pdfcrowd.com open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Allies of World War I A map of the World showing the Triple Entente participants in World War I . Those fighting on the Entente's side (at one point or another) are depicted in green, the Central Powers in orange, and neutral countries in grey. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia See also: Allies of World War II and Western Allies The Entente Powers or Allies ( French: Forces de l'Entente / Alliés; Italian: Alleati; Romanian: Puterile Antantei / Aliații; Russian: Союзники, Soyuzniki; Serbian: Савезници, Saveznici; Turkish: İtilaf Devletleri) were the countries at war with the Central Powers during World War I . The members of the Triple Entente were the French Republic, the British Empire and the Russian Empire; Italy ended its alliance with Article Talk Read Edit View history Search Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikimedia Shop Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools Print/export Languages Afrikaans اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔAragonés Create account Log in
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Allies of World War I
A map of the World showing the Triple Entente participants in WorldWar I. Those fighting on the Entente's side (at one point or another) aredepicted in green, the Central Powers in orange, and neutral countries ingrey.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
See also: Allies of World War II and Western Allies
The Entente Powers orAllies (French: Forces del'Entente / Alliés; Italian:Alleati; Romanian: PuterileAntantei / Aliații; Russian:Союзники, Soyuzniki;Serbian: Савезници,Saveznici; Turkish: İtilafDevletleri) were the countriesat war with the Central Powersduring World War I. Themembers of the Triple Ententewere the French Republic, theBritish Empire and theRussian Empire; Italyended its alliance with
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European military alliances prior to the war.
the Central Powersand entered the waron the side of theEntente in 1915.Japan, Belgium,Serbia, Greece,Montenegro, Romaniaand the Czechoslovaklegions[1] weresecondary membersof the Entente.[2]
The United Statesdeclared war on Germany in 1917 on the grounds that Germany violated U.S. neutrality byattacking international shipping and because of the Zimmermann Telegram sent to Mexico.[3] TheU.S. entered the war as an "associated power", rather than a formal ally of France and the UnitedKingdom, in order to avoid "foreign entanglements".[4] Although the Ottoman Empire and Bulgariasevered relations with the United States, neither declared war.[5]
Although the Dominions and Crown Colonies of the British Empire made significant contributions tothe Allied war effort, they did not have independent foreign policies during World War I.Operational control of British Empire forces was in the hands of the five-member British WarCabinet (BWC). However, the Dominion governments controlled recruiting, and did removepersonnel from front-line duties as they saw fit.
From early 1917 the BWC was superseded by the Imperial War Cabinet, which had Dominionrepresentation. The Australian Corps and Canadian Corps were placed for the first time under thecommand of Australian and Canadian Lieutenant Generals John Monash and Arthur Currie,[6]
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respectively, who reported in turn to British generals.[citation needed] In April 1918, operationalcontrol of all Entente forces on the Western Front passed to the new supreme commander,Ferdinand Foch.
The only countries represented in the 1918 armistice which ended the combat were Britain, Franceand Germany.
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A 1914 Russian poster depicting theTriple Entente.
11 References
12 Sources
History [edit]
The original alliance opposed to the Central Powerswas the Triple Entente, which was formed by threeGreat European Powers:
French Republic
British Empire
Russian Empire
The war began with the Austrian attack invasion ofSerbia on 28 July 1914, in response to theassassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. TheAustrian Empire followed with an attack on the Serbianally Montenegro on 8 August.[citation needed] On theWestern Front, the two neutral States of Belgium andLuxembourg were immediately occupied by Germantroops as part of the German Schlieffen Plan.
Of the two Low Countries, Luxembourg chose tocapitulate, and was viewed as a collaborationist Stateby the Entente Powers: Luxembourg never becamepart of the Allies, and only narrowly avoided Belgianefforts of annexation, at the conclusion of hostilities in 1919. On 23 August Japan joined the
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Entente, which then counted seven members.[citation needed]. The entrance of the British Empirebrought Nepal into the war.
On 23 May 1915, Italy entered the war on the Entente side and declared war on Austria;previously, Italy had been a member of the Triple Alliance but had remained neutral since thebeginning of the conflict. In 1916, Montenegro capitulated and left the Entente, and two nationsjoined, Portugal and Romania.[citation needed]
On 6 April 1917 the United States and its American allies entered the war. Liberia, Siam andGreece also became allies. After the October Revolution, Russia left the alliance and ended formalinvolvement in the war, by the signing of the treaty of Brest Litovsk in November effectivelycreating a separate peace with the Central Powers. This was followed by Romanian cessation ofhostilities, however the Balkan State declared war on Central Powers again on 10 November 1918.The Russian withdrawal allowed for the final structure of the alliance, which was based on fiveGreat Powers:
French Republic
British Empire
United States
Italy
Japan
Statistics of the Allied Powers (in 1913)[7]
Population Land GDP
Russian Empire (plus Poland andFinland)
173.2m(176.4m)
21.7m km2 (22.1mkm2)
$257.7b($264.3b)
French Third Republic 39.8m (88.1m)0.5m km2 (11.2m $138.7b
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British soldiers in a trench duringthe Battle of the Somme in 1916.
French Third Republic 39.8m (88.1m)km2) ($170.2b)
The British Empire 446.1m 33.3m km2 $561.2b
Empire of Japan (plus colonies) 55.1m (74.2m) 0.4m km2 (0.7m km2) $76.5b ($92.8b)
Kingdom of Italy (plus colonies) 35.6m (37.6m) 0.3m km2 (2.3m 2 ) $91.3b ($92.6b)
United States (plus overseasdependencies),[8]
96.5m(106.3m)
7.8m km2 (9.6m km2)$511.6b
($522.2b)
Allied approximate total 928.7m 79.2m km2 $1,703.3b
Major affiliated state combatants [edit]
United Kingdom [edit]
War justifications [edit]
In response to Germany's invasion of neutral Belgium, theUnited Kingdom declared war on Germany on 4 August1914.[9] The British Empire held several semi-autonomousdominions that were automatically brought into the wareffort as a result of the British declaration of war, includingAustralia, Canada, Newfoundland, New Zealand, and SouthAfrica.
Colonies and dependencies [edit]
In Europe [edit]
Gibraltar, Cyprus and Malta were British dependencies in
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British battlecruiser HMS Lion hit byshell fire during the Battle of Jutland.
British Sopwith Camel fighteraircraft during the war.
Europe
In Africa [edit]
The UK held several colonies, protectorates, and semi-autonomous dependencies at the time of World War I. InEastern Africa the East Africa Protectorate, Nyasaland,both Northern and Southern Rhodesia, the UgandaProtectorate, were involved in conflict with German forcesin German East Africa. In Western Africa, the colonies ofGold Coast and Nigeria were involved in military actionsagainst German forces from Togoland and Kamerun. InSouthwestern Africa, the semi-autonomous dominion ofSouth Africa was involved in military actions againstGerman forces in German South-West Africa.
In North America [edit]
Canada and Newfoundland were two semi-autonomousdominions during the war that made major military contributions to the British war effort.
Other British dependent territories in the Americas included: British Honduras, the FalklandIslands, British Guiana, and Jamaica.
In Asia [edit]
The UK held large possessions in Asia, including the British Raj that were an assortment of Britishimperial authorities in the territory then defined as India.
Australia and New Zealand were two semi-autonomous dominions of the UK in Asia during the war.
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Russian artillery firing.
Other British territories at the time included: British Malaya - referring to several Malay statesunder British control as a result of the Straits Settlements; North Borneo; and Hong Kong.
Russia [edit]
In response to Austria-Hungary's invasion of Serbia in1914, Russian government officials denounced the Austro-Hungarian invasion as an "ignoble war" on a "weakcountry".[10] Russian government official Nikolaĭ N.Shebeko stated: "the attack on Serbia by a powerfulempire such as Austria, supposedly in order to defend itsexistence, cannot be understood by anyone in my country;it has been considered simply as a means of delivering adeath-blow to Serbia."[10] Russia held close diplomaticrelations with Serbia, and Russian foreign minister SergeySazonov suspected the events were a conspiracy between Austria-Hungary and Germany to expelRussian influence in the Balkans.[10] On 30 July 1914, Russia enacted a general mobilization. Theday after general mobilization was enacted, Austria-Hungary's ally Germany declared war onRussia prior to expected Russian intervention against Austria-Hungary.
Following a raid by Ottoman warships on the Russian port of Odessa, Russia declared war on theOttoman Empire in November 1914.[11]
France [edit]
After Germany declared war on Russia, France with itsalliance with Russia prepared a general mobilization inexpectation of war. On 3 August 1914, Germany declared
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French soldiers crossing a river ontheir way to Verdun during the Battle ofVerdun.
Japanese soldiers landing inTsingtao during the Siege of Tsingtaoin which Allied forces seized control ofGermany's Kiautschou Bayconcession.
war on France.[12]
Japan [edit]
Japan declared war on Germany after it did not accept anultimatum sent by Japan to Germany, demanding thatGermany extinguish its title to the Kiautschou Bayconcession and restore that territory to China.[13] TheJapanese government appealed to the Japanese publicthat Japan was not merely entering a "European War" onbehalf of European powers, but that Japan was fighting onbehalf of Asians against a belligerent European power,Germany, that Japan identified as the "source of evil in theFar East".[13] Thus as a result of this, Japan was followingthrough with the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.[13]
Italy [edit]
Italy had been a member of the Triple Alliance alongsideGermany and Austria-Hungary since the 1880s, howeverthe Triple Alliance stipulated that all parties must beconsulted in the event of one country engaging in war andItaly was not informed of this.[14] As such Italy claimed thatit was not obligated to join their war effort.[14] Italy'srelations with Germany and Austria-Hungary in contrast tothe Allies were additionally affected by the fact that in1913, Britain supplied Italy with 90 percent of its annual
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Italian alpine troops.
imports of coal.[14] The war effort of the Central Powersmeant that Germany and Austria-Hungary were using theircoal supplies for the war, and little was available to beexported to Italy.[14] Italy initially attempted to pursueneutrality from 1914 to 1915.[14]
After diplomatic negotiations, Britain and France convinced Italy to join the war effort with promisesthat Italy would gain favourable territorial concessions from the Central Powers, including Italian-populated territories of Austria-Hungary.[15] Italy ordered mobilization on 22 May 1915, and issuedan ultimatum to Austria-Hungary, and then declared war on Austria-Hungary, though it did notdeclare war on Germany.[15]
Minor affiliated state combatants [edit]
Belgium [edit]
Belgium had declared its neutrality when the war began, however Germany disregarded Belgium'sneutrality and invaded the country in order to launch an offensive against the French capital ofParis. As a result Belgium became a member of the Allies.
Brazil [edit]
Brazil entered the war in 1917 after the United Statesintervened on the basis of Germany's unrestrictedsubmarine warfare sinking its merchant ships, which Brazilalso cited as a reason to enter the war fighting againstGermany and the Central Powers.
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Brazilian soldiers in World War I.
Serbian soldiers during World War I.
Montenegro [edit]
Montenegro had very close cultural and politicalconnections with Serbia and had cooperated with Serbia inthe Balkan Wars of 1912-1913. Montenegro joined the war against Austria-Hungary.
Serbia [edit]
Serbia was invaded by Austria-Hungary after Austria-Hungary placed a stringent ultimatum to the Serbiangovernment demanding full compliance to an Austro-Hungarian investigation of complicity by the Serbiangovernment in the assassination of Archduke FrancisFerdinand. Serbia agreed to most of Austria-Hungary'sdemands but because it did not fully comply, Austria-Hungary invaded.
Serbia had the diplomatic support of Russia and both Serbia and Russia resented Austria-Hungary's absorption of Bosnia and Herzegovina that held a substantial Serb population, andSerbia had expanded in size through its actions in the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 when theOttoman Empire's control in the Balkans collapsed.
During the war, Serbia justified the war as being the result of Austro-Hungarian imperialismtowards Serbs and South Slavs, Serbia cooperated with Yugoslavists including the YugoslavCommittee who sought pan-South-Slav unification, particularly through liberating South Slavs fromAustria-Hungary. In the Corfu Declaration in 1917, the Serbian government officially declared itsintention to form a state of Yugoslavia.
The first two allied victories in the war were won by Serbian army, on the mountains of Cer and
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Kolubara, in the western Serbia. The Austro-Hungarian army was expelled from the countrysuffering great losses. Serbia had suffered great losses in the war, losing almost 50% of all menand around 30% of the entire country population. On July 28, 1918, the Serbian flag was raised atAmerican public buildings, including the White House, on the order of President Woodrow Wilsonas a sign of recognition for Serbia's resistance against the Central Powers. [16]
Major co-belligerent state combatants [edit]
United States [edit]
The United States declared war on Germany in 1917 on the grounds that Germany violated U.S.neutrality by attacking international shipping with its unrestricted submarine warfare campaign.[3]
The U.S. entered the war as an "associated power," rather than a formal ally of France and theUnited Kingdom, in order to avoid "foreign entanglements."[4] Although the Ottoman Empire andBulgaria severed relations with the United States, neither declared war.[5]
Non-state combatants [edit]
Four Non-state combatants, which voluntarily fought with the Allies and seceded from theconstituent states of the Central Powers at the end of the war, were allowed to participate aswinning nations to the peace treaties:
Polish Legions
Czechoslovak Legions: armed by France, Italy and Russia
The Hejaz: armed by Britain in Arabia
Armenians: seceded from Russia and fought against Ottoman Empire.
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Živojin Mišić – General / Field Marshal, Commander of First Army (1914-1915) (1917), laterChief of General Staff (1918)
Petar Bojović – General / Field Marshal, Commander of First Army (1914), Deputy Chief ofGeneral Staff (1915-1916), Chief of General Staff (1916-1917) later Commander of First Army(1918)
Stepa Stepanović – General / Field Marshal, Commander of Second Army (1914-1918)
Pavle Jurišić Šturm – General, Commander of Third Army (1914-1916)
Dragutin Gavrilović - Major
Montenegro [edit]
Nicholas I – King of Montenegro
Serdar Janko Vukotić – Prime Minister, Commander of 1st Montenegrin Army
Božidar Janković – Chief of the General Staff of the Montenegrin Army (1914-1915)
Petar Pešić – Chief of the General Staff of the Montenegrin Army (1915-1916)
Crown Prince Danilo II Petrović-Njegoš – In the staff of the 1st Montenegrin Army
Brigadier General Krsto Zrnov Popović – In the staff of the 1st Montenegrin Army, Aide-de-camp to Serdar Janko Vukotić
General Anto Gvozdenović – King's Aide-de-camp
Divisional General Mitar Martinović – Commander of several detachments in the Montenegrinarmy ( Drina and Herzegovina detachments together in 1914–1915, Kotor detachment in 1916)
Greece [edit]
Eleftherios Venizelos: Prime minister of Greece after 13 June 1917.
Constantin I: King of Greece, he retired from the throne, without formally resigned.
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A pie-chart showing the militarydeaths of the Allied Powers.
Brazil [edit]
See main Article: Brazil during World War I
Venceslau Bras – President of Brazil
Admiral Pedro Frontin, Chief of DNOG (Brazilian Expeditionary Fleet)
General Napoleão Felipe Aché, Chief of Brazilian Military Mission in France (1918-1919)
M.D. Nabuco Gouveia – Chief of Brazilian Military Medical Commission
Personnel and casualties [edit]
These are estimates of the cumulative number of differentpersonnel in uniform 1914–1918, including army, navy andauxiliary forces. At any one time, the various forces weremuch smaller. Only a fraction of them were frontlinecombat troops. The numbers do not reflect the length oftime each country was involved. (See also: World War Icasualties.)
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United States 4,355,0003 116,708[35] 205,690 322,398 7%
Total 42,244,409 5,741,389 12,925,833 18,744,547 49%
Summary of Declarations of War [edit]
The following table shows the timeline of the several declarations of war among the belligerentpowers. Entries on a yellow background show severed diplomatic relations only, not actualdeclarations of war. Unless stated otherwise, declarations of war by and on the United Kingdominclude de facto declarations by and on other members of the British Empire.
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Footnotes [edit]
1. ^ Karel Schelle, The First World War and the Paris Peace Agreement , GRIN Verlag, 2009, p. 24
2. ^ First World War.com – Feature Articles – The Causes of World War One
3. ̂a b US Declaration of War
4. ̂a b Tucker&Roberts pp. 1232, 1264
5. ̂a b Tucker&Roberts p. 1559
6. ^ Perry (2004), p.xiii
7. ^ S.N. Broadberry, Mark Harrison. The Economics of World War I. illustrated ed. CambridgeUniversity Press, 2005, pgs. 7–8.
8. ^ As Hawaii and Alaska were not yet U.S. states, they are included in the parenthetical figures.
9. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern MiddleEast: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. 2009. P1562.
10. ̂a b c Jelavich, Barbara. Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 1806-1914. P262
11. ^ Afflerbach, Holger; David Stevenson, David. An Improbable War: The Outbreak of World War 1 andEuropean Political Culture. Berghan Books. 2012. P. 293.
12. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern MiddleEast: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. 2009. P1556.
13. ̂a b c Hamilton, Richard F; Herwig, Holger H. Decisions for War, 1914-1917. P155.
14. ̂a b c d e Hamilton, Richard F; Herwig, Holger H. Decisions for War, 1914-1917. P194.
15. ̂a b Hamilton, Richard F; Herwig, Holger H. Decisions for War, 1914-1917. P194-198.
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18. ^ Australia casualtiesIncluded in total are 55,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85-.The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total militarydead.4-Totals include 2,005 military deaths during 1919–215-. The 1922 War Office report listed 59,330Army war dead1,237.
19. ^ Belgium casualtiesIncluded in total are 35,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85 Figures include 13,716killed and 24,456 missing up until Nov.11, 1918. "These figures are approximate only, the recordsbeing incomplete." 1,352.
20. ^ Canada casualtiesIncluded in total are 53,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds.6,85
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total militarydead.4
Totals include 3,789 military deaths during 1919–21 and 150 Merchant Navy deaths5-. The losses ofNewfoundland are listed separately on this table. The 1922 War Office report listed 56,639 Army wardead1,237.
21. ^ France casualtiesIncluded in total are 1,186,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85. Totals include thedeaths of 71,100 French colonial troops. 7,414-Figures include war related military deaths of 28,600from 11/11/1918 to 6/1/1919.7,414
22. ^ Greece casualtiesJean Bujac in a campaign history of the Greek Army in World War One listed 8,365 combat relateddeaths and 3,255 missing8,339, The Soviet researcher Boris Urlanis estimated total dead of 26,000including 15,000 military deaths due disease6,160
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23. ^ India casualtiesBritish India included present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.Included in total are 27,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85.The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total militarydead.4
Totals include 15,069 military deaths during 1919–21 and 1,841 Canadian Merchant Navy dead5. The1922 War Office report listed 64,454 Army war dead1,237
24. ^ Italy casualtiesIncluded in total are 433,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85
Figures of total military dead are from a 1925 Italian report using official data9.
25. ^ War dead figure is from a 1991 history of the Japanese Army10,111.
26. ̂a b c Monaco 11-Novembre : ces Monégasques morts au champ d'honneur | Nice-Matin
27. ^ Jain, G (1954) India Meets China in Nepal, Asia Publishing House, Bombay P92
28. ^ New Zealand casualtiesIncluded in total are 14,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85.The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total militarydead.4
Totals include 702 military deaths during 1919–215. The 1922 War Office report listed 16,711 Armywar dead1,237.
29. ^ Portugal casualtiesFigures include the following killed and died of other causes up until Jan.1, 1920; 1,689 in Franceand 5,332 in Africa. Figures do not include an additional 12,318 listed as missing and POW1,354.
30. ^ Romania casualtiesMilitary dead is "The figure reported by the Rumanian Government in reply to a questionnaire fromthe International Labour Office"6,64. Included in total are 177,000 killed or missing in action and diedof wounds6,85.
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31. ^ Russia casualtiesIncluded in total are 1,451,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85. The estimate oftotal Russian military losses was made by the Soviet researcher Boris Urlanis.6,46–57
32. ^ Serbia casualtiesIncluded in total are 165,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85.The estimate of totalcombined Serbian and Montenegrin military losses of 278,000 was made by the Soviet researcherBoris Urlanis6,62–64
33. ^ South Africa casualtiesIncluded in total are 5,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total militarydead.4
Totals include 380 military deaths during 1919–2115. The 1922 War Office report listed 7,121 Armywar dead1,237.
34. ^ UK and Crown Colonies casualtiesIncluded in total are 624,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85.The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total militarydead.4
Military dead total includes 34,663 deaths during 1919–21 and 13,632 British Merchant Navydeaths5. The 1922 War Office report listed 702,410 war dead for the UK1,237, 507 from "Othercolonies"1,237 and the Royal Navy (32,287)1,339.The British Merchant Navy losses of 14,661 were listed separately 1,339; The 1922 War Office reportdetailed the deaths of 310 military personnel due to air and sea bombardment of the UK1,674–678.
35. ^ United States casualtiesOfficial military war deaths listed by the US Dept. of Defense for the period ending Dec. 31, 1918 are116,516; which includes 53,402 battle deaths and 63,114 other deaths.[1] , The US Coast Guardlost an additional 192 dead 11,481.
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References [edit]
^1 The War Office (2006) [1922]. Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during theGreat War 1914—1920. Uckfield, East Sussex: Military and Naval Press. ISBN 1-84734-681-2.OCLC 137236769 .
^2 Gilbert Martin (1994). Atlas of World War I. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-521077-8.OCLC 233987354 .
^3 Tucker Spencer C (1999). The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia.New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8153-3351-X.
^4 The Commonwealth War Graves Commission. "Annual Report 2005-2006" (PDF).
^5 The Commonwealth War Graves Commission. "Debt of Honour Register" .
^6 Urlanis Boris (2003) [1971, Moscow]. Wars and Population. Honolulu: University Press of thePacific. OCLC 123124938 .
^7 Huber Michel (1931). La population de la France pendant la guerre, avec un appendice surLes revenus avant et après la guerre (in French). Paris. OCLC 4226464 .
^8 Bujac Jean Léopold Emile (1930). Les campagnes de l'armèe Hellènique 1918–1922 (inFrench). Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle. OCLC 10808602 .
^9 Mortara Giorgio (1925). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra (in Italian).New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. OCLC 2099099 .
^10 Harries Merion, Harries Susie (1991). Soldiers of the Sun – The Rise and Fall of theImperial Japanese Army. Random House. ISBN 0-679-75303-6. OCLC 32615324 .
^11 Clodfelter Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference toCasualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 (2nd ed.). London: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-1204-6.OCLC 48066096 .
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