharge of environmentally harmful refrigerants shall be avoided.

4.1.4 Selection of refrigerants

When selecting a refrigerant the potential influence on global warming and the depletion of ozone in the stratosphereshall be taken into account.

NOTE 1: A way of assessing global warming is using the concept of total equivalent warming impact (TEWI)that combines the direct contribution of refrigerant emissions into the atmosphere with the indirect contributionof the carbon dioxide emissions resulting from the energy required to operate the refrigerating system overits operational life, also see informative annex B.

NOTE 2: Emitted refrigerant can have global impact due to:

– global warming potential (GWP);

– ozone depletion potential (ODP).

4.2 Design, construction, materials

4.2.1 Components under pressure

All parts of the refrigerant circuit shall be designed and manufactured to remain leakproof and withstand the pressurewhich may occur during operation, standstill and transportation taking into account the thermal, physical andchemical stresses to be expected.

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4.2.2 Protection against excessive pressure

In refrigerating systems the pressure during normal operation, standstill and transportation shall not exceed themaximum allowable pressure of any component. Excessive internal pressure from foreseeable causes shall beprevented or relieved with minimum practicable risk for persons, property and the environment, and if a pressurerelief device is discharging, the pressure on any component shall not exceed the allowable pressure by more than10 %.

4.2.3 Indicating and measuring instruments (monitoring)

Refrigerating systems shall be equipped with the indicating and measuring instruments necessary for testing,operating and servicing as specified in this European standard.

4.2.4 Safeguarding against unauthorized actuation

Control and safety devices which should not be operated by unauthorized persons shall be safeguarded againstdeliberate or accidental actuation.

4.2.5 Refrigerant charge

Refrigerating systems shall be designed with due care for their local and global environment in such a way that eachrefrigerant charge is kept as small as reasonably practicable in a system which is as tight as reasonably practicable.

4.2.6 Loss of refrigerant

Refrigerating systems shall be so equipped with devices necessary for testing, servicing, maintenance and recoveryof refrigerant and so constructed that even in the case of fire or leakage the loss or refrigerant is minimized.

4.2.7 Liquid slugging in compressors

Refrigerating systems shall be so designed and installed that liquid refrigerant or oil cannot return in excessivequantity to damage the compressor(s).

4.2.8 Liquid hammer in systems

Piping in refrigerating systems shall be so designed and installed that liquid hammer (hydraulic shock) cannotdamage the system.

4.2.9 Moving parts of machinery

Moving parts of machinery shall be guarded according to EN 292-1, EN 292-2 and EN 294.

4.2.10 Noise

Compressors, fans, valves, equipment and ducts of refrigerating systems shall be so designed and constructed thatrisks resulting from the emission of airborne noise are reduced to the lowest practical level taking account oftechnical progress and the availability of means of reducing noise in particular at source.

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4.2.11 Vibration

Compressors, fans, valves, equipment and ducts of refrigerating systems shall be so designed and constructed thatrisks resulting from vibration produced by the parts of the system are reduced to the lowest practical level takingaccount of technical progress and the availability of means of reducing vibration in particular at source.

4.2.12 Contact with foodstuffs

Parts of refrigerating systems which are in contact or are intended to come into contact with foodstuffs (food orbeverages) shall be designed and constructed from suitable materials, the surfaces of which can be cleaned beforeeach use.

4.2.13 Energy consumption

Refrigerating systems shall be so designed and constructed that under the foreseeable operating conditions theenergy consumption is kept as low as reasonably practicable.

4.3 Installation, commissioning

4.3.1 Installation in relation to occupancies

Refrigerants and refrigerating systems shall be selected, installed and utilized with regard to the categories ofoccupancy and operated so that persons are not endangered. If national regulations do not exist, informativeannex C should be used.

4.3.2 Special machinery rooms

In some cases special machinery rooms shall be provided for accommodating parts of refrigerating systems,especially those of the high pressure side, and the compressors, for reasons of safety.

NOTE: Housings kept tight and vented may also serve as special machinery rooms.

4.3.3 Cold rooms

Cold rooms shall be equipped or so constructed that trapped persons can escape. If national regulations do notexist, informative annex D should be used.

4.3.4 Discharge of refrigerant

Discharge of refrigerant into the atmosphere shall be minimized. Discharges of refrigerant that cannot be avoidedshall take place so that persons are not endangered.

4.3.5 Protection devices, piping and fittings

Protection devices, piping and fittings shall be protected as far as possible against adverse climatic effects and theaccumulation of dirt or debris.

4.3.6 Electrical installation

The design, construction, installation, testing and use of electrical equipment shall be in accordance with theappropriate European standards, e.g. EN 60204-1, EN 60335-1, prEN 60335-2-24:1997, EN 60335-2-34,EN 60335-2-40.

Page 15EN 378-1:2000

4.3.7 Flammable refrigerants

Rooms which contain any part of a refrigerating system with a flammable refrigerant, except ammonia or up to alimited quantity of another flammable refrigerant, shall comply with the requirements for a "potentially explosiveatmosphere".

4.3.8 Fire extinguishing equipment

Fire extinguishing equipment shall be readily available and appropriate, in particular, to the size of the refrigeratingsystem, the refrigerant, the heat-transfer medium, the insulation and the conditions of the site.

4.4 Testing, marking

4.4.1 Tests (in respect to safety and environmental protection)

4.4.1.1 Before putting into service any refrigerating system, all the components or the whole refrigerating systemshall undergo the following tests:

a) strength pressure test;

b) leakage test;

c) functional test of safety devices;

d) test of the complete installation before putting it into operation.

4.4.1.2 Relevant safety accessories shall be tested regularly.

4.4.1.3 The results of the tests shall be recorded.

4.4.2 Marking

4.4.2.1 Every refrigerating system and its main components shall be identifiable by marking. This marking shallalways be visible.

4.4.2.2 Shut-off devices and main control devices shall be suitably marked if it is not obvious what they control.

4.5 Operation, maintenance, repair, personal protective equipment

4.5.1 Operational instructions

4.5.1.1 For refrigerating systems operational instructions shall be prepared giving directions for the operation andservicing of the system, including precautions to be observed in case of breakdown or leakage.

4.5.1.2 The manufacturer or installer shall supply instruction manuals or leaflets and shall also provide safetyinstructions written in one of the languages of the country in which the refrigerating system is to be used.

For refrigerating systems which are used for transport purposes in several countries, such instructions shall be in anappropriate official language and may be repeated in one or more other languages.

Page 16EN 378-1:2000

4.5.2 Maintenance, repair

4.5.2.1 Refrigerating systems shall be maintained and repaired only by competent persons (see 4.6).

4.5.2.2 Personnel in charge shall have knowledge and experience of the mode of functioning, use and day to daymonitoring of the whole refrigerating system.

4.5.3 Personal protective equipment

Personal protective equipment appropriate to the quantity and type of refrigerant shall be readily available.

4.6 Competence

4.6.1 Training and knowledge

Persons, who are responsible for design, construction, installation, inspection, testing, operation, maintenance,repair, disposal and assessment of refrigerating systems and their parts shall have the necessary training andknowledge for their task to achieve competence.

4.6.2 Competence in different tasks

Competence in each task shall be required for health, safety, environmental protection and energy conservationpurposes.

4.7 Recovery, reuse, disposal

All parts of refrigerating systems, e.g. refrigerant, oil, heat-transfer medium, filter, drier, insulating material, shall berecovered, reused and/or disposed of properly in connection with maintenance, repair and scrapping.

5 Classification 5.1 General

5.1.1 Refrigerating systems

Refrigerating systems are classified as shown in table 1 according to the method of extracting heat from (cooling)or adding heat to (heating) the atmosphere or substance to be treated.

5.1.2 Occupancies

Occupancies are classified in respect to the safety of the persons, who may be directly affected in case of abnormaloperation of the refrigerating system.

5.1.3 Refrigerants

Refrigerants are classified into groups according to their influence on health and safety.

Table 1: Types of cooling and heating systems

SubclauseDenomi-nation

Cooling systems Heating systems

NotesSubstance Refrigerating

Heat pumpSubstance

Notesto be cooled system to be heated

5.2.1 DirectSystem

Evaporator in directcommunication withthe substance to becooled.

Evaporator Condensor

Condenser in directcommunication withthe substance to beheated.

5.2.2.2 IndirectOpenSystem

Evaporator cools aheat-transfer mediumwhich is brought intodirect communicationwith the substance tobe cooled.


Condenser heats aheat-transfer mediumwhich is brought intodirect communicationwith the substance tobe heated.

5.2.2.3 IndirectVentedOpenSystem

Similar to 5.2.2.2 butwith open or ventedtank.

vented

Evaporator

vented

Condensor


5.2.2.4 IndirectClosedSystem

Evaporator cools aheat-transfer mediumwhich passes througha closed circuit indirect communicationwith the substance tobe cooled.

Evaporator

Liquid expansion

Condensor

Liquid expansion

Condenser heats aheat-transfer mediumwhich passesthrough a closedcircuit in direct com-munication with thesubstance to beheated.

(continued)

Table 1: (concluded)

SubclauseDenomi-nation

Cooling systems Heating systems

NotesSubstance Refrigerating

Heat pumpSubstance

Notesto be cooled system to be heated

5.2.2.5 IndirectVentedClosedSystem




5.2.2.6 DoubleIndirectSystem

A combination of5.2.2.2 and 5.2.2.4where cooled heat-transfer mediumpasses throughsecond heatexchanger.


A combination of5.2.2.2 and 5.2.2.4where heated heat-transfer mediumpasses throughsecond heatexchanger.

Pipework containing refrigerant

Pipework containing heat-transfer medium - - - - - - - -

Page 19EN 378-1:2000

5.2 Classification of refrigerating systems

5.2.1 Direct system

The evaporator or condenser of the refrigerating system is in direct communication with the substance to be cooledor heated.

5.2.2 Indirect systems

5.2.2.1 General

The evaporator or condenser of the refrigerating system, located externally to the space where the heat is extractedfrom or delivered to the substance to be treated, cools or heats a heat-transfer medium which is circulated to coolor heat the substance.

5.2.2.2 Indirect open system

The evaporator cools or the condenser heats the heat-transfer medium which is brought into direct communicationwith the substance to be treated e.g. by sprays or similar means.

5.2.2.3 Indirect vented open system

This system is similar to that of 5.2.2.2 except that the evaporator or condenser is placed in an open or vented tank.

5.2.2.4 Indirect closed system

The evaporator cools or the condenser heats the heat-transfer medium which passes through a closed circuit indirect communication with the substance to be treated.

5.2.2.5 Indirect vented closed system

This system is similar to that of 5.2.2.4 except that the evaporator or condenser is placed in an open or vented tank.

5.2.2.6 Double indirect system

This system is similar to that of 5.2.2.2 except that the heat-transfer medium passes through a second heatexchanger located externally to the space as described in 5.2.2.4 and cools or heats a second heat-transfer mediumfluid which is brought into direct communication with the substance to be treated e.g. by sprays or similar means.

5.3 Classification of occupancies

5.3.1 General

Considerations of safety in refrigerating systems take into account the site, the number of people occupying the siteand the categories of occupancy.

The occupancies are classified into three categories, given in table 2, which refer to all those areas where aninstallation would affect safety.

Page 20EN 378-1:2000

Table 2: Categories of occupancy

Categories General characteristics Examples1)

A

Rooms, parts of buildings, bulding where

– people may sleep;

– people are restricted in their movement;

– an uncontrolled number of people arepresent or to which any person hasaccess w i thout be ing persona l l yacquainted with the necessary safetyprecautions.

Hospitals, courts or prisons, theatres, super-markets, schools, lecture halls, public trans-port termini, hotels, dwellings, restaurants.

B

Rooms, parts of buildings, buildings whereonly a limited number of people may beassembled, some being necessari lyacqua in ted w i th the genera l sa fe typrecautions of the establishment.

Business or professional offices, laboratories,places for general manufacturing and wherepeople work.

C

Rooms, parts of buildings, buildings whereonly authorized persons have access, whoare acquainted with general and specialsafety precautions of the establishment andwhere manufacturing, processing or storageof material or products take place.

Manufacturing facilities, e.g. for chemicals,food, beverage, ice, ice-cream, refineries,cold stores, dairies, abattoirs, non-publicareas in supermarkets.

1) The list of examples is not exhaustive.

5.3.2 More than one category of occupancy

Where there is the possibility of more than one category of occupancy, the more stringent requirements apply. Ifoccupancies are isolated, e.g. by sealed partitions, floors and ceilings, in which case the requirements of theindividual category of occupancy apply.

NOTE: Attention is drawn to the safety of adjacent premises and occupants in areas adjacent to a refrigera-ting system. Refrigerants heavier than air can cause oxygen deficient pockets at low level (see molar massin the informative annex E).

5.4 Classification of refrigerants

5.4.1 General

Refrigerants are classified into groups according to their influence on health and safety.

NOTE: The classification of some refrigerants is listed in the informative annex E. The classification ofrefrigerants as defined in Directive 97/23/EC is listed in the European standard on "Pressure equipment forrefrigerating systems and heat pumps – Part 1: Vessels – General requirements" which is in preparation, seeinformative annex G.

5.4.2 Health and safety classification

Refrigerants are classified according to their flammability and toxicity.

Page 21EN 378-1:2000

5.4.2.1 Flammability classification

Refrigerants shall be assigned to one of the three groups 1, 2 and 3 based on the lower flammability limit atatmospheric pressure and room temperature:

– group 1: Refrigerants which are not flammable in vapour form at any concentration in air;

– group 2: Refrigerants whose lower flammability limit is equal to or greater than 3,5 % V/V when they form amixture with air;

– group 3: Refrigerants whose lower flammability limit is less than 3,5 % V/V when they form a mixture with air.

NOTE: The lower flammability limits are determined in accordance with an appropriate standard e.g.ANSI/ASTM E 681.

5.4.2.2 Toxicity classification

Refrigerants shall be assigned to one of the two groups A and B based on toxicity:

– group A: Refrigerants with a time weighted average concentration not having an adverse effect on nearly allworkers who may be exposed to it day after day for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek whosevalue is equal to or above 400 ml/m3 (400 ppm (V/V));

– group B: Refrigerants with a time weighted average concentration not having an adverse effect on nearly allworkers who may be exposed to it day after day for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek whosevalue is below 400 ml/m3 (400 ppm (V/V)).

NOTE: Toxic decomposition products may result from contact with flames or hot surfaces under certainconditions. Major decomposition products of group L1 (A1) refrigerants, with the exception of carbon dioxide,are hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid. Although toxic, they provide an automatic and definite warning bytheir exceedingly irritant smell even at low concentrations.

Page 22EN 378-1:2000

5.4.2.3 Safety groups

Refrigerants are assigned to safety groups as shown in table 3.

Table 3: Safety groups as determined by flammability and toxicity

Safety group

Higherflammability

A3 B3

Lowerflammability

A2 B2

No flamepropagation

A1 B1

Lowertoxicity

Highertoxicity

→Increasing toxicity

For the purpose of this standard a simplified grouping is made as follows:

L1 = A1;L2 = A2, B1, B2;L3 = A3, B3.

The refrigerant shall be classified in that group requiring the more stringent precautions where there is doubt underwhich group a refrigerant is to be classified.

5.4.2.4 Health and safety classification of refrigerant mixtures (blends)

Refrigerant mixtures, whose flammability and/or toxicity characteristics may change as the composition changesduring fractionation, shall be assigned a dual safety group classification separated by a slash (/). The first classifica-tion listed shall be the classification of the formulated composition of the mixture. The second classification listedshall be the classification of the mixture composition at the "worst case of fractionation". Each characteristic shall beconsidered independently.

Each of the two classifications shall be determined according to the same criteria as a single-component refrigerant.

For toxicity, "worst case of fractionation" shall be defined as the composition that results in the highest concentrationof the component(s) in the vapour or liquid phase. The toxicity of a specific mixture composition shall be determinedon the basis of the single components.

NOTE 1: Since fractionation can occur as the result of a refrigerating system leak, the composition of themixture remaining in the refrigerating system and the composition of the mixture leaking from the refrigeratingsystem should be considered when determining the "worst case of fractionation". The "worst case of fractiona-tion" can be either the formulated composition or a composition that occurs during fractionation.

NOTE 2: The "worst case of fractionation" for toxicity might not be the same as the "worst case offractionation" for flammability.

5.4.2.5 Practical limits

Practical limits shall be as required by national regulations. If national regulations do not exist, informative annex Eshould be used.

Page 23EN 378-1:2000

6 Selection of refrigerants

6.1 Refrigerants shall be selected with due regard to their potential influence on the global environment as well astheir possible effects on the local environment and their suitability as refrigerants for the particular system, seeinformative annex F.

The influence of a refrigerant on the global environment is a function of the application and the leak tightness of thesystem, the type of system, the refrigerant charge, the handling of the refrigerant and the potential of the refrigerantto create or add to hazards to the environment.

6.2 Refrigerants shall be selected with as low an ODP as is reasonably practicable. Refrigerants shall be selectedsuch that their possible impact on health and safety (toxicity/flammability) are minimized.

NOTE: For refrigerants ODP values are determined according to their global environmental influence inrespect to their ozone depletion potential which are indicated in the informative annex E. The ODP values arerelative to R11.

6.3 Refrigerants shall be selected with as low a GWP as is reasonably practicable whilst at the same time givinga good energy efficiency.

NOTE: For refrigerants GWP values are determined according to their global environmental influence inrespect to their global warming potential which are indicated in the informative annex E. The GWP values arerelative to carbon dioxide (CO2) and to a time horizon of 100 years.

6.4 Refrigerants shall be selected which give good energy efficiency for the system.

6.5 If it is necessary to use refrigerants with an ODP or a GWP greater than zero (0), the charge shall beminimized.

6.6 If global warming is the only environmental effect, energy efficiency shall be given preference over low charge,if both requirements cannot be fulfilled simultaneously.

NOTE 1: Be aware that low charges could affect the energy efficiency thus contributing indirectly to the globalwarming.

NOTE 2: Indirect systems reduce the charge of refrigerants and should provide a more leakresistent system,however, the energy efficiency may be lower than with direct systems.

6.7 The system shall be designed and installed to remain leakproof (as tight as possible).

Particular attention shall be paid to the following factors affecting the tightness of the system:

– type of compressor;

– type of joints;

– type of valves.

NOTE 1: Where it is technically possible a hermetic compressor should be chosen.

NOTE 2: Welding and brazing are preferred to flanged, screwed or other similar joints.

NOTE 3: Capped valves are preferred.

NOTE 4: Factory-made systems are usually more tight than site erected systems.

Page 24EN 378-1:2000

6.8 Refrigerants shall be selected with due regard to the ease of their subsequent reuse or disposal.

7 Selection of cooling or heating systems

7.1 General

If a cooling or heating system is to be installed, the refrigerant and the type of refrigerating system shall be selectedand applied with regard to the category of occupancy specified in table 2.

When refrigerating systems are to be installed in locations adjacent to occupancies categorised in table 2 due regardshall also be paid to the safety of the adjacent locations and their occupants.

For each category of occupancy, certain systems and certain locations of refrigerating equipment and piping incombination with certain refrigerants shall be either prohibited or subjected to restriction or permitted withoutrestriction of refrigerant charge.

7.2 Location of cooling or heating systems

The location of cooling or heating systems shall be as required by national regulations. If national regulations do notexist, informative annex C should be used.

7.3 Skating rinks

7.3.1 General

Halocarbon refrigerants with an ODP greater than 0 shall not be used for direct systems in skating rinks, seeinformative annex E.

7.3.2 Indoor skating rinks

Indoor skating rinks shall comply with 5.3.1 where an adequate, reinforced, tightly sealed concrete floor separatesthe refrigerating system from the public area. If direct systems with group L2 refrigerant are used, refrigerantreceivers shall be provided which can hold the total refrigerant charge. In all cases there shall be adequate meansof escape in an emergency.

7.3.3 Outdoor skating rinks and installations for similar sporting activities

Outdoor skating rinks shall comply with 5.3.2. All refrigerating equipment, piping and fittings shall be fully protectedagainst unauthorized interference and so arranged that they are accessible for inspection. There shall be adequatemeans of escape in an emergency. Refrigerant receivers shall be provided as in 7.3.2.

Page 25EN 378-1:2000

Annex A (informative)

Equivalent terms in English, French and German

Indexof the terms

defined in the standard

Répertoiredes termes définis

dans la norme

Verzeichnisder in der Norm

definierten Benennungen

Clausenumber

absorption or adsorptionsystem

système à absorption ou àadsorption

Absorptions- oderAdsorptionsanlage

3.1.5

accessible hermetic [semi-hermetic] motor compressor

motocompresseur hermétiqueaccessible

Halbhermetischer Motorver-dichter

3.4.4.2

air lock sas Luftschleuse 3.2.3

block [companion] valves robinets-vannes [ou contre-robinets] de sectionnement

Trenn-[Verbindungs-]arma-turen

3.5.12

brazed joint joint brasé fort Hartlötverbindung 3.5.4

bursting disc disque de rupture Berstscheibe 3.6.3

canned rotor motorcompres-sor

motocompresseur à rotorchemisé

Spaltrohr-Motorverdichter 3.4.4.3

changeover device inverseur Wechselventil 3.6.8

closed system système fermé Geschlossene Anlage 3.1.7

coil serpentin Rohrschlange 3.4.12

cold room enceinte réfrigérée Kühlraum 3.2.8

comfort air conditioning conditionnement de l'air deconfort

Behaglichkeitsluft-konditionierung

3.8.2

companion [block] valves contre-robinets [ou robinets-vannes] de sectionnement

Verbindungs-[Trenn-]armatur 3.5.12

competence compétence Sachkunde 3.8.1

compressor compresseur Verdichter 3.4.3

compressor unit groupe compresseur Verdichtersatz 3.4.14

condenser condenseur Verflüssiger 3.4.9

condensing unit groupe de condensation Verflüssigungssatz 3.4.15

design pressure pression de conception Konstruktionsdruck 3.3.3

direct communication communication directe Direkte Verbindung 3.2.9

disposal mise au rebut Entsorgung 3.7.13

evaporating unit groupe évaporateur Verdampfersatz 3.4.16

evaporator évaporateur Verdampfer 3.4.11

exit sortie Ausgang 3.2.6

exit passageway passage de sortie Ausgangskorridor 3.2.7

flanged joint joint à bride Flanschverbindung 3.5.6

flared joint joint évasé Bördelverbindung 3.5.7

fractionation fractionnement Fraktionierung 3.7.5

Page 26EN 378-1:2000

Indexof the terms



dans la norme



Clausenumber

fusible plug bouchon fusible Schmelzpropfen 3.6.4

gauge pressure pression effective Überdruck 3.3.1

grid batterie Rohrregister 3.4.13

hallway corridor Durchgang 3.2.5

halocarbon/hydrocarbon halocarbure/hydrocarbure Halogenkohlenwasserstoff/Kohlenwasserstoff

3.7.9

header collecteur Sammel- und Verteilstück 3.5.10

heat pump [refrigeratingsystem]

pompe à chaleur [système deréfrigération]

Wärmepumpe [Kälteanlage] 3.1.1

heat-transfer medium fluide caloporteur Wärmeträger 3.7.2

hermetic motorcompressor motocompresseur hermétique Hermetischer Motorverdichter 3.4.4.1

high pressure side côté haute pression Hochdruckseite 3.1.9

human occupied space espace occupé par despersonnes

Personen-Aufenthaltsbereich 3.2.2

hydrocarbon/halocarbon hydrocarbure/halocarbure Kohlenwasserstoff/Halogen-kohlenwasserstoff

3.7.9

internal gross volume volume interne brut Bruttoinhalt 3.4.18

internal net volume volume interne net Nettoinhalt 3.4.19

joint joint Verbindung 3.5.2

leakage test pressure pression de l'essai de fuite Dichtheits-Prüfdruck 3.3.5

limited charge system système à charge limitée Anlage mit begrenzter Füll-menge

3.1.4

liquid receiver réservoir de liquide Flüssigkeitssammler 3.4.10

lobby hall d'entrée Vorhalle 3.2.4

low pressure side côté basse pression Niederdruckseite 3.1.10

lower flammability limit limite inférieured'inflammabilité

Untere Explosionsgrenze 3.7.4

maximun allowable pressure pression maximaleadmissible

Maximal zulässiger Druck 3.3.2

maximum declared pressure pression maximale déclarée Höchster angegebener Druck 3.3.6

mobile system système mobile Ortsveränderliche Anlage;Kälteanlage

3.1.11

motorcompressor motocompresseur Motorverdichter 3.4.4

non-positive displacementcompressor

compresseur non volu-métrique

Strömungsverdichter 3.4.7

open air air libre Im Freien 3.2.10

open compressor compresseur ouvert Offener Verdichter 3.4.5

outside air air extérieur Außenluft 3.7.8

piping tuyauterie Rohrleitung 3.5.1

Page 27EN 378-1:2000

Indexof the terms



dans la norme



Clausenumber

positive displacementcompressor

compresseur volumétrique Verdrängerverdichter 3.4.6

pressure cut out pressostat à réenclenchem-ent manuel sans outil

Druckbegrenzer 3.6.6.2

pressure limiter limiteur de pression Druckwächter 3.6.6.1

pressure relief device dispositif de surpression Druckentlastungseinrichtung 3.6.1

pressure relief valve soupape de sécurité Druckentlastungsventil 3.6.2

pressure vessel réservoir à pression Druckbehälter 3.4.8

quick closing valve robinet à fermeture rapide Schnellschlußventil 3.5.13

reclaim régénération Wiederaufbereitung 3.7.12

recover récupération Rückgewinnung 3.7.10

recycle recyclage Recycling 3.7.11

refrigerant fluide frigorigène Kältemittel 3.7.1

refrigerant detector détecteur de fluide frigorigène Kältemitteldetektor 3.6.9

refrigerating equipment composants frigorifiques Kältetechnische Kompo-nenten

3.4.2

refrigerating installation installation de réfrigération Kältetechnische Einrichtung 3.4.1

refrigerating system [heatpump]

système de réfrigération[pompe à chaleur]

Kälteanlage [Wärmepumpe] 3.1.1

safety pressure cut out pressostat de sécurité Sicherheitsdruckbegrenzer 3.6.6.3

safety switching device forlimiting the pressure

dispositif de sécurité de limi-tation de la pression

Sicherheitsschalteinrichtungzur Druckbegrenzung

3.6.6

screwed joint joint vissé Schraubverbindung 3.5.8

sealed system système scellé Dauerhaft geschlosseneAnlage

3.1.8

secondary cooling or heatingsystem

système secondaire derefroidissement ou dechauffage

Indirektes Kühl- oder Heiz-system

3.1.6

self-contained breathingapparatus

appareil respiratoire Unabhängiges Atemschutz-gerät (Isoliergerät)

3.8.3

self-contained system système autonome Kältesatz 3.1.2

semihermetic [accessiblehermetic] motorcompressor

motocompresseur hermétiqueaccessible

Halbhermetischer Motorver-dichter

3.4.4.2

short exposure time temps d'exposition maximal Kurzzeitexposition 3.7.7

shut-off device dispositif d'arrêt Absperreinrichtung 3.5.11

soldered joint joint brasé tendre Weichlötverbindung 3.5.5

special machinery room salle des machines spéciale Besonderer Maschinenraum 3.2.1

Page 28EN 378-1:2000

Indexof the terms



dans la norme



Clausenumber

strength test pressure pression de l'essai derésistance

Festigkeits-Prüfdruck 3.3.4

sudden major release émission majeuresoudaine

Plötzliche größere Frei-setzung

3.7.6

surge drum réservoir-tampon Abscheider 3.4.17

taper pipe thread end joint fileté conique Rohrende mit konischemGewinde

3.5.9

temperature limiting device dispositif de limitation de latempérature

Temperaturbegrenzungsein-richtung

3.6.5

toxicity toxicité Giftigkeit 3.7.3

type tested safety switchingdevice for limiting thepressure

dispositif de sécurité delimitation de pression ayantsubi un essai de type

Baumustergeprüfte Sicherheitsgehalteinrichtungzur Druckbegrenzung

3.6.7

ultimate strength of a system résistance ultime d'unsystème

Bruchfestigkeit einer Anlage 3.3.7

unit system système monobloc Betriebsfertiger Kältesatz 3.1.3

vacuum procedure tirage au vide Vakuumverfahren 3.8.4

welded joint joint soudé Schweißverbindung 3.5.3

Page 29EN 378-1:2000

Annex B (informative)

Total equivalent warming impact (TEWI)

The total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) is a way of assessing global warming by combining the directcontribution of refrigerant emissions into the atmosphere with the indireat contribution of the carbon dioxideemissions resulting from the energy required to operate the refrigerating system over its operational life.

TEWI is designed to calculate the total global warming contribution of the refrigeration process in use. It measuresboth the direct global warming effect of the refrigerant, if emitted, and the indirect contribution of the energy requiredto power the unit over its normal operational life. It is only valid for comparing alternative systems or refrigerantoptions for one application in one location.

For a given system TEWI includes:

– the direct global warming effect under certain conditions of refrigerant loss;

– the direct global warming effect of greenhouse gases emitted from insulation or other components, if applicable;

– the indirect global warming effect from the CO2 emitted during generation of the power to run the system.

Figure B.1: Refrigerating system

It is possible to identify the most effective means to reduce the actual global warming impact of a refrigeratingsystem by using TEWI. The main options are:

– design/selection of the most suitable refrigerating system – and refrigerant – to meet the demand of a specificcooling application;

– optimisation of the system for best energy efficiency (the best combination and arrangement of componentsand system use to reduce energy consumption);

– proper maintenance to sustain optimum energy performance and to avoid refrigerant leaks (e.g. all systems willbe further improved with correct maintenance and operation);

– recovery and recyling/reclaim of used refrigerant;

– recovery and recyling/reclaim of used insulation.

NOTE: Energy efficiency is therefore a far more significant target for reducing global warming from refrigera-tion. In many cases, a very efficient refrigerating system with a refrigerant which has a global warmingpotential may be better for the environment than an inefficient refrigerating system with a low GWP-refrigerantwhich increases energy consumption. All the more so if emissions are minimised: no leaks mean no directglobal warming.

Page 30EN 378-1:2000

TEWI is calculated relative to a particular refrigerating system and not only to the refrigerant itself. It varies from onesystem to another and depends on assumptions made relative to important factors like operating time, service life,conversion factor and efficiency. For a given system or application, the most effective use of TEWI is made bydetermining the relative importance of the direct and indirect effects.

For instance, where the refrigerating system is only an element of a larger system, such as in a secondarycircuit/system (e.g. central station air conditioning) then the total energy consumption in use (including the standingand distribution losses of the air conditioning system) has to be taken into account in arriving at a satisfactorycomparison of the total equivalent warming impact.

The TEWI factor can be calculated by the following formula where the various areas of impact are correspondinglyseparated.

TEWI = [GWP×L×n]+[GWP×m(1 αrecovery)]+[n×Eannual×β]

GWP×L×n = impact of leakage losses

GWP×m(1 αrecovery) = impact of recovery losses

direct GWP

n×Eannual×β = impact of energy consumption indirect GWP

where:

TEWI is the total equivalent warming impact, in kilogrammes of CO2;

GWP is the global warming potential, CO2-related;

L is the leakage, in kilogrammes per year;

n is the system operating time, in years;

m is the refrigerant charge, in kilogrammes;

αrecovery is the recovery/recycling factor, 0 to 1;

Eannual is the energy consumption, in kilowatt-hour per year;

β is the CO2-emission, in kilogrammes per kilowatt-hour.

NOTE 1: This global warming potential is rated in comparison to CO2 and it is based on an agreed timehorizon of 100 years. GWP-values for different refrigerants, see informative annex E.

NOTE 2: The conversion factor β gives the quantity of CO2 produced by the generation of 1 kWh.

When greenhouse gases may be emitted by insulation or other components the global warming potential of suchgases is to be added:

GWPi ×mi(1 – αi)

where

GWPi is the global warming potential of gas in the insulation, CO2-related;

mi is the gas charge in the insulation system, in kilogrammes;

αi is the rate of gas recovered from the insulation at the end of life, from 0 to 1;

Page 31EN 378-1:2000

Important

When calculating TEWI it is very important to update GWP CO2-related and CO2-emission per kilowatt – hour fromthe latest figures.

Many of the assumptions and factors in this calculation method are usually specific to an application in a particularlocation.

Comparisons (of results from) between different applications or different locations are therefore unlikely to havemuch validity.

This calculation is of particular importance at the design stage or when a retrofit decision is to be made.

EXAMPLE:Comparison of two different refrigerant charges in a medium temperature system with HR 134-a having a capacityof 13,5 kW and operating with an evaporating temperature of 10 °C and a condensing temperature of +40 °C. Theleakage is assumed to be 8 % of the charge per year. The other characteristics are as follows:

m 10 kg or 25kg

L 0,8 kg/year or 2,0 kg/year

Eannual 5 kW×5 000 h/year

β 0,6 kg CO2/kWh

αrecovery 0,75

n 15 years

GWP 1 300 (CO2 = 1)[time horizon 100 years]

Figure B.2: Comparison of two TEWI figures (Example)

Page 32EN 378-1:2000

Annex C (informative)

Location of refrigerating systems

C.1 General

There are three types of location for refrigerating systems. The appropriate location shall be selected in accordancewith this European Standard which takes account of possible hazards.

The three types of location are:

a) a refrigerating system located in a human occupied space which is not a special machinery room;

b) a refrigerating system with the high pressure side (except air cooled condensers) located in a specialmachinery room (see EN 378-3) or in the open air;

c) a refrigerating system with all refrigerant containing parts located in a special machinery room (see EN 378-3)or in the open air.

NOTE 1: Some heat pumps/air conditioners operate for either heating and cooling by reversing the flow fromthe compressor to the heat exchangers by means of a special reversing valve. In these cases the high andlow pressure sides of the system can change depending on the mode of the unit.

Refrigerating systems or parts of systems shall not be installed in or on stairways, landings, entrances or exits usedby the public, if free passage is thereby limited.

NOTE 2: Table C.1 shows whether combinations are permitted or not. Combinations which are permitted butsubject to restrictions are indicated by the number(s) of the clause(s) or subclause(s) specifying the restrictionof refrigerant charge.

The maximum charge of refrigerant in the refrigerating system shall comply with the requirements in C.2 (see alsotable C.1).

C.2 Maximum charge of refrigerant C.2.1 Group L1 refrigerants

C.2.1.1 General

The practical limits for group L1 refrigerants (see informative annex E) are based on the effect of a sudden majorrelease of refrigerant with short exposure time. They do not refer to safe limits for regular day to day exposure. Suchlimits are given in tables of occupational exposure limits.

C.2.1.2 Occupancy category A

C.2.1.2.1 A refrigerating system located in a human occupied space which is not a special machinery room shallmeet the following requirements:

a) the refrigerant charge, in kilogrammes, contained in a refrigerating system shall not exceed the product of:

1) the practical limit for the refrigerant, in kilogrammes per cubic metre, (see informative annex E); and

2) the volume, in cubic metres, of the smallest human occupied space in which refrigerant containing equipmentis located;

NOTE 1: The total volume of all the rooms cooled or heated by air from one system is used as the volumefor calculation, if the air supply to each room cannot be restricted below 25 % of its full supply.

Page 33EN 378-1:2000

NOTE 2: If the space has a mechanical ventilation system which will be operating during the occupation ofthe space, the effect of the air change may be considered in calculating the volume.

NOTE 3: Other methods of ensuring safety in the event of a sudden major release of refrigerant arepermitted. Such methods should ensure that the concentrations will not rise above the practical limits givenin the informative annex E or to give adequate warning to occupant(s) in the space of such a rise so that theymay avoid excess exposure time. The alternative method should demonstrate a level of safety at leastequivalent to the method described in a).

b) occupancies where people may be restricted in their movement and in which open flames or similar hotsurfaces are present shall always be sufficiently vented because of possible danger from decomposition products.If this is not done, direct and indirect open systems shall not be used.

C.2.1.2.2 A refrigerating system with the high pressure side (except air cooled condensers) located in a specialmachinery room or in the open air shall meet the following requirements:

a) for direct and indirect open systems (see table 1) the restriction of refrigerant charge of C.2.1.2.1 shall apply;

b) for indirect vented open, indirect closed, indirect vented closed and double indirect systems (see table 1) thereis no restriction of refrigerant charge.

C.2.1.2.3 A refrigerating system with all refrigerant containing parts located in a special machinery room or in theopen air has no restriction of refrigerant charge.

C.2.1.3 Occupancy category B

C.2.1.3.1 A refrigerating system located in a human occupied space which is not a special machinery room has norestriction of refrigerant charge except that the use of such systems below ground or on upper floors withoutadequate emergency exits shall meet the same restriction of refrigerant charge as for occupancy category A (seeC.2.1.2.1).

C.2.1.3.2 A refrigerating system with the high pressure side (except air cooled condensers) located in a specialmachinery room or in the open air or with all refrigerant containing parts located in a special machinery room or inthe open air has no restriction of refrigerant charge.

C.2.1.4 Occupancy category C

C.2.1.4.1 A refrigerating system located in a human occupied space which is not a special machinery room has norestriction of refrigerant charge except that, where direct or indirect open systems are used below ground or onupper floors without adequate emergency exits, taking into account the number of persons normally present, therefrigerating system shall meet the same restriction of refrigerant charge as for occupancy category A (seeC.2.1.2.1).

C.2.1.4.2 A refrigerating system with the high pressure side (except air cooled condensers) located in a specialmachinery room or in the open air or with all refrigerant containing parts located in a special machinery room or inthe open air has no restriction of refrigerant charge.

C.2.2 Group L2 refrigerants

C.2.2.1 General

In general, group L2 refrigerants shall not be permitted in direct, indirect open or indirect vented open systems forair conditioning or heating for human comfort, if people are restricted in their movement.

Page 34EN 378-1:2000


C.2.2.2.1 A refrigerating system located in a human occupied space which is not a special machinery room or withthe high pressure side (except air cooled condensers) located in a special machinery room or in the open air shallbe a sealed system and for compression systems the refrigerant charge shall not exceed the amount derived fromthe practical limits given in the informative annex E and the volume of the space. For sealed sorption systems therefrigerant charge shall not exceed 2,5 kg.

C.2.2.2.2 A refrigerating system with all refrigerant containing parts located in a special machinery room or in theopen air shall meet the following requirements:

a) for direct, indirect open and indirect vented open systems the refrigerant charge of a refrigerating system shallnot exceed 2,5 kg;

b) for indirect closed, indirect vented closed and double indirect systems which do not have a direct communica-tion to rooms of category A and which have an exit into the open air there is no restriction of the refrigerantcharge.


C.2.2.3.1 For a refrigerating system located in a human occupied space which is not a special machinery room therefrigerant charge shall not exceed 10,0 kg.


a) for direct, indirect open and indirect vented open systems the refrigerant charge shall not exceed 25 kg;

b) for indirect closed, indirect vented closed and double indirect systems there is no restriction of refrigerantcharge.

C.2.2.3.3 For a refrigerating system with all refrigerant containing parts located in a special machinery room or inthe open air there is no restriction of refrigerant charge provided the special machinery room has no directcommunication to a human occupied space.



a) where the density of personnel is lower than 1 person per 10 m2 and provided there are a sufficient numberof clearly indicated emergency exits for the number of persons normally present the refrigerant charge shall notexceed 50 kg;

b) where the density of personnel is not restricted apart from the restrictions imposed by building regulations therefrigerant charge shall not exceed 10,0 kg.


a) for direct, indirect open and indirect vented open systems there is no restriction of refrigerant charge providedthe refrigerating system does not extend to rooms where the density of personnel is greater than 1 person per10 m2 and there are clearly indicated emergency exits;

b) for indirect closed, indirect vented closed and double indirect systems there is no restriction of refrigerantcharge.

Page 35EN 378-1:2000

C.2.2.4.3 For a refrigerating system with all refrigerant containing parts located in a special machinery room or inthe open air there is no restriction of refrigerant charge.

C.2.3 Group L3 refrigerants

C.2.3.1 General

In general, group L3 refrigerants are highly flammable and explosive. Direct, indirect open and indirect vented opensystems shall not be permitted for air conditioning and heating for human comfort.


C.2.3.2.1 A refrigerating system not located in a special machinery room or in the open air shall be sealed systemwith a refrigerant charge calculated from the practical limits given in the informative annex E up to a maximum of1,5 kg provided there are no sources of ignition associated with the refrigerating system.


a) above ground the refrigerant charge shall be calculated from the practical limits given in the informativeannex E up to a maximum of 5,0 kg;

b) below ground the refrigerant charge shall be calculated from the practical limits given in the informativeannex E up to a maximum of 1,0 kg.


C.2.3.3.1 A refrigerating system located in a human occupied space which is not a special machinery room or withthe high pressure side (except air cooled condensers) located in a special machinery room or in the open air shallmeet the following requirements:

a) above ground the refrigerant charge shall be calculated from the practical limits given in the informativeannex E up to a maximum of 2,5 kg;

b) below ground the refrigerant charge shall be calculated from the practical limits given in the informativeannex E up to a maximum of 1,0 kg.

C.2.3.3.2 A refrigerating system with all refrigerant containing parts located in a special machinery room shall meetthe following requirements:

a) above ground the refrigerant charge shall not exceed 10,0 kg;

b) below ground the refrigerant charge shall not exceed 1,0 kg.



a) above ground the refrigerant charge shall not exceed 10,0 kg;


Page 36EN 378-1:2000


a) above ground the refrigerant charge shall not exceed 25 kg;



a) above ground there is no restriction of refrigerant charge;


Table C.1: Allowable refrigerant charge of a refrigerating system according to occupancy categories (synoptic chart of C.2)

Occupancy category A

Refrigerant Group L1 (C.2.1) L2 (C.2.2) L3 (C 2.3)

Cooling or heatingsystems

Locationof refrigeratingequipment

Direct or indirectopen

Other indirect Direct, indirectopen, indirectvented open

Other indirectclosed

Direct, indirectopen, indirectvented open


Not in a special machinery roomC.1a)

If people arerestricted in theirmovement, openflames or similar hotsurfaces are to beavoided in roomswithout proper steadyventilationC.2.1.2.1b)

Not for airconditioning forhuman comfort, ifpeople are restrictedin their movementC.2.2.1

Not for air condition-ing for human comfortC.2.3.1

Refrigerant charge not exceed the product ofpractical limit "PL" of the informative annex Eand the volume "V" of the smallest humanoccupied space in which refrigerant containingequipment is located. PL (kg/m3)×V (m3)

Only sealed systems.Sorption systems up to 2,5 kgOtherwise calculated from practical limitsC.2.2.2.1

Only sealed systems calculated from practicallimits up to 1,5 kg provided there are nosources of ignition.C.2.3.2.1

C 2.1.2.1a)

Compressor, accumulator in aspecial machinery room or in theopen air C.1b)

No restrictions ofcharge C.2.1.2.2

All refrigerant containing parts in aspecial machinery room or in theopen airC.1c)

No restrictions of charge C.2.1.2.3 Not for airconditioning forhuman comfort, ifpeople are restrictedin their movementC.2.2.1 Otherwise up to2,5 kg C.2.2.2.2a)

With exit to the openair no restrictions ofchargeC.2.2.2.2b)

Not for airconditioning forhuman comfortC.2.3.1

Calculated from practical limitsBelow ground up to 1,0 kg C.2.3.2.2b)Otherwise up to 5,0 kgC.2.3.2.2a)

(continued)

Table C.1: (continued)

Occupancy category B

Refrigerant Group L1 (C.2.1) L2 (C.2.2) L3 (C.2.3)









Below ground or on upper floors withoutadequate emergency exits like category AOtherwise no restrictions of chargeC.2.1.3.1

Not for air condition-ing for human com-fort, if people arerestricted in theirmovementC.2.2.1


Up to 10,0 kgC.2.2.3.1

Compressor, accumulator in aspecial machinery room or in theopen airC.1b)

No restrictions of chargeC.2.1.3.2

Not for air condition-ing for human com-fort, if people arerestricted in theirmovementC.2.2.1Otherwise up to25 kgC.2.2.3.2a)

No restrictions ofchargeC.2.2.3.2b)

Calculated from practical limitsBelow ground up to 1,0 kgC.2.3.3.1b)Otherwise up to 2,5 kgC.2.3.3.1a)




Without direct communication to a humanoccupied space; no restrictions of chargeC.2.2.3.3

Below ground up to 1,0 kgC.2.3.3.2b)Otherwise up to 10,0 kgC.2.3.3.2a)

(continued)

Table C.1: (concluded)

Occupancy category C

Refrigerant Group L1 (C.2.1) L2 (C.2.2) L3 (C.2.3)









Below ground or onupper floors withoutadequate emergencyexits like category AC.2.1.4.1



Otherwise no restrictions of chargeC.2.1.4.1

up to 10,0 kgC.2.2.4.1b)

Below ground up to 1,0 kgC.2.3.4.1b)Otherwise up to 10,0 kgC.2.3.4.1a)No more than 50 kg, if density of personnel

< 1/10m2 and adequate exits availableC.2.2.4.1a)

Compressor, accumulator in aspecial machinery room or in theopen airC.1b)

No restrictions of chargeC.2.1.4.2

Not for air condition-ing for human com-fort, if people arerestricted in theirmovement C.2.2.1No restrictions, ifdensity of personnel< 1/10 m2 andadequate exits availa-bleC.2.2.4.2a)

No restrictions ofchargeC.2.2.4.2b)


Below ground up to 1,0 kgC.2.3.4.2b)Otherwise up to 25 kgC.2.3.4.2a)


Not for air condi-tioning for humancomfort, if people arerestricted in theirmovementC.2.2.1


No restrictions of charge C.2.2.4.3 Below ground up to 1,0 kgC.2.3.4.3b)Otherwise no restrictions of chargeC.2.3.4.3a)

Page 40EN 378-1:2000

Annex D (informative)

Protection of people who are inside cold rooms

D.1 General

In order to minimize the hazard for people who get locked in cold rooms, sometimes along with strong currents ofair, measures as described in the following clauses shall be taken. Care shall be taken to ensure that no personnelare locked in cold rooms at the end of the working day.

D.2 Operation of doors and emergency exit doors

It shall be possible to leave a cold room at all times. Therefore it shall be possible to open doors both from theinside and the outside.

D.3 Emergency switch or signal

According to the operating conditions, the following devices shall be provided in cold rooms with a volume of morethan 10 m3:

a) an alarm switch operated by illuminated push buttons near the floor or by chains hanging near the floor,installed in a suitable place in the cold room, the operation of which initiates an audible signal and a sight signal,in a place where the permanent presence of a person is guaranteed. It shall not be possible to stop this signalexcept by means of a specific operation;

b) signal devices connected to an electric circuit with a voltage of at least 12 V. Batteries for this purpose shallhave an operating time of at least 10 h and be connected to a mains supplied automatic charging device. If atransformer is used, it shall be supplied with current from a different circuit to the one used for other equipmentin the cold room. Furthermore, the device shall be of such design that it does not cease to function due tocorrosion, frost or the formation of ice on contact surfaces;

c) a light switch in the cold room in parallel with light switches located outside this room so that the lightingturned on by means of the inside switch cannot be turned off by means of the outside switch;

d) a plug switch or other systems giving the same result for the fans located in the cold room in series with theswitches located on the outside so that the fans turned off by means of the inside switch cannot be turned on bymeans of the outside switch;

e) light switches shall have permanently illuminated buttons;

f) in the event of failure of the lighting, the routes towards the emergency exit (and/or alarm switch) shall beindicated by independent lighting or by other approved means;

g) a permanent emergency lighting system.

D.4 Cold rooms with a controlled atmosphere

In cold rooms with a controlled atmosphere (rooms with an atmosphere in which the concentration of oxygen, carbondioxide and nitrogen are different from those in normal air) the following additional requirements apply:

a) a self-contained breathing apparatus shall be worn when entering these cold rooms;

b) if a cold room with a controlled atmosphere is entered, another person shall remain outside the room and invisual contact with those inside through an inspection port. The person outside shall also have a self-containedbreathing apparatus at his disposal in case he should have to enter the room in order to rescue the person insidein an emergency.

c) doors, hatches and other appliances giving access to the cold room shall be provided with a written warningnotice against too low oxygen level in the cold room.

Annex E (informative)

Information about refrigerantsTable E.1: Information about refrigerants 1)

Classification Description Molar Practical Flammability Global OzoneGroup Safety Refrigerant Formula mass3) limit4),5) Auto-ignition Flammability limits warming depletion

L group number2) temperature concentration in air potential6) potenital7)(MM) lower limit upper limit

(composition = % weight) kg/kmol kg/m3 °C kg/m3 % v/v kg/m3 % v/v GWP100 ODP

1 A1 R-11 Trichlorofluoromethane CCl3F 137,4 0,3 – – – – – 4000 1

1 A1 R-12 Dichlorodifluoromethane CCl2F2 120,9 0,5 – – – – – 8500 1

1 A1 R-12B1 Bromochlorodifluoromethane CBrClF2 165,4 0,2 – – – – – * 3

1 A1 R-13 Chlorotrifluoromethane CClF3 104,5 0,5 – – – – – 11700 1

1 A1 R-13B1 Bromotrifluoromethane CBrF3 148,9 0,6 – – – – – 5600 10

1 A1 R-22 Chlorodifluoromethane CHClF2 86,5 0,3 635 – – – – 1700 0,055

1 A1 R-23 Trifluoromethane CHF3 70 0,68 765 – – – – 12100 0

1 A1 R-113 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane CCl2FCClF2 187,4 0,4 – – – – – 5000 0,8

1 A1 R-114 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane CClF2CClF2 170,9 0,7 – – – – – 9300 1

1 A1 R-115 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane CF3CClF2 154,5 0,6 – – – – – 9300 0,6

1 A1 R-124 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane CF3CHCIF 136,5 0,11 * – – – – 480 0,022

1 A1 R-125 Pentafluoroethane CF3CHF2 120 0,39 733 – – – – 3200 0

1 A1 R-134a 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane CF3CH2F 102 0,25 743 – – – – 1300 0

1 A1 R-218 Octafluoropropane C3F8 188 1,84 – – – – – 7000 0

1 A1 R-C318 Octafluorocyclobutane C4F8 200 0,81 – – – – – 9100 0

1 A1 R-500 R-12/152a (73,8/26,2) CCl2F2 + CF2HCH3

99,3 0,40 * – – – – 6300 0,74

(continued)

Table E.1: (continued)




1 A1 R-501 R-12/22 (25/75) CCl2F2 + CHClF2 93,1 0,38 * – – – – 3400 0,29

1 A1 R-502 R-22/115 (48,8/51,2) CHClF2 + CF3CClF2

111,7 0,45 * – – – – 5600 0,33

1 A1 R-503 R-13/23 (59,9/40,1) CClF3 + CHF3 87,3 0,35 * – – – – 11900 0,6

1 A1 R-507 R-125/143a (50/50) CF3CHF2 + CF3CH3

98,8 0,49 * – – – – 3800 0

1 A1 R-508A R-23/116 (39/61) CHF3+C2F6 100,1 * * – – – – 12300 0

1 A1 R-509 R-22/218 (44/56) CHCIF2+ C3F8

124 0,56 * – – – – 4700 0,024

1 A1 R-718 Water H20 18 – – – – – – 0 0

1 A1 R-744 Carbon dioxide CO2 44 0,1 – – – – – 1 0

1 A1/A1 R-401A R-22/152a/124 (53/13/34)

CHClF2 + CHF2CH3 + CF3CHClF

94,4 0,30 681 – – – – 1100 0,037

1 A1/A1 R-401B R-22/152a/124 (61/11/28)

CHClF2 + CHF2CH3 + CF3CHClF 92,8 0,34 685 – – – – 1200 0,040

1 A1/A1 R-401C R-22/152a/124 (33/15/52)

CHClF2 + CHF2CH3 + CF3CHClF 101 0,24 * – – – – 830 0,030

(continued)





1 A1/A1 R-402A R-125/290/22 (60/2/38)

CF3CHF2 + CH3CH2CH3 + CHClF2

101,5 0,33 723 – – – – 2600 0,021

1 A1/A1 R-402B R-125/290/22 (38/2/60)

CF3CHF2 + CH3CH2CH3 + CHClF2

94,7 0,32 641 – – – – 2200 0,033

1 A1/A1 R-403A R-22/218/290 (75/20/5)

CHClF2 + C3F8 + C3H8 92 0,33 * – – – – 2700 0,041

1 A1/A1 R-403B R-22/218/290 (56/39/5)

CHClF2 + C3F8 + C3H8 103,2 0,41 * – – – – 3700 0,031

1 A1/A1 R-404A R-125/143a/134a (44/52/4)

CF3CHF2 + CF3CH3 + CF3CH2F

97,6 0,48 728 – – – – 3800 0

1 A1/A1 R-405A R-22/152a/142b/C318 (45/7/5,5/42,5)

CHCIF2+ CHF2CH3+ CH3CCIF2+C4F8

111,9 * * – – – – 4800 0,028

1 A1/A1 R-407A R-32/125/134a (20/40/40)

CH2F2 + CF3CHF2 + CF3CHF2F

90,1 0,33 685 – – – – 1900 0

1 A1/A1 R-407B R-32/125/134a (10/70/20)


102,9 0,35 703 – – – – 2600 0

1 A1/A1 R-407C R-32/125/134a (23/25/52)


86,2 0,31 704 – – – – 1600 0

1 A1/A1 R-408A R-125/143a/22 (7/46/47)

CF3CHF2 + CF3CH3 + CHClF2

87 0,41 * – – – – 3100 0,026

(continued)





1 A1/A1 R-409A R-22/124/142b (60/25/15)

CHClF2 + CF3CHCIF + CH3CClF2

97,5 0,16 * – – – – 1400 0,048

1 A1/A1 R-409B R-22/124/142b (65/25/10)

CHClF2 + CF3CHClF + CH3CClF2

96,7 0,17 * – – – – 1400 0,048

1 A1/A1 R-410A R-32/125 (50/50) CH2F2 + CF3CHF2 72,6 0,44 * – – – – 1900 0

1 A1/A1 R-410B R-32/125 (45/55) CH2F2 + CF3CHF2 75,5 0,43 * – – – – 2000 0

1 A1/A1 R-508B R-23/116 (46/54) CHF3+C2F6 95,4 * * – – – – 12300 0

2 A1/A2 R-406A R-22/142b/600a (55/41/4)

CHClF2 + CClF2CH3 + CH(CH3)3

89,9 0,13 * – – – – 1800 0,057

2 A1/A2 R-411A R-22/152a/1270 (87,5/11/1,5)

CHCIF2 + CHF2CH3 + C3H6

82,4 * * – – – – 1500 0,048

2 A1/A2 R-411B R-22/152a/1270 (94/3/3)

CHCIF2 + CHF2CH3 + C3H6

83,1 * * – – – – 1600 0,052

2 A1/A2 R-412A R-22/218/142b (70/5/25)

CHCIF2 + C3F8 + CClF2CH3

92,2 0,18 * – – – – 2000 0,055

(continued)





2 A2 R-32 Difluoromethane CH2F2 52 0,054 530 0,27 12,7 0,710 33,4 580 0

2 A2 R-50 Methane CH4 16 0,006 645 0,032 4,9 0,098 15 24,5 0

2 A2 R-141b 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane CCl2FCH3 117 0,053 532 0,268 5,6 0,847 17,7 630 0,11

2 A2 R-142b 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane CClF2CH3 100,5 0,049 632 0,247 6 0,74 18 2000 0,065

2 A2 R-143a 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane CF3CH3 84 0,048 750 0,244 7 0,553 16,1 4400 0

2 A2 R-152a 1,1-Difluoroethane CHF2CH3 66 0,027 455 0,137 5,1 0,462 17,1 140 0

2 A2 R-160 Ethylchloride CH3CH2Cl 64,5 0,019 510 0,095 3,6 0,39 14,8 * 0

2 B1 R-123 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane CF3CHCl2 152,9 0,10 730 – – – – 93 0,02

2 B1 R-764 Sulfur dioxide SO2 64,1 0,00026 * – – – – * 0

2 B2 R-30 Methylene chloride CH2Cl2 84,9 0,017 662 0,417 12 0,764 22 15 0

2 B2 R-40 Methylchloride CH3Cl 50,5 0,021 625 0,147 7,1 0,382 18,5 * 0

2 B2 R-611 Methylformate C2H4O2 60 0,012 456 0,123 5 0,687 28 * 0

2 B2 R-717 Ammonia NH3 17 0,00035 630 0,104 15 0,195 28 0 0

2 B2 R-1130 1,2-Dichloroethylene CHCl = CHCl 96,9 * 458 0,246 6,2 0,595 15 * 0

(continued)

Table E.1: (concluded)




3 A3 R-170 Ethane CH3CH3 30 0,008 515 0,037 3 0,19 15,5 3 0

3 A3 R-290 Propane CH3CH2CH3 44 0,008 470 0,038 2,1 0,171 9,5 3 0

3 A3 R-600 Butane C4H10 58,1 0,008 365 0,036 1,5 0,202 8,5 3 0

3 A3 R-600a Isobutane CH(CH3)3 58,1 0,008 460 0,043 1,8 0,202 8,5 3 0

3 A3 R-1150 Ethylene CH2 = CH2 28,1 0,006 425 0,031 2,7 0,391 34 * 0

3 A3 R-1270 Propylene C3H6 42,1 0,008 455 0,043 2,5 0,174 10,1 * 0

3 A3 – Dimethylether CH3OCH3 46 0,011 235 0,064 3,4 0,489 26 * 0

* = not known– = not applicable

1) The table is not a complete list of substances which could be used as refrigerants. If other substances are used the appropriate practical limits are derived using the method outlined in 4) andthe refrigerant is applied as appropriate to its safety group and practical limit.

2) The R-numbers are in accordance with ISO 817.

3) For comparison, the molecular mass of air is taken equal to 28,8 kg/kmol.

4) The practical limits for group L1 refrigerants are less than half the concentration of the refrigerant which can lead to suffocation due to oxygen displacement or which has narcotic (N) or cardiacsensitisation (CS) effect (80 % of the effect level) after a short time, whichever is the most critical.

For single component refrigerants of group L1, the calculation of practical limits (PL) is "PL (kg/m3) = CS or N (ppm)×0,8×MM×10-6/24,45"; for blends (A/B/C), the calculation is"PL (kg/m3) = 1/[A/100/PL(A)+ B/100/PL(B)+C/100/PL(C)]" with A, B, C expressed in % weight.

For group L2 refrigerants the practical limits refer to the toxicological and flammability characteristics, whichever is the most critical. For group L2-B1 a value corresponding to 100 % of IDLH(immediately dangerous concentrations for life or health) is taken for R-764 and 100 % of OEL (occupational exposure limit) is taken for R-123. For group L2-B2 a value corresponding to 100 %of IDLH or 20 % of LFL (lower flammability limit) is taken, whichever is the lower value.

For Group L3 refrigerants 20 % of LFL is used as practical limit.

5) These values are reduced to 2/3 of the listed value for altitudes higher than 2 000 m above sea level and to 1/3 of the listed value for altitudes higher than 3 500 m above sea level.

6) The GWP is defined in the "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: 1994, The IPCC Scientific Assessment". These data are the most updated scientific values and can be revised.

7) The ODP data are those listed in the "Official Journal of the European Communities L 333, volume 37, 22 December 1994" and used by all regulators. They are different from scientific ODP-values, which are continuously updated.

Page 47EN 378-1:2000

Annex F (informative)

Risk Assessment

When selecting a refrigerant the following factors in respect of risk should be considered:

NOTE: Without priority.

a) environmental effects (global environment);

b) refrigerant charge;

c) application of refrigerating system;

d) design of refrigerating system;

e) manufacture of refrigerating system;

f) competence;

g) maintenance;

h) energy efficiency;

i) health and safety, e.g. toxicity, flammability (local environment).

This list is not exhaustive.

Page 48EN 378-1:2000

Annex G (informative)

Bibliography

EN 133Respiratory protective devices – Classification

EN 378-3Refrigerating systems and heat pumps – Safety and environmental requirements – Part 3: Installation site andpersonal protection

EN 736-1Valves – Terminology – Part 1: Definition of types of valves

EN 764Pressure equipment – Terminology and symbols – Pressure, temperature, volume

EN 60204-1Safety of machinery – Electrical equipment of machines – Part 1: General requirements (IEC 60204-1 : 1997)

EN 60335-1Safety of household and similar electrical appliances – Part 1: General requirements (IEC 60335-1 : 1991,modified)

prEN 60335-2-24 : 1997Safety of household and similar electrical appliances – Part 2: Particular requirements for refrigerators and food-freezers and ice-makers (IEC 60335-2-24 : 1997)

EN 60335-2-34Safety of household and similar electrical appliances – Part 2: Particular requirements for motorcompressors(IEC 60335-2-34 : 1996)

EN 60335-2-40Safety of household and similar electrical appliances – Part 2: Particular requirements for electrical heat pumps,air-conditioners and dehumidifiers (IEC 60335-3-40 : 1997, modified)

ISO 817Organic refrigerants – Number designation

ANSI/ASTM E 681Test method for concentration limits of flammability of chemicals

Pressure equipment for refrigerating systems and heat pumps – Part 1: Vessels – General requirements(WI 00182025)

Page 49EN 378-1:2000

Annex ZA (informative)

Clauses of this European Standard addressing essential requirements or other provisions of EUDirectives

This European standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and theEuropean Free Trade Association and supports essential requirements of EU Directive 97/23/EC of the EuropeanParliament and of the Council of 29 May 1997 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerningpressure equipment.

WARNING: Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the products falling within thescope of this standard.

The following clauses of this standard are likely to support requirements of the Directive 97/23/EC.

Compliance with these clauses of this standard provides one means of conforming with the specific essentialrequirements of the Directive concerned and associated EFTA regulations.

Table ZA.1: Correspondence between this European Standard and Directive 97/23/EC

Clauses/sub-clauses of thisEuropean Standard

Essential requirements (ERs)of Directive 97/23/EC

Qualifying remarks/Notes

3, 4, 5, 6, 7 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 General

Page 50EN 378-1:2000

Annex ZB (informative)

A-deviations

A-deviation: National deviation due to regulations, the alteration of which is for the time being outside thecompetence of the CEN/CENELEC member.

This European standard falls partly under Directive 97/23/EU and 98/37/EU.

In the relevant CEN/CENELEC countries these A-deviations are valid instead of the provisions of the EuropeanStandard until they have been removed.

Sweden has at present national legislative requirements in conflict with some clauses of 378 Part 2. Nationalregulations concerning pressure equipment are covered by AFS 1994:39, Tryckkärl issued by the National Board ofOccupational Safety and Health.

The following parts in EN 378-2 are in conflict:

Clause Deviation

3.4.8 Pressure vessel (AFS 1994:39 Chap. 1 section 2 and Chap. 2 section 2).4.4.2 Marking (AFS 1994:39 Chap. 3 section 6)

EN378-1

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