Emotion & Stress Chapter 8 Copyright 2007 Horizon Textbook Publishing This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following.

Emotion & Stress

Chapter 8

Copyright 2007 Horizon Textbook Publishing

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:

•Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;

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Slide authors:

Larry D. Thomas

Landon O. Thomas

Book authors:

R.H. Ettinger

Copyright © 2007 Horizon Textbook Publishing All rights reserved

What and Why of Emotions

Emotions– A feeling state involving physiological arousal, a

cognitive appraisal of the situation arousing the state, and an outward expression of the state

Explaining the components of emotions– Typically, psychologists have studied emotions in

terms of three components-the physical, the cognitive, and the behavioral

– The physical component is the physiological arousal that accompanies the emotion



Explaining the components of emotions (continued)– The cognitive component determines the specific

emotion we feel– The behavioral component of emotions is the

outward expression of the emotions



Theories of emotion– James-Lange theory of emotion

The theory that emotional feelings result when an individual becomes aware of a physiological response to an emotion-provoking stimulus

– Cannon-Bard theory of emotion The theory that an emotion-provoking stimulus is

transmitted simultaneously to the cortex, providing the feeling of emotion, and to the sympathetic nervous system, causing the physiological arousal

– Schachter-Singer theory of emotion A two-stage theory stating that for an emotion to occur,

there must be (1) physiological arousal and (2) an explanation for the arousal



Theories of emotion (continued)– Lazarus theory of emotion

The theory that an emotion-provoking stimulus triggers a cognitive appraisal, which is followed by the emotion and the physiological arousal









Emotion and the brain– The brain structure most closely associated with

fear is the amygdala– When the emotion of fear first materializes, much of

the brain’s processing is nonconscious



Emotion and the brain (continued)– Researchers using electroencephalographs to track

mood changes have found that reductions in both anxiety and depression are associated with a shift in electrical activity from the left to the right side of the brain

Polygraph test– A device designed to detect changes in heart rate,

blood pressure, respiration rate, and the skin conductance response that typically accompany the anxiety that occurs when a person lies



Polygraph test (continued)– Assumption behind the polygraph examination is

that lying causes changes in these physiological function s that can be accurately measured and recorded by the device

– However, a polygraph is not really a lie detector; it cannot distinguish lying from fear, sexual arousal, anxiety, anger, or general emotional arousal

– Lykken Found that increasing arousal by tensing muscles and

thinking about something exciting during neutral questions could also alter the results


To Tell the Truth

How to detect deception– Hand gestures decrease– Hand to face gestures increase

Mouth guard Nose touching Rubbing eye Neck scratch Ear rub

– Body shifts increase– Less eye contact– More foot movement– More speech errors– Pitch of voice increases (goes higher)


“To Tell the Truth” It is your job to detect who is not telling the truth. Now that you know what to look for with regard to nonverbal cues of deception listen to your classmates answer the following questions. Have them lie on tow of the questions and try to determine which two they are lying.

1. In what month is your birthday?2. How many siblings do you have?3. What is the last digit of your student I.D. number?4. What is your middle name?5. What is your favorite color?6. What is your father’s first name?7. To which political party do you subscribe?8. What were you born?9. How old are you?10. What is your shoe size?11. Have you ever been given a speeding ticket?12. How well do you play tennis?

Copyright © 2004 Allyn & Bacon All rights reserved


Expression of Emotion

Range of emotion– Paul Ekman and Carroll Izard

Insist that there are a limited number of basic emotions

– Basic emotions Emotions that are found in all cultures, that are reflected in

the same facial expressions across cultures, and that emerge in children according to their biological timetable

– Ekman Suggested considering emotions as families Anger family might range form annoyed to irritated, angry,

livid, and finally enraged If perceived as a family, anger should also include various

forms of its expression



Range of emotion (continued)– Ekaman and Friesen

Claim there are subtle distinctions in the facial expression of a single emotion that convey its intensity

Development of facial expressions– Like the motor skills of crawling and walking, facial

expressions of emotions develop according to a biological timetable of maturation

– Consistency of emotional development across individual infants and across cultures supports the idea that emotional expression is inborn



Universality of facial expressions– Charles Darwin

First to study the relationship between emotions and facial expressions

Believed that the facial expression of emotion was an aid to survival, because it enabled people to communicate their internal states and react to emergencies before they developed language

Maintained that most emotions, and the facial expressions that convey them, are genetically inherited and characteristic of the entire human species

Concluded that facial expressions were similar across cultures



Universality of facial expressions (continued)– Scherer and Wallbott

Found very extensive overlap in the patterns of emotional experiences reported across cultures in 37 different counties on 5 continents

Also found important cultural differences in the ways emotions are elicited and regulated and in how they are shared socially

– Researchers found that Caucasian Americans more quickly identified the facial expressions of other Caucasian Americans than did Caucasian Europeans



Cultural rules for displaying emotion– Display rule

Cultural rules that dictate how emotions should be expressed, and when and where their expression is appropriate

– Often a society’s display rules require people to give evidence of certain emotions that they may not actually feel or to disguise their true feelings

– Cole Found that 3-year-old girls, when given an unattractive gift,

smiled nevertheless They had already learned a display rule and signaled an

emotion they very likely did not feel



Cultural rules for displaying emotion (continued)– Davis

Found that among first to third graders, girls were better able to hide disappointment than boys were

– Not only can emotions be displayed by not felt, they can also be felt but not displayed

– Most of us learn to display rules very early and abide by them most of the time



Emotion as a form of communication– Katherine Bridges

Observed emotional expression in Canadian infants over a period of months

Reported that the first emotional expression to appear is that of distress

– Researchers have found that mothers in many cultures attempt to regulate the moods of their babies through facial communication of emotions



Emotion as a form of communication (continued)– In a study involving some 200 male and female

university students, women admitted that they flirted with, smiled at, and played up to men, leading them on when they had no romantic interest in the men or any intention of having sex with them

– Men admitted intentionally deceiving women about the depth of their emotional commitment


Experiencing Emotion

Facial-feedback hypothesis– Sylvan Tomkins

Claimed that the facial expression itself-that is, the movement of the facial muscles producing the expression-triggers both the physiological arousal and the conscious feeling associated with the emotion

– Facial-feedback hypothesis The idea that the muscular movements involved in certain

facial expressions trigger the corresponding emotions



Facial-feedback hypothesis (continued)– Ekman and colleagues

Documented the effects of facial expressions on physiological indicators of emotion using 16 participants

Reported that a distinctive physiological response pattern emerged for the emotions of fear, sadness, anger, and disgust, whether the participants relived one of their emotional experiences or simply made the corresponding facial expression

Researcher found that both anger and fear accelerate hear rate, but fear produces colder fingers than does anger



Facial-feedback hypothesis (continued)– Izard

Believes that learning to self-regulate emotional expression can help in controlling emotions

Proposes that this approach to the regulation of emotion might be a useful adjunct to psychotherapy

Gender differences in experiencing emotion– David Buss

Has reported that women are far more likely to feel anger when their partner is sexually aggressive

Men experience grater anger than women when their partner withholds sex



Gender differences in experiencing emotion (continued)– Research by evolutionary psychologists also

suggests clear and consistent differences between the sexes concerning feelings of jealousy

– Men, more than women, experience jealousy over evidence or suspicions of sexual infidelity

– A women is more likely than a man to be jealous of her partner’s emotional attachment and commitment to another and over the attention, time, and resources diverted from the relationship



Emotion and cognition– Emotion allows us to detect risk more quickly than

we could with rational though alone– It is possible that the anger-optimism link arises

from confidence, whether justified or not, in concrete measures directed towards people who are perceived as potentially threatening



Love– Triangular theory of love

Robert Sternberg’s theory that three components-intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment-singly and in various combinations produce sever different kinds of love

– Liking– Infatuated love– Empty love– Romantic love– Fatuous love– Companionate love– Consummate love

Emotion & Stress Chapter 8 Copyright 2007 Horizon Textbook Publishing This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following.

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