mvTypical Values of the Coefficient of Volume Compressibility,
mv (after Carter 1983)Type of clayDescriptionmv(x10-3m2/kN)Lower
LimitUpper LimitAverageHeavy over-consolidated boulder clays, stiff
weathered rocks and hard claysVery low compressibility0.05Boulder
clays, marls, very stiff tropical red claysLow
compressibility0.050.10.075Firm clays, glacial outwash clays, lake
deposits, weathered marls, firm boulder clays, normally
consolidated clays at depth and firm tropical red claysMedium
compressibility0.10.30.2Normally consolidated alluvial clays such
as estuarine and delta deposits, and sensitive claysHigh
compressibility0.31.50.9Highly organic alluvial clays and peatsVery
high compressibility1.5Carter, M and Bentley, S. P., Correlations
of Soil Properties, Pentech Press, London, 1991.
CcTypical Values of Compressibility Index, Cc (after Holtz and
Kovacs 1981)SoilCcLower LimitUpper LimitAverageNormally
consolidated medium sensitive clays0.20.50.35Chicago silty clay
(CL)0.150.30.225Boston blue clay (CL)0.30.50.4Vicksburg Buckshot
clay (CH)0.50.60.55Swedish medium sensitive clays
(CL-CH)132Canadian Leda clays (CL-CH)142.5Mexico City clay
(MH)7108.5Organic clays (OH)4Peats (Pt)101512.5Organic silt and
clayey silts (ML-MH)1.542.75San Francisco Bay Mud (CL)0.41.10.75San
Francisco Old Bay clays (CH)0.70.90.8Bangkok clay (CH)0.4Carter, M
and Bentley, S. P., Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech Press,
London, 1991.
CvTypical Values of the Coefficient of Consolidation, cv (after
Carter and Bentley 1991)SoilcvReference(m2/yr)Lower LimitUpper
LimitAverageBoston blue clay (CL)61812Ladd and Luscher, 1965Organic
silt (OH)0.631.8Lowe, Zaccheo, and Feldman, 1964Glacial lake clays
(CL)22.72.35Wallace and Otto, 1964Chicago silty clay
(CL)2.72.72.7Terzaghi and Peck, 1967Swedish medium sensitive clays
(CL-CH)Holtz and Broms, 19721. laboratory0.10.20.152.
field0.210.6San Francisco Bay Mud (CL)0.61.20.9Mexico City clay
(MH)0.30.50.4Leonards and Girault, 1961Carter, M and Bentley, S.
P., Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech Press, London,
1991.Comparison of cv Obtained From Various Methods (after Robinson
and Allam, 1996)SoilRange of Pressure
'cvReference(m2/yr)(kPa)Logarithm-of-time methodSquare-root-of-time
methodEarly stage log t methodRed
earth25-501.461.721.9350-1002.032.522.84100-2002.313.153.60200-4002.573.443.96400-8002.553.784.04Brown
soil25-501.201.401.7150-1000.951.191.20100-2000.901.071.11200-4000.660.700.86400-8000.410.460.43Black
cotton
soil25-501.602.073.0750-1000.971.161.51100-2000.630.791.09200-4000.360.500.64400-8000.180.200.25Illite25-500.520.710.7950-1000.421.001.05100-2000.691.001.15200-4000.991.451.62400-8001.311.842.03Bentonite25-500.020.040.0550-1000.010.030.04100-2000.010.020.03200-4000.010.010.01400-8000.000.010.01Chicago
clay12.5-507.9214.3514.51Taylor,
194825-506.347.549.9350-1004.325.496.37100-2001.001.491.57200-4001.441.391.55400-8001.912.032.34800-16002.242.722.87Das,
Braja M., Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, Fifth Ed., Thomas
Learning, United States, 2002.
CTypical Values of C/Cc (after Carter and Bentley
1991)SoilC/CcLower LimitUpper LimitAverageOrganic
silts0.0350.060.0475Amorphous and fibrous
peat0.0350.0850.06Canadian muskeg0.090.10.095Leda clay
(Canada)0.030.060.045Post-glacial Swedish clay0.050.070.06Soft blue
clay (Victoria, B.C.)0.0260.0260.026Organic clays and
silts0.040.060.05Sensitive clay, Portland, ME0.0250.0550.04San
Francisco Bay Mud0.040.060.05New Liskeard (Canada) varved
clay0.030.060.045Mexico City clay0.030.0350.0325Hudson River
silt0.030.060.045New Haven organic clay silt0.040.0750.0575Carter,
M and Bentley, S. P., Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech
Press, London, 1991.
Typical Values of Unit Weights (sat and dry) (after Carter and
Bentley 1991)Soilsatdry(kN/m3)(kN/m3)Lower LimitUpper
LimitAverageLower LimitUpper LimitAverageSands and gravelsvery
loose16.6717.6517.1612.7513.7313.24loose17.6518.6318.1413.7314.7114.22medium
dense18.6320.5919.6114.7117.6516.18dense19.6121.5720.5916.6719.6118.14very
dense21.5722.5622.0619.6121.5720.59Poorly-graded
sands16.6718.6317.6512.7514.7113.73Well-graded
sands17.6522.5620.1013.7321.5717.65well-graded sand/gravel
mixtures18.6322.5620.5914.7121.5718.14Claysunconsolidated
muds15.6916.6716.188.8310.799.81soft,
open-structured16.6718.6317.6510.7913.7312.26typical, normally
consolidated17.6521.5719.6112.7518.6315.69boulder clays
(overconsolidated)19.6123.5421.5716.6721.5719.12Red tropical
soils16.6720.5918.6312.7517.6515.20Carter, M and Bentley, S. P.,
Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech Press, London, 1991.
EsRepresentative Values of Modulus of Elasticity of Soil, Es
(Das, 2002)SoilEs(kPa)Lower LimitUpper LimitAverageSoft
clay180035002650Hard clay60001400010000Loose
sand100002800019000Dense sand350007000052500Range of Values:
Modulus of Elasticity, E (McCarthy, 1998)SoilEs(kPa)Lower
LimitUpper LimitAverageSand, loose90002500017000Sand,
dense450008000062500Sand, silty70002100014000Sand and gravel,
loose4500014500095000Sand and gravel,
dense90000180000135000Silt24002000011200Loess150005000032500Clay,
soft50050002750Clay, medium4000100007000Clay,
firm70002000013500Clay, sandy250004000032500
Representative Values of Poisson's Ration, (Das, 2002)SoilLower
LimitUpper LimitAverageLoose
sand0.20.40.3MediumSand0.250.40.325Dense sand0.30.450.375Silty
sand0.20.40.3Soft clay0.150.250.2Medium clay0.20.50.35Range of
Values: Poisson's Ratio, (McCarthy, 1998)SoilLower LimitUpper
LimitAverageSand, loose0.10.30.2Sand,
dense0.30.40.35Silt0.30.40.35Loess0.20.40.3Clay,
saturated0.40.50.45Clay, partially saturated0.30.40.35Clay, with
sand and silt0.20.40.3
CuTypical Values of Undrained Shear Strength, cu (after Day,
2006)Claycu(kPa)Lower LimitUpper LimitAverageVery
soft12Soft122518.5Medium255037.5Stiff5010075Very
stiff100200150Hard200Day, Robert W., Foundation Engineering
Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006.
eTypical Values of Void Ratio, e (after Lambe and Whitman,
1969)SoileLower LimitUpper LimitAverageCompacted
caliche0.2270.6670.447Silty sand0.2420.3330.2875Sandy
clay0.3791.3030.841Beach sand0.6360.8330.7345Compacted Boston blue
clay0.4850.6520.5685Vicksburg buckshot clay0.5760.9850.7805Ottawa
sand0.5910.6360.6135Sand-Franklin
Falls0.750.8480.799Sand-Scituate0.4850.6210.553Sand-Plum
Island0.6520.6970.6745Sand-Fort
Peck0.5610.6060.5835Silt-Boston0.7423.972.356Loess0.6520.7640.708Lean
clay0.3940.530.462Sand-Union Falls0.4390.6450.542Silt-North
Carolina0.6360.8790.7575Sand from dike0.6521.1520.902Sodium-Boston
blue clay0.472.6971.5835Calcium kaolinite1.2121.6821.447Sodium
montmorillonite2.3333.973.1515Sand (dam filter)0.4550.7730.614Day,
Robert W., Foundation Engineering Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York,
2006.
kTypical Values of Permeability, k (after Lambe and Whitman,
1969)Soilk(cm/s)Lower LimitUpper LimitAverageCompacted
caliche5.0E-091.0E-075.3E-08Silty sand7.0E-093.0E-081.9E-08Sandy
clay2.5E-102.8E-041.4E-04Beach sand8.0E-022.0E-011.4E-01Compacted
Boston blue clay3.5E-093.2E-081.8E-08Vicksburg buckshot
clay3.0E-101.2E-097.5E-10Ottawa
sand6.0E-107.0E-106.5E-10Sand-Franklin
Falls9.0E-041.2E-031.1E-03Sand-Scituate4.0E-039.5E-036.8E-03Sand-Plum
Island1.8E-022.8E-022.3E-02Sand-Fort
Peck1.8E-032.8E-032.3E-03Silt-Boston1.0E-082.0E-061.0E-06Loess4.0E-095.2E-094.6E-09Lean
clay2.0E-092.8E-081.5E-08Sand-Union
Falls4.3E-021.0E-017.2E-02Silt-North
Carolina5.7E-078.0E-054.0E-05Sand from
dike1.4E-041.7E-039.2E-04Sodium-Boston blue
clay1.7E-101.0E-075.0E-08Calcium
kaolinite2.1E-061.2E-057.1E-06Sodium
montmorillonite1.8E-081.8E-081.8E-08Sand (dam
filter)1.6E-031.0E-015.1E-02Day, Robert W., Foundation Engineering
Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006.Typical Values of
Permeability, kSoilk(cm/s)Lower LimitUpper LimitAverageClean
gravel1.0E+001.0E+00Gravel, clean coarse
sand1.0E-011.0E+005.5E-01Graded sand, fine
sand1.0E-031.0E-015.1E-02Silty sand, silt1.0E-051.0E-035.1E-04Dense
silt, clayey silt1.0E-071.0E-055.1E-06Clay, silty
clay1.0E-071.0E-073.2E-02Spangler, Merlin G. and R.L. Handy, Soil
Engineering, Fourth Edition, Harper & Row Publishers, New York,
1982.Typical Values of Permeability, kSoilk(cm/s)Lower LimitUpper
LimitAverageRiver depositsRhone at Genissiat4.00E-01Small streams,
eastern
Alps2.00E-021.60E-019.00E-02Missouri2.00E-022.00E-011.10E-01Mississippi2.00E-021.20E-017.00E-02Glacial
depositsOutwash plains5.00E-022.00E+001.03E+00Esker, Westfiels,
Mass.1.00E-021.30E-017.00E-02Delta, Chicopee,
Mass.1.00E-041.50E-027.55E-03Till1.00E-04Wind depositsDune
sand1.00E-013.00E-012.00E-01Loess1.00E-03Loess
loam1.00E-04Lacustrine and marine offshore depositsVery fine
uniform sand1.00E-046.40E-033.25E-03Bull's liver, Sixth Ave.
N.Y.1.00E-045.00E-032.55E-03Bull's liver,
Brooklyn1.00E-051.00E-045.50E-05Clay1.00E-07Lambe, T. William, and
Whitman, Robert V., Soil Mechanics, SI version, Wiley, New York,
1969.Typical Values of Permeability, kSoilk(cm/s)Lower LimitUpper
LimitAverageClean gravel1.0E+001.0E+015.5E+00Clean sand, sand and
gravel mixtures1.0E-031.0E+005.0E-01Fine sands,
silts1.0E-051.0E-035.1E-04Sand-silt-clay mistures, glacial
tills1.0E-071.0E-045.0E-05Homogeneous clays1.0E-07McCarthy, David
F., Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations: Basic
Geotechnics, Fifth Edition, Prentice Hall, 1998.