EMPOWERMENT STUDY WITH POTENTIAL FOR WATERSHED MODELING OF INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (Case Study: Upper Citarum Watershed) Oleh

EMPOWERMENT STUDY WITH POTENTIAL FOR WATERSHED MODELING OFINTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT(Case Study: Upper Citarum Watershed)

Oleh:Odih Supratman dan Sukadi

Staff Pengajar Jurusan Pendidikan Teknik Sipil FPTK UPI

ABSTRAK

STUDI PEMBERDAYAAN POTENSI DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI DENGANPEMODELAN MANAJEMEN SUMBER DAYA AIR TERPADU

(Studi Kasus: Daerah Aliran Sungai Citarum Hulu)Pengelolaan sumberdaya air merupakan sistem yang

kompleks dengan banyak melibatkan pihak yang salingberkepentingan. Apabila dapat dikelola dengan prinsipsaling kerjasama antar pemerintah daerah, dinas danpengguna air akan dapat meminimalisasi konflik kepentingandan bencana yang ditimbulkan akibat eksploitasi sumberdayaair. Sehingga tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untukmencari model pengelolaan sumberdaya air melalui pemodelanmanajemen secara terpadu dengan sistem satu sungai, saturencana yang terpadu dan satu sistem pengelolaan yangterpadu yang berbasis pada pemberdayaan potensi daerah.

Metoda pengumpulan data dan analisis data digunakanteknik observasi, analisis keruangan dan pemodelanpengelolaan. Observasi digunakan dengan tujuan untukmemperoleh data eksisting daerah aliran sungai Citarumhulu. Sedangkan analisis keruangan digunakan dengan tujuanuntuk menganalisis tata guna lahan eksisting danperkembangan alih fungsi sampai saat ini. Data yangdikumpulkan adalah hasil pemetaan tata guna lahan.

Perubahan luasan kawasan konservasi sangat terlihat dansignifikan hingga tahun 2010, perubahan tersebut nampakbahwa yang semula luasan ada sekitar 50,05% menjadi hanyasekitar 32,20% saja atau ada sekitar 56.310,37 ha.Penurunan luasan kawasan konservasi yang dominan nampakpada berkurangnya hutan sekunder. Diperoleh bahwa padatahun 1997 penggunaan lahan yang berpotensi untuk daya gunaair sejumlah luasan sekitar 78,98% (33.687,13 ha) dariluasan keseluruhan lahan yang ada (42.652,76 ha). Kawasanlahan berpotensi menjadi bencana akibat daya rusak air pada

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tahun 1997 seluas 49,95% (86.932,88 ha) dari luas totalsebesar 174.053,10 ha. Perubahan nampak bahwa pada tahun2010 menjadi 67.80% (118.546,22 ha).

Kata Kunci: Potensi DAS, Pemodelan, Terpadu

I. INTRODUCTIONCitarum watershed as a whole has an area of

approximately 11,500 km2, which covers 9 districts, namely

Kota Bandung, Kota Cimahi, Kabupaten Bandung, Kabupaten

Sumedang, Kabupaten Cianjur, Kabupaten Purwakarta,

Kabupaten Karawang, Kabupaten Indramayu, Kabupaten Bekasi

with the topography of hills and plains. Especially for the

region include Upper Citarum Kabupaten Bandung Kota

Bandung, Kota Cimahi, and Kabupaten Sumedang.

Hydrologic conditions for the watershed is

characterized by the amount of rain for the annual ranges

2000-2600 mm, and 175 m3/sec flow steadiness. Discharge of

rain and there are estimated to have the potential of water

resources of about 5.5 billion m3 annually. The potential

of water resources continue to decline both in terms of

quality and quantity due to damage to the watershed (DAS).

The damage caused by illegal logging (illegal logging),

changes in land use and uncontrolled cultivation methods

that do not pay attention to the function of conserving

water and soil.

Due to the damage caused many disasters are always

experienced by people living in the basin dekitar. Damage

and disasters that frequently occur and are landslides,

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flash floods, erosion and sedimentation and reduced water

infiltration function that causes the discharge of the

river in the dry season tends to decrease.

To solve the problem in the usefulness of natural

resources management needs to be comprehensive, integrated

and environmentally sound, include: conservation,

utilization and control of the destructive force of water.

Necessary action is water resources sector reforms and new

management paradigm (good governance, transparency,

democratization, public accountability and local autonomy),

demand: empowerment and community participation, the

allocation to all sectors (holistic), must be managed in an

efficient, fair, and sustainable for the maximum prosperity

of the people.

As for the initial assessment is to conduct research

studies in the area of the observed changes in land use in

watershed Sub Citarum Hulu. From the pattern of land use by

communities in the watershed will dub berbampak on existing

water resources. Thus, in this initial study, the problem

will be formulated as follows:

1. How land use patterns both land area and percentage of

land area that is potentially as conservation of water

resources existing in Upper Citarum Hulu watershed?

2. How land use patterns both land area and percentage of

land area that is potentially as utilization of water

resources in the Upper Citarum watershed?

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3. How land use patterns both land area and percentage of

land area that could potentially cause damage to the

existing water resources in the Upper Citarum watershed?

II. THEORY STUDYTo facilitate the identification of all the problems

that exist in the basin, the basin is divided into three

zones, namely region:

Zone Upper Citarum : Hulu streams in Mount Wayang - End

Saguling

Citarum Central Zone : Saguling - Cirata - Jatiluhur

Citarum Zone Downstream : Downstream Citarum - Muara

Citarum

1. Upper Citarum River Conditions

Upstream Citarum river include springs to Saguling

(Figure 1) with an area of approximately 1,771 km2, as part

of the Citarum River Basin is one of the largest in West

Java. For management purposes, the Upper Citarum divided

into five sub-watersheds namely: Cikapundung, Citarik,

Cisarea, Cisangkuy and Ciwidey (Housing Authority

Jatiluhur, 1990). Monthly rainfall average measured in 2001

ranged from 45 to 352 mm with a total value of annual

rainfall of 2,200 mm. The topography is dominated by the

mountains along the boundary of the watershed and the vast

plains in the middle of the watershed. Land use is

dominated by agriculture and forests. During the seven-year

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period (1994-2001) the forest area decreased by almost 60%,

whereas the agricultural land area increased by 40%.

Figur 1. Sub DAS conditions in the Upper Citarum (Source: BP DAS Citarum, 2009)

2. Issues Upper Citarum River

Problems in the Upper Citarum caused by reduced

function of protected areas (forest and non-forest),

development of settlements without proper planning, and

agricultural cultivation is not in accordance with

conservation principles that led to many critical areas,

higher levels of erosion resulting in sedimentation in

trough rivers, reservoirs, and even went into the water

infrastructure network.

Another major problem in the upper basin include

degradation of water resources conservation function as

critical land reached 26,022.47 ha, which resulted in run-

off of surface runoff 3,632.50 million m3/year and

sedimentation 7,898.59 tons / ha.

3. Resource Potential Upper Citarum Watershed5

According to Law no. 7 of 2004 on Water Resources

described some potential, both in terms of protection,

utilization and the level of damage caused by Water

Resources. These potentials are the subject of analysis for

water resource development policies in order to take both

at the central and local levels. Especially for Watershed

(DAS) Citarum, these potentials are described as follows.

a. Potential Water Resources Conservation1) Critical Land Conservation2) Coordination and Synergy Program3) Setting and Groundwater Withdrawal Restrictions

b. Potential Utilization of Water Resources1) Water Allocation Model schematization2) Improvement of Water Resource Potential3) Increased Potential Water Bearer Channels4) Increased Use of Water Efficiency to reduce Needs

c. Water Damage Potential of Power Control1) Flood Management2) Crisis Management Water / Drought3) Landslide Disaster

d. Potential Water Resource Information System1) Integration of Information Systems2) Decision Support System

e. Empowerment and Improved Potency and the Role of theBusiness Community1)Partnership2)Stakeholder Coordination and Case Management of WaterResources

f. Potential Spatial1)Zoning2)Java Spatial Model3)Sustainable Agricultural Land Protection

4. Resource Potential Upper Citarum Watershed

According to the Global Water Partnership (as quoted

Citarum Fact Sheet 2010:2) Integrated Water Resources

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Management (Integrated Water Resources Management) can be

defined as a process that promotes the function of

coordination and management of water, land and related

resources, in order to maximize the economic and welfare

outcomes social pattern that does not compromise the

sustainability of vital ecosystems.

Components of the program in the Citarum Roadmap to

achieve a vision of "government and community working

together for the creation of clean rivers, healthy and

productive and bring sustainable benefits for the whole

community in the Citarum river basin", which is described

as a building, is as follows:

a. The principle and the concept of Integrated WaterResources Management

b. Institutional Planning and Integrated Water ResourcesManagement (IWRM)

c. Development and Management of Water Resourcesd. Use and Distribution of Watere. Environmental protectionf. Disaster managementg. Community Empowermenth. Data, Information and Support Policyi. Program Management

III.RESEARCH METHODSData collection methods and data analysis techniques

used observation, spatial analysis and modeling management.

Observations used in order to obtain existing data Citarum

watershed upstream. While the use of spatial analysis with

the aim of analyzing the existing land use and development

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control functions to date. While modeling is performed to

find the management guidelines for the management of local

governments, related agencies and fellow water users in the

basin.

IV. RESEARCH RESULTSCitarum watershed area upstream of the identified

springs Situ Cisanti up with Nanjung (Jompong waterfall),

composed of 5 (five) Sub Watershed. The sub-watershed are

as follows:

a. Sub DAS Cirasea

b. Sub DAS Cisangkuy

c. Sub DAS Citarik

d. Sub DAS Ciwidey

e. Sub DAS Cikapundung

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Start

Library Studies

Data Collection

Primary Data

Secondary data

FieldSurvey

Figur 2. Flowcart Empowerment Potential Watershed

1. Identification of Land Use Sub Upper Citarum

From the observation of secondary data obtained from

Bappeda and BPLHDs West Java Province obtained the data of

land use and land cover data of 5 (five) Sub-watershed

which is the object of research. Below are presented the

results of observations / development of land use changes

from year 1997 to 2010. Described below and the land use

map of each sub-watershed in the form of figures and

tables.

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RBIMap

LU & LCMap

DAS System

Land Use

Potential Watershed: Conservation, WaterTo Power, Power Water Damage, information

Analysis of Results andDiscussion

Preparation ofReports

Finish

(1997) (2001)

(2005) (2010)

Figur 3. Land Use Map of the Upper Citarum Watershed years

1997 - 2010

Table 1. Use of Land Upper Citarum Watershed

1997 2001 2005 20101 Hutan Prim er 22,785.24 23,724.41 20,802.28 19,653.36 2 Hutan Sekunder 25,464.43 19,773.35 4,361.69 4,563.26 3 Kawasan Pertam bangan / G alian 179.64 179.64 214.29 198.72 4 Kawasan dan Zona Industri 1,910.82 1,924.32 1,969.19 2,924.16 5 Kebun Cam puran 16,712.67 16,961.64 22,538.34 22,746.24 6 Ladang / Tegalan 17,589.71 18,988.63 18,642.53 19,492.22 7 Padang Rum put/Ilalang 3,012.47 3,012.47 3,012.47 4,530.93 8 Perkebunan 21,024.06 22,115.88 38,724.83 37,811.36 9 Perm ukim an 26,273.71 27,015.39 28,495.76 29,217.42 10 Sawah 38,587.42 39,590.42 34,696.27 32,083.93 11 Sem ak Belukar 229.79 962.37 302.59 1,367.23 12 Sungai/Tubuh Air/Danau/W aduk/Situ 283.13 21.68 9.82 9.82 13 Tanah Kosong / Terbuka 283.13 283.13 257.93

No. Jenis Penggunaan Lahan Tahun (Ha)

2. Identification of Potential Sub Upper Citarum Watershed

Upstream Citarum watershed consisting of 5 (five) sub-

watershed area experienced a decline compared to the

conservation area. Primary forest as a buffer and storage

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of water resources increasingly are reduced. Changes in the

extent of protected areas are highly visible and

significant until 2010. In development at a period of

around 4 years, these changes appears that the original

area there are about 50.05% in 1997 to only about 32.20% or

there are only about 56310.37 ha in 1010. The decrease in

the extent of protected areas appear dominant in the

secondary forest loss. Overview of trends that have the

potential reduction in land area as a conservation area are

presented in the following table.

Table 2. Percentage of Land Area of Potential as aConservation Area Upper Citarum Watershed

1997 2001 2005 20101 Hutan Prim er 13.09 13.59 11.95 11.24 2 Hutan Sekunder 14.63 11.33 2.51 2.61 3 Sawah 22.17 22.68 19.93 18.35 4 Sungai/Tubuh Air/Danau/W aduk/Situ 0.16 0.01 0.01 0.01

50.05 47.61 34.40 32.20

No. Jenis Penggunaan Lahan Tahun (% )

Changes in land use efficiency potential water views

from industrial areas, gardens, fields, plantations,

settlements and fields. In 1997 this land use is industrial

area 1.10% (1910.82 ha), mixed plantation of 9.60%

(16712.67 ha), field / moor 10.11% (17589.71 ha),

plantation 12 08% (21024.06 ha), settlement 15.10%

(26273.71 ha) and rice 22.17% (38587.42 ha). For the

following years until 2010, there was clear increase in the

land-use changes. Particularly striking is the change from

the plantation area of 12.08% (21024.06 ha) in 1997 to

21.62% (37811.36 ha) in 2010. As for the rice region

experienced a reduction in the extent of 22.17% (38587.42

ha) in 1997 to 18.35% (32083.93 ha) in 2010.11

Table 3. The area percentage of Potential Land asUtilization of Water Resources in the Upper CitarumWatershed

1997 2001 2005 20101 Kawasan dan Zona Industri 1.10 1.10 1.13 1.67 2 Kebun Cam puran 9.60 9.72 12.95 13.01 3 Ladang / Tegalan 10.11 10.88 10.71 11.15 4 Perkebunan 12.08 12.67 22.25 21.62 5 Perm ukim an 15.10 15.48 16.37 16.71 6 Sawah 22.17 22.68 19.93 18.35

70.15 72.53 83.35 82.51

No. Jenis Penggunaan Lahan Tahun (% )

As for the data changes in land use that Upstream

Citarum area that could potentially be a disaster due to

the destructive force of the water in 1997 covering an area

of 49.95% (86932.88 ha) of the total area of 174,053.10 ha.

Appears that changes in 2010 to 67.80% (118,546.22 ha). So

the total change in the existing land approximately 17.85%

(31613.33 ha) over a period of 13 years. Below we present

the percentage change in land use that have the potential

to power the water damaged from years 1997 to 2010.

Table 4. The area percentage of Potential Land as DamagedWater Resources in the Upper Citarum Watershed.

1997 2001 2005 20101 Kawasan Pertam bangan / G alian 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.11 2 Kawasan dan Zona Industri 1.10 1.10 1.13 1.67 3 Kebun Cam puran 9.60 9.72 12.95 13.01 4 Ladang / Tegalan 10.11 10.88 10.71 11.15 5 Padang Rum put/Ilalang 1.73 1.73 1.73 2.59 6 Perkebunan 12.08 12.67 22.25 21.62 7 Perm ukim an 15.10 15.48 16.37 16.71 8 Sem ak Belukar 0.13 0.55 0.17 0.78 9 Tanah Kosong / Terbuka - 0.16 0.16 0.15

49.95 52.39 65.60 67.80

No. Jenis Penggunaan Lahan Tahun (% )

3. Discussion of Results

Changes in land use potential as a conservation area is

very visible in the sub-watershed Cisangkuy, over a period

of 13 years (1997-2010) has been reduced drastically. Even

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the secondary forest is not there anymore, everything is

turned into plantations and other land uses. Changes in

land area that has potential as a conservation area can be

seen in the image below.

-10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00

1997 2001 2005 2010

(%) Luasan

W aktu (tahun)

Konservasi SDACiraseaCisangkuyCitarikCiwideyCikapundungCitarum Hulu

Figue 4. Trend of Land Use Potential as a Conservation Area

Impact it will have the power of absorbing water is

reduced and rainwater runoff will be greater. The amount of

runoff likely to impact the scour (erosion) of land along

the water flow is bypassed. Then the resulting material

erosion sediment will enter the river channel also affect

the reduced capacity of the river. Eventually spills into

the flooding that occurred along the river channel is not

unbearable.

Utilization of water demand due to high water, it

should be anticipated that the availability should be

sufficient to meet these needs. For that need to be

analyzed further allocation of its water needs. The

assumption has often appeared in the analysis of the water

balance is water demand will always increase while cendeung

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water availability will be reduced both in quantity and

quality. The following are the results of the analysis of

the percentage of land use changes as a result of increased

use of land for water efficiency from year 1997 to 2010.

-10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 100.00

1997 2001 2005 2010

(%) Luasan

W aktu (tahun)

Pendayagunaan SDACiraseaCisangkuyCitarikCiwideyCikapundungCitarum Hulu

Figur 5. Trend of Land Use Potential as SDA Region

Usability

The highest sub-watershed land area change resulting

potential force of water is very high in sub-watershed

Cisangkuy. Sub-watershed Cisangkuy the data obtained from

land-use change land use map shows that the area that could

potentially be a disaster due to the destructive force of

the water in 1997 covering an area of 30.47% (9018.23 ha)

of the total area of 29596.40 ha. Appears that changes in

2010 to 65.64% (19549.79 ha). So the total change in the

existing land approximately 35.17% (10531.56 ha) over a

period of 13 years. Below we present the percentage change

in land use that have the potential to power the water

damaged from years 1997 to 2010.

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-10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00

1997 2001 2005 2010

(%) L

uasan

W aktu (tahun)

Daya Rusak SDACiraseaCisangkuyCitarikCiwideyCikapundungCitarum Hulu

Figur 6. Trend of Land Use Potential as an Area DamagedPower SDA

V. CONCLUSION1. Changes in the extent of protected areas are highly

visible and significant until 2010. In development with

a period of about 4 years, it appears that these changes

are initially area there are about 50.05% to 32.20% just

about any or no about 56310.37 ha. The decrease in the

extent of protected areas appear dominant in the

secondary forest loss.

2. Changes in land area as the potential for water power in

2010, there was clear increase in the land-use changes.

Particularly striking is the change from the plantation

area of 12.08% (21024.06 ha) in 1997 to 21.62% (37811.36

ha) in 2010. As for the rice region experienced a

reduction in the extent of 22.17% (38587.42 ha) in 1997

to 18.35% (32083.93 ha) in 2010.

3. Changes in land use upstream Citarum potentially be a

disaster due to the destructive force of the water in

1997 covering an area of 49.95% (86932.88 ha) of the

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total area of 174,053.10 ha. Appears that changes in

2010 to 67.80% (118,546.22 ha). So the total change in

the existing land approximately 17.85% (31613.33 ha)

over a period of 13 years.

VI. REFERENCESAnik Sarminingsih, (2007), Evaluasi Kekritisan Lahan Daerah

Aliran Sungai (Das) Dan Mendesaknya Langkah-LangkahKonservasi Air, Jurnal Pretisipasi, PS TeknikLingkungan FT UNDIP, Semarang.

Bappeda, (2012), Peta Tata Guna Lahan Wilayah Citarum,Bappeda Jawa Barat, Bandung.

Bakosurtanal, (2013), Peta Rupa Bumi Lembar Citarum Hulu,Bakosurtanal, Bogor.

BPLHD, (2012), Peta Tutupan Lahan Wilayah Citarum, BPLHDJawa Barat, Bandung.

Dirjen SDA, (2011), Rencana Penanganan Terpadu WilayahSungai Citarum 2010 – 2025, Kemen PU, Jakarta.

Dirjen SDA, (2012), Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air WilayahSungai Cidanau-Ciujung-Cidurian-Cisadaneciliwung-Citarum, Kemen PU, Jakarta.

Direktur Pengairan dan Irigasi Bappenas, (2010), Roadmapuntuk Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air Terpadu WilayahSungai Citarum, Bappenas, Jakarta.

Direktur Pengairan dan Irigasi Bappenas, (2013), AliranKehidupan di Sungai Citarum, Bappenas, Jakarta.

Edi TH, dkk., (2005), Perubahan Bentuk Penggunaan Lahan DanImplikasinya Terhadap Koefisien Air Larian DAS CitarumHulu Jawa-Barat, UNPAD, Bandung

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Herman Idrus, dkk., (2011), Pengembangan Sistem InformasiSumber Daya Air Untuk Pengelolaan Wilayah SungaiCitarum, Kolokium Hasil Penelitian dan PengembanganSumber Daya Air, PUS AIR, Bandung.

Indriatmoko RH, dkk., (2004), Evaluasi Lingkungan Air Tanahdi DAS Citarum Hulu, Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan, P3TL-BPPT, Jakarta.

Mahastuti, (2007), Gambaran Umum Wilayah Citarum, ITB,Bandung.

Poerbandono, dkk., (2006), Evaluasi Perubahan PerilakuErosi Daerah Aliran Sungai Citarum Hulu denganPemodelan Spasial, Jurnal Infrastruktur Lingkungan danBinaan, ITB, Bandung.

Siti Halimatusadiah, dkk., (2012), Efektivitas KelembagaanPartisipatoris Di Hulu Daerah Aliran Sungai Citarum,Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan IPB, Bogor.

Sukadi, (2012), Modul: Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air, JPTSFPTK UPI, Bandung.

Undang-undang SDA No. 7, (2004), Sumber Daya Air, DirjenSDA, Jakarta.

Yadi Suryadi, (2007), Penerapan Model pada Studi Kasus DASCitarum Hulu, ITB, Bandung.

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VII.LAMPIRAN

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