Emotional Eating, BMI, GPA, and Student Retention Joanne Haeffele, PhD, Patricia Braun, DNSc, Sarah Blackstone, BPhil
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Emotional Eating, BMI, GPA, and
Student Retention Joanne Haeffele, PhD, Patricia Braun, DNSc,
Sarah Blackstone, BPhil
IntroductionO Measures of academic success
O GPAO Retention
O US Census Bureau estimatesO 43% students do not graduate in six
yearsO Nationwide retention rate is 75%
IntroductionO Illinois retention rate – 59.4%
(after 4 years)
O NIU retention – overall 73.2%
O NIU graduation rates 48% (6 years)
Introduction O Predictive variablesO Socioeconomic Demographic
O GenderO Parents’ education p<.05O High school GPA
O Recent research suggesting emotional and social factors play a role
Pritchard & Wilson, 2003
Stress
IntroductionO Emotional eating
O Tendency to eat in response to negative emotions
O Higher prevalence of:O DepressionO Negative affectO Neuroticism
O Depression, negative affect and neuroticism related to lower GPA
Van Strien et al. 2007; Jansen et al. 2008; van Strien et al. 2012; Ouwens, van Strien, & van Leeuwe, 2009
Current AimsO Investigate relationship between
emotional eating, BMI, GPA and later college retention
O Analyze three factors of emotional eating (indicated by EADES questionnaire)O Emotion and stress related eatingO Appraisal of ability and resources to copeO Appraisal of outside stressors
Susan A 22-year old obese female student reported to the school counselor that she engaged in episodes of binge eating up to five times per week. She reported a lack of control and that she would consume up to 6,000 calories in one episode Her binge episodes were typically preceded by intense emotions and food intake was her way of coping with the emotions and distress. Midterm and final exam times were especially distressing.
Macht & Simons, 2011
Theories
Psychosomatic
Emotional Eating Theory
Adriaanse et al., 2011; Macht & Simons, 2011; Slochower, 1983; Booth, 1994
Emotional Eating O Often symptomatic of entrenched
unresolved psychological issuesO Habits range from snatching a candy
bar to compulsive bingingO May not consciously realize quality
and quantity of food consumedO Described a lapse of consciousness state (Adam & Epel, 2007)
Emotional Eating O Can be brought on by restrained
eatingO intentionally control or restrict food
intake to maintain or lose weightO Normally high control over food intakeO Control pattern interrupted in times of
stressO Display patterns of emotional eating
when stressed
Macht, 2008
Negative Affect O Increased tendency to cope with
negative emotions using foodO Induced eatingO Associated with an elevated BMI
O Food intake higher O Greater food consumption (Fay &
Finlasion, 2011)
Epel, Lapidus, McEwen, & Brownell, 2001; Chua, Touyz, & Hill, 2004
Stress and EatingO Stress and anxiety associated with
O High consumption of snack foodsO Lower consumption of meal type
foods
O Emotional eater overeat when stressed food consumption reduces stress
Heatherton & Baumeister, 1991; Wallis & Hetherington, 2004, 2008
Links to GPA and Retention
O Emotional eating related toO Anxiety O Negative AffectO Depression
O Depression and anxiety have been related to lower academic performance
Hysenbegasi, Hass, & Rowland, 2005; DeRoman, Leach, & Leverett, 2009; Ahmad & Rana, 2009
Links to GPA and Retention
O Hysenbegasi, Hass, & Rowland (2005): Depression associated with .49 decrease in GPA
O Ahmad & Rana, 2009: Neuroticism associated with lower GPA
O Measured by:O Negative reactivity to daily
eventsO Experience of subjective distressO Inability to cope
Present Study O Purpose: investigate the relationship
between academic performance (GPA and retention), BMI and emotional eating
O Relevance: Depression and anxiety (two characteristics associated with emotional eating) are linked to poorer academic performanceO Depression and anxiety are conditions
experienced by current university students
Data Collection O Participants
O 155 students from NIUO Ages 18-65O Recruited via:
O E-mail announcementO FlyersO Classroom announcements
O Incentives: none initiallyO Course credit
Data Collection O Eating and Appraisal Due to Emotions and
Stress (EADES) QuestionnaireO Validated with internal consistency (see,
Ozier, Kendrick, Knol, Lepper, Perko, & Burnham, 2008)
O Three subscales O Emotion and Stress Related Eating (F1)O Appraisal and Ability of Resources to Cope (F2)O Appraisal of Outside Stressors and Influences
(F3)O Demographic questionnaire
Data ProcedureO Procedure
O Participants given EADES questionnaire in an office in the School of Nursing
O Research assistant measured height and weight
O Collected transcripts in sealed envelopeO Student ID given for retention purposes
Data Collection O Problems
O Data from 4 participants were not usedO 1 did not finish the questionnaire; 3 did
not provide a transcript
O RecruitmentO Incentives
Year in College
Ethnicity
Weight Category
Data CollectionO EADES questionnaire - 49
questions Likert scaleO Strongly Disagree O Disagree O Neither agree nor disagreeO Agree O Strongly Agree
O 24 questions measured F1O 20 questions measured F2O 05 questions measured F3O Total scores range from 44-220
EADES QUESTIONAIRE
O ..\Documents\m_perko_eating_2006.pdf
ANALYSIS &RESULTS
Study HypothesesO H1: GPA will differ based on weight
category
O H2: GPA will be predicted by level of emotional eating based on each of the three EADES factors
O H3, GPA will be predicted by level of emotional eating based on total EADES scores above or below the median
Statistical AnalysisO H1: GPA will differ based on weight
category
O ANOVA was used to test this hypothesis.
O Weight CategoryO Group 1 = normal weight (BMI: 18.5-
24.99)O Group 2 = overweight (BMI: 25-29.99)O Group 3 = obese (BMI ≥ 30)
Statistical AnalysisO H2: GPA will be predicted by level of
emotional eating based on each of the three EADES instrument factors
O A multiple regression analysis was used to test this hypothesis, controlling for age, race, year in school, and gender.
Statistical AnalysisO H3: GPA will be predicted by level of
emotional eating based on total EADES scores above or below the median.
O Weight category (BMI), and age were controlled for in the analysis.
O Levels of emotional eating O Group 1 = EADES score below median (160)
lower score – emotional eatingO Group 2 = EADES score above median
ResultsMeasurement
Mean Standard Deviation
Height 65.05 in. 2.89 in.
Weight 154.77 lbs. 35.32 lbs.
BMI 25.62 5.19
Age 25.84 7.86
Results
Measure Mean Standard Deviation
EADES Score 160.04 23.99
GPA 3.53 .364
*EADES score range: 44-220
EADES QUESTIONAIRE
O ..\Documents\m_perko_eating_2006.pdf
ResultsFactor Mean Standard
Deviation1) Emotions and stress related eating
80.4
Range (24-120)
17.67
2) Appraisal and ability of resources to cope
78.81
Range (20-100)
8.29
ResultsCategory
N Mean GPA
BMI Age
EmotionalEating
76 3.56 (.37)
27.48 (5.73)
26.33 (7.86)
Non-EmotionalEating
79 3.50 (.36)
23.84 (3.89)
26.09 (6.78)
Total 155 3.53 (.364)
25.62 (5.19)
25.84(7.86)
*Standard deviation in parentheses ()
Total score and GPA not significant
Results
O H1, that GPA would differ based on weight category, was not supported
O H2, that level of emotional eating based on scores for each of the EADES factors would predict GPA, was not supported
O H3, that GPA would be predicted by level of emotional eating based on total EADES scores above or below the median, was not supported.
Conclusions/What We Learned
O GPA did not differ based on overall levels of emotional eating as measured by total EADES scores in this sample of students
O Emotion and stress related eating (Factor 1) was a predictor of BMI. That is, lower levels of emotion and stress related eating predicted higher BMIs.
ConclusionsO Contradict previous studies
O BMI and GPAO Race and GPA
O Emotional eating may not be a significant predictor of GPA
O Emotion and stress related eating is an important predictor of BMI
LimitationsO Biased sampleO Using a larger more diverse sample
from the university may yield different results
Further ResearchO Larger samples of more diversified
students from other universities to further demonstrate results and understand the prevalence and relationship of emotional eating
O Retention data of students in this study has not been completed. We will continue to measure retention each semester for student participants according to grade level
Recommendations
O Relationship to BMI may be important for preventing obesity
Provide early interventions to prevent onset of emotional eating/ impact on BMI particularly for emotion and stress related eaters
RecommendationsO Educate nurse practitioners/Health
care professionals to identify underlying symptoms (depression, anxiety) of emotional eating
O Provide education to university students to recognize signs and symptoms of emotional eating and their precursors
DiscussionO Do you have times when you exhibit
emotional eating tendencies?
O If yes, describe a scenario that might occur before the eating occurs.
DiscussionO What has your experience been with
students and emotional eating ?
O How much do you think that emotions affect a student’s ability to succeed?
DiscussionO Can you share an example where
one of your students’ emotions impacted their education?
DiscussionO What other factors do you think may
be related to emotional eating in students?
DiscussionO Are students within your college
educated on emotional eating and or eating disorders?
O If yes, where in the curriculum?
BrainstormingO What type of intervention would you
recommend to a student with emotional eating ?
O Do you think POSITIVE emotions lead to emotional eating?
References O Adam T, Epel, E. (2007). Stress, eating and the reward system. Physiology and
Behavior, 91, 449-458.O Adriaanse, M. A., de Ridder, D. T. D., & Evers, C. (2011). Emotional eating: Eating when
emotional or emotional about eating?. Psychology and Health, 26(1), 23-39.O Ahmad, I., & Rana, S. (2012). Affectivity, achievement motivation, and academic
performance in college students. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 27(1), 107-120.
O Canetti, L., Bachar, E., & Berry, E. M. (2002). Food and emotion. Behavioural processes, 60(2), 157-164.
O Chua, J. L., Touyz, S., & Hill, A. J. (2004). Negative mood-induced overeating in obese binge eaters: an experimental study. International Journal of Obesity,28(4), 606-610.
O DeRoma, V. M., Leach, J. B., & Leverette, J. P. (2009). The relationship between depression and
O college academic performance. College Student Journal, 43(2), 325-334.O Epel, E., Lapidus, R., McEwen, B., & Brownell, K. (2001). Stress may add bite to
appetite in women: a laboratory study of stress-induced cortisol and eating behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 26(1), 37-49.
O Fay, H. S., & Finlayson, G. (2011). Negative affect-induced food intake in non-dieting women is reward driven and associated with restrained-disinhibited eating subtype. Appetite, 56, 682-688.
O Heatherton, T. F., & Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Binge eating as an escape from self-awareness. Psychology Bulletin, 110(1), 86-108.
ReferencesO Hepworth, R., Mogg, K., Brignell, C., & Bradley, B. P. (2010). Negative mood increases
selective attention to food cues and subjective appetite. Appetite, 54, 134-142.O Hysenbegasi, A., Hass, S. L., & Rowland, C. R. (2005). The impact of depression on the
academic productivity of university students. The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 8, 145-151.
O Jansen, A., Vanreyten, A., van Balveren, T., Roefs, A., Nederkoorn, C., & Havermans, R. (2008). Negative affect and cue-induced overeating in non-eating disordered obesity. Appetite, 51, 556-562.
O Macht, M., & Simons, G. (2011). Emotional regulation and well-being. (pp. 281-295). Springer Science & Business Media.
O Ouwens, M. A., van Strien, T., & van Leeuwe, J. F. J. (2009). Possible pathways between depression, emotional and external eating. a structural equation model. Appetie, 53, 245-248.
O Ozier, A. D., Kendrick, O. W., Leeper, J. D., Knol, L. L., Perko, M., & Burnham, J. (2008). Overweight and obesity are associated with emotion-and stress-related eating as measured by the eating and appraisal due to emotions and stress questionnaire. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 108(1), 49-56.
O Prichard & Wilson (2003).Using emotional and social factors to predict student success. Journal of College Student Development 44(1), 18-28.
O Sanders, R. T. (1998). Intellectual and psychosocial predictors of success in the college transition: A multi-ethnic study of freshman students on a predominately White campus. Dissertation Abstracts International Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 58(10-B), 5655.
ReferencesO Slochower, J. (1983). Excessive eating: the role of emotions and environment.
New York: Human Sciences Press. O Ting, S. R., & Robinson, T. L. (1998). Cognitive and noncognitive factors as
predictors of retention among academically at-risk college students: A structural equation modeling approach. Dissertations and Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 57(7-A), 2907.
O van Strien, T., & Bazelier, F. G. (2007). Perceived parental control of food intake is related to external, restrained and emotional eating in 7-12-year-old boys and girls. Appetite, 49, 618-625.
O van Strien, T., Herman, C. P., Anschutz, D. J., Engles, R. C. M. E., & de Weerth, C. (2012). Moderation of distress-induced eating by emotional eating scores. Appetie, 58(277-284).
O Wallis, D. J., & Hetherington, M. M. (2004). Stress and eating: the effects of ego-threat and cognitive demand on food intake in restrained and emotional eaters. Appetite, 43(1), 39-46.
O Wallis, D. J., & Hetherington, M. M. (2008). Emotions and eating. self-reported and experimentally induced changes in food intake under stress. Appetite, 52, 355-
362.
O The End
Statistical Analysis O Data analysis
O CorrelationsO Multiple regression
O GPAO RaceO BMIO GenderO YearO TotalO F1, F2, F3 total
Statistical Analysis (2)O ANOVA: WC and GPA; WC and score
O Group 1 = normal weight (BMI: 18.5-24.99)
O Group 2 = overweight (BMI: 25-29.99)O Group 3 = obese (BMI ≥ 30)
O Independent T-test: EADES score and GPA; EADES score and BMIO Group 1 = EADES score below medianO Group 2 = EADES score above median
ResultsMeasurement
Mean Standard Deviation
Height 65.05 in. 2.89 in.
Weight 154.77 lbs. 35.32 lbs.
BMI 25.62 5.19
Age 25.84 7.86
Results
Measure Mean Standard Deviation
EADES Score 160.04 23.99
GPA 3.53 .364
*EADES score range: 44-220
ResultsFactor Mean Standard
Deviation1) Emotions and stress related eating
80.4
Range (24-120)
17.67
2) Appraisal and ability of resources to cope
78.81
Range (20-100)
8.29
ResultsCategory
N Mean GPA
BMI Age
EE 76 3.56 (.37)
27.48 (5.73)
26.33 (7.86)
Non-EE 79 3.50 (.36)
23.84 (3.89)
26.09 (6.78)
Total 155 3.53 (.364)
25.62 (5.19)
25.84(7.86)
*Standard deviation in parentheses ()
Total score and GPA not significant
EADES Score
GenderMale Female
Results O Significant Correlations
O Age and BMI ( p < .01)O Age and GPA ( p < .05)O Year and GPA ( p < .05)O F1 and BMI ( p < .01)O Total and BMI ( p < .01)O F1, F2, F3 ( p < .01)
Results O Regression (GPA)
O Age and GPA ( p < .05)O Emotional eating and GPA (not
significant)O BMI and GPA (not significant)O Gender and GPA (not significant) O Race and GPA (not significant)
Results O Regression (BMI)
O Age and BMI (p < .01)O Gender and BMI (p < .01)O Total EADES Score and BMI (p
< .01)O F1 and BMI (p < .01)
Results O T-test
O Below median: n = 75O Total score and BMI (p < .01)O Total score and GPA (not significant)
ResultsO ANOVA
O Weight Category and GPA (not significant)
O Weight Category and total score (not significant)
ConclusionsO Total EADES score did not have a
significant relationship with GPA in this sample of students
O F1 had a relationship with BMI
ConclusionsO Contradict previous studies
O BMI and GPAO Race and GPA
O Emotional eating may not be a significant predictor of GPA
O Emotion and stress related eating important factor for BMI
LimitationsO Biased sampleO Using a larger sample from the
university may yield different results
Further ResearchO Larger samples at other universities
to understand the prevalence of emotional eating
O Continue measuring retention each semester
Recommendations O Provide early interventions to
prevent onset of emotional eating
O Particularly for emotion and stress related eatingO Relationship to BMIO May be important for preventing
obesity
Recommendations O Education practitioners to identify
underlying symptoms (depression, anxiety)
O Provide education to university students to recognize signs and symptoms of emotional eating and their precursors
References O Adam T, Epel, E. (2007). Stress, eating and the reward system. Physiology and
Behavior, 91, 449-458.O Adriaanse, M. A., de Ridder, D. T. D., & Evers, C. (2011). Emotional eating: Eating when
emotional or emotional about eating?. Psychology and Health, 26(1), 23-39.O Ahmad, I., & Rana, S. (2012). Affectivity, achievement motivation, and academic
performance in college students. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 27(1), 107-120.
O Canetti, L., Bachar, E., & Berry, E. M. (2002). Food and emotion. Behavioural processes, 60(2), 157-164.
O Chua, J. L., Touyz, S., & Hill, A. J. (2004). Negative mood-induced overeating in obese binge eaters: an experimental study. International Journal of Obesity,28(4), 606-610.
O DeRoma, V. M., Leach, J. B., & Leverette, J. P. (2009). The relationship between depression and
O college academic performance. College Student Journal, 43(2), 325-334.O Epel, E., Lapidus, R., McEwen, B., & Brownell, K. (2001). Stress may add bite to
appetite in women: a laboratory study of stress-induced cortisol and eating behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 26(1), 37-49.
O Fay, H. S., & Finlayson, G. (2011). Negative affect-induced food intake in non-dieting women is reward driven and associated with restrained-disinhibited eating subtype. Appetite, 56, 682-688.
O Heatherton, T. F., & Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Binge eating as an escape from self-awareness. Psychology Bulletin, 110(1), 86-108.
References O Hepworth, R., Mogg, K., Brignell, C., & Bradley, B. P. (2010). Negative mood increases
selective attention to food cues and subjective appetite. Appetite, 54, 134-142.O Hysenbegasi, A., Hass, S. L., & Rowland, C. R. (2005). The impact of depression on the
academic productivity of university students. The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 8, 145-151.
O Jansen, A., Vanreyten, A., van Balveren, T., Roefs, A., Nederkoorn, C., & Havermans, R. (2008). Negative affect and cue-induced overeating in non-eating disordered obesity. Appetite, 51, 556-562.
O Macht, M., & Simons, G. (2011). Emotional regulation and well-being. (pp. 281-295). Springer Science & Business Media.
O Ouwens, M. A., van Strien, T., & van Leeuwe, J. F. J. (2009). Possible pathways between depression, emotional and external eating. a structural equation model. Appetie, 53, 245-248.
O Ozier, A. D., Kendrick, O. W., Leeper, J. D., Knol, L. L., Perko, M., & Burnham, J. (2008). Overweight and obesity are associated with emotion-and stress-related eating as measured by the eating and appraisal due to emotions and stress questionnaire. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 108(1), 49-56.
O Prichard & Wilson (2003).Using emotional and social factors to predict student success. Journal of College Student Development 44(1), 18-28.
O Sanders, R. T. (1998). Intellectual and psychosocial predictors of success in the college transition: A multi-ethnic study of freshman students on a predominately White campus. Dissertation Abstracts International Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 58(10-B), 5655.
References O Slochower, J. (1983). Excessive eating: the role of emotions and environment.
New York: Human Sciences Press. O Ting, S. R., & Robinson, T. L. (1998). Cognitive and noncognitive factors as
predictors of retention among academically at-risk college students: A structural equation modeling approach. Dissertations and Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 57(7-A), 2907.
O van Strien, T., & Bazelier, F. G. (2007). Perceived parental control of food intake is related to external, restrained and emotional eating in 7-12-year-old boys and girls. Appetite, 49, 618-625.
O van Strien, T., Herman, C. P., Anschutz, D. J., Engles, R. C. M. E., & de Weerth, C. (2012). Moderation of distress-induced eating by emotional eating scores. Appetie, 58(277-284).
O Wallis, D. J., & Hetherington, M. M. (2004). Stress and eating: the effects of ego-threat and cognitive demand on food intake in restrained and emotional eaters. Appetite, 43(1), 39-46.
O Wallis, D. J., & Hetherington, M. M. (2008). Emotions and eating. self-reported and experimentally induced changes in food intake under stress. Appetite, 52, 355-
362.
The End
Related Documents
