Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst // Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Ignition Energy and Ignition Ignition Energy and Ignition Probability of Probability of Methane Methane - - Hydrogen Hydrogen - - Air Mixtures Air Mixtures Geoff Hankinson, Hemant Mathurkar and Barbara Lowesmith Loughborough University Ignition Energy Ignition Energy
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Pre
pari
ng f
or
the H
ydro
gen
Econ
om
y b
y U
sin
g t
he E
xis
tin
g N
atu
ralG
as S
yste
m a
s a
Cata
lyst
// P
roje
ct
Con
tract
No.:
SES
6/C
T/2
00
4/5
02
66
1
NA
TU
RA
LH
Y is a
n I
nte
gra
ted P
roje
ct
fun
ded b
y t
he E
uro
pean
Com
mis
sio
n’s
Six
th F
ram
ew
ork
Pro
gra
mm
e(2
00
2-2
00
6)
for
researc
h, te
ch
nolo
gic
al develo
pm
en
t an
d d
em
on
str
ati
on
(R
TD
)
Ign
itio
n E
nerg
y a
nd
Ig
nit
ion
Ig
nit
ion
En
erg
y a
nd
Ig
nit
ion
Pro
bab
ilit
y o
f P
rob
ab
ilit
y o
f
Meth
an
eM
eth
an
e-- H
yd
rog
en
Hyd
rog
en
-- Air
Mix
ture
s
Air
Mix
ture
s
Geoff H
ankinso
n, HemantMathurkarand
Barbara Lowesm
ith
Loughborough U
niversity
Ign
itio
n E
nerg
yIg
nit
ion
En
erg
y
2
Pre
pari
ng f
or
the H
ydro
gen
Econ
om
y b
y U
sin
g t
he E
xis
tin
g N
atu
ralG
as S
yste
m a
s a
Cata
lyst
// P
roje
ct
Con
tract
No.:
SES
6/C
T/2
00
4/5
02
66
1
NA
TU
RA
LH
Y is a
n I
nte
gra
ted P
roje
ct
fun
ded b
y t
he E
uro
pean
Com
mis
sio
n’s
Six
th F
ram
ew
ork
Pro
gra
mm
e(2
00
2-2
00
6)
for
researc
h, te
ch
nolo
gic
al develo
pm
en
t an
d d
em
on
str
ati
on
(R
TD
)
Natu
ralh
yN
atu
ralh
yP
roje
ct
Pro
ject
�EC funded project assessing the potential of
adding hydrogen to the natural gas sy
stem as
a m
eans to:
�Providing m
ass transp
ortation of hydrogen to
facilitate introduction of the hydrogen eco
nomy
�Greening of gas if burned directly
�Safety W
ork Pack
age looking at the change
in risk to the public
�Fundamental properties of fuel su
ch as ignition
energy and probability could affect the risk
3
Pre
pari
ng f
or
the H
ydro
gen
Econ
om
y b
y U
sin
g t
he E
xis
tin
g N
atu
ralG
as S
yste
m a
s a
Cata
lyst
// P
roje
ct
Con
tract
No.:
SES
6/C
T/2
00
4/5
02
66
1
NA
TU
RA
LH
Y is a
n I
nte
gra
ted P
roje
ct
fun
ded b
y t
he E
uro
pean
Com
mis
sio
n’s
Six
th F
ram
ew
ork
Pro
gra
mm
e(2
00
2-2
00
6)
for
researc
h, te
ch
nolo
gic
al develo
pm
en
t an
d d
em
on
str
ati
on
(R
TD
)
Ign
itio
n E
nerg
y o
f Ig
nit
ion
En
erg
y o
f
Meth
an
e/H
yd
rog
en
/A
ir M
ixtu
res
Meth
an
e/H
yd
rog
en
/A
ir M
ixtu
res
�Determ
ination of lowest ignition energy for
methane, hydrogen, 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75
CH
4:H
2mixtures in air
�Across full
range of
flammability
4
Pre
pari
ng f
or
the H
ydro
gen
Econ
om
y b
y U
sin
g t
he E
xis
tin
g N
atu
ralG
as S
yste
m a
s a
Cata
lyst
// P
roje
ct
Con
tract
No.:
SES
6/C
T/2
00
4/5
02
66
1
NA
TU
RA
LH
Y is a
n I
nte
gra
ted P
roje
ct
fun
ded b
y t
he E
uro
pean
Com
mis
sio
n’s
Six
th F
ram
ew
ork
Pro
gra
mm
e(2
00
2-2
00
6)
for
researc
h, te
ch
nolo
gic
al develo
pm
en
t an
d d
em
on
str
ati
on
(R
TD
)
Test
Facilit
yTest
Facilit
y-- O
vera
llO
vera
ll
5
Pre
pari
ng f
or
the H
ydro
gen
Econ
om
y b
y U
sin
g t
he E
xis
tin
g N
atu
ralG
as S
yste
m a
s a
Cata
lyst
// P
roje
ct
Con
tract
No.:
SES
6/C
T/2
00
4/5
02
66
1
NA
TU
RA
LH
Y is a
n I
nte
gra
ted P
roje
ct
fun
ded b
y t
he E
uro
pean
Com
mis
sio
n’s
Six
th F
ram
ew
ork
Pro
gra
mm
e(2
00
2-2
00
6)
for
researc
h, te
ch
nolo
gic
al develo
pm
en
t an
d d
em
on
str
ati
on
(R
TD
)
Test
Facilit
yTest
Facilit
y-- C
om
bu
sti
on
Ch
am
ber
Com
bu
sti
on
Ch
am
ber
�Ig
nition detected
visually
or by
pressure senso
r
�Spark
gap 2mm
6
Pre
pari
ng f
or
the H
ydro
gen
Econ
om
y b
y U
sin
g t
he E
xis
tin
g N
atu
ralG
as S
yste
m a
s a
Cata
lyst
// P
roje
ct
Con
tract
No.:
SES
6/C
T/2
00
4/5
02
66
1
NA
TU
RA
LH
Y is a
n I
nte
gra
ted P
roje
ct
fun
ded b
y t
he E
uro
pean
Com
mis
sio
n’s
Six
th F
ram
ew
ork
Pro
gra
mm
e(2
00
2-2
00
6)
for
researc
h, te
ch
nolo
gic
al develo
pm
en
t an
d d
em
on
str
ati
on
(R
TD
)
Exp
eri
men
tal P
rog
ram
me
Exp
eri
men
tal P
rog
ram
me
60
45
30
20
10
675.0
4.0
0 -100
E
38
28
21
14
840.5
4.2
25 -75
D
26
20
16
10
627.7
4.4
50 -50
C
20
16
12
821.1
4.7
75 -25
B
11
98
715.0
5.0
100 -0
A
Target concentration of fuel in fuel-
air mixture (vol.%)
UFL
(vol. %)
LFL
(vol. %)
CH4–H2
Mixture
(vol. %)
Test
Series
7
Pre
pari
ng f
or
the H
ydro
gen
Econ
om
y b
y U
sin
g t
he E
xis
tin
g N
atu
ralG
as S
yste
m a
s a
Cata
lyst
// P
roje
ct
Con
tract
No.:
SES
6/C
T/2
00
4/5
02
66
1
NA
TU
RA
LH
Y is a
n I
nte
gra
ted P
roje
ct
fun
ded b
y t
he E
uro
pean
Com
mis
sio
n’s
Six
th F
ram
ew
ork
Pro
gra
mm
e(2
00
2-2
00
6)
for
researc
h, te
ch
nolo
gic
al develo
pm
en
t an
d d
em
on
str
ati
on
(R
TD
)
Typ
ical R
esu
lts
Typ
ical R
esu
lts
�Ig
nition energy lower for gas/air m
ixtures
around stoichiometric
�Ig
nition at a given energy (above
minim
um) is not guaranteed
�Probabilistic element
�Higher probability for higher energy level
�Ig
nition energy reduce
s as hydrogen added
to the m
ethane
8
Pre
pari
ng f
or
the H
ydro
gen
Econ
om
y b
y U
sin
g t
he E
xis
tin
g N
atu
ralG
as S
yste
m a
s a
Cata
lyst
// P
roje
ct
Con
tract
No.:
SES
6/C
T/2
00
4/5
02
66
1
NA
TU
RA
LH
Y is a
n I
nte
gra
ted P
roje
ct
fun
ded b
y t
he E
uro
pean
Com
mis
sio
n’s
Six
th F
ram
ew
ork
Pro
gra
mm
e(2
00
2-2
00
6)
for
researc
h, te
ch
nolo
gic
al develo
pm
en
t an
d d
em
on
str
ati
on
(R
TD
)
Resu
lts f
or
75
:25
CH
Resu
lts f
or
75
:25
CH
44:H:H
22
02468
10
12
14
0.6
0.8
11.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Equivalence Ratio
Energy (mJ)
Non-ignitio
n
Ignitio
n
9
Pre
pari
ng f
or
the H
ydro
gen
Econ
om
y b
y U
sin
g t
he E
xis
tin
g N
atu
ralG
as S
yste
m a
s a
Cata
lyst
// P
roje
ct
Con
tract
No.:
SES
6/C
T/2
00
4/5
02
66
1
NA
TU
RA
LH
Y is a
n I
nte
gra
ted P
roje
ct
fun
ded b
y t
he E
uro
pean
Com
mis
sio
n’s
Six
th F
ram
ew
ork
Pro
gra
mm
e(2
00
2-2
00
6)
for
researc
h, te
ch
nolo
gic
al develo
pm
en
t an
d d
em
on
str
ati
on
(R
TD
)
Low
est
Ign
itio
n E
nerg
yLow
est
Ign
itio
n E
nerg
y
0.0
1
0.11
10
01
23
45
Equivalence ratio
Lowest Ignition energy (mJ)
CH
475%
CH
4-2
5%
H2
50%
CH
4-5
0%
H2
25%
CH
4-7
5%
H2
H2
10
Pre
pari
ng f
or
the H
ydro
gen
Econ
om
y b
y U
sin
g t
he E
xis
tin
g N
atu
ralG
as S
yste
m a
s a
Cata
lyst
// P
roje
ct
Con
tract
No.:
SES
6/C
T/2
00
4/5
02
66
1
NA
TU
RA
LH
Y is a
n I
nte
gra
ted P
roje
ct
fun
ded b
y t
he E
uro
pean
Com
mis
sio
n’s
Six
th F
ram
ew
ork
Pro
gra
mm
e(2
00
2-2
00
6)
for
researc
h, te
ch
nolo
gic
al develo
pm
en
t an
d d
em
on
str
ati
on
(R
TD
)
Data
Norm
alisati
on
Data
Norm
alisati
on
�ER norm
alised relative to the ER w
here the
minim
um ignition energy occurred and the
ER at the flammability lim
its
�Lowest ignition energy for each
gas/air
mixture norm
alised relative to the m
inim
um
ignition energy
11
Pre
pari
ng f
or
the H
ydro
gen
Econ
om
y b
y U
sin
g t
he E
xis
tin
g N
atu
ralG
as S
yste
m a
s a
Cata
lyst
// P
roje
ct
Con
tract
No.:
SES
6/C
T/2
00
4/5
02
66
1
NA
TU
RA
LH
Y is a
n I
nte
gra
ted P
roje
ct
fun
ded b
y t
he E
uro
pean
Com
mis
sio
n’s
Six
th F
ram
ew
ork
Pro
gra
mm
e(2
00
2-2
00
6)
for
researc
h, te
ch
nolo
gic
al develo
pm
en
t an
d d
em
on
str
ati
on
(R
TD
)
Norm
alised
Resu
lts
Norm
alised
Resu
lts
0123456789
10
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Normalised Equivalence Ratio
ln(Normalised Lowest Observed
Ignition Energy)
Results
of th
is w
ork
Pre
viously p
ublis
hed d
ata
12
Pre
pari
ng f
or
the H
ydro
gen
Econ
om
y b
y U
sin
g t
he E
xis
tin
g N
atu
ralG
as S
yste
m a
s a
Cata
lyst
// P
roje
ct
Con
tract
No.:
SES
6/C
T/2
00
4/5
02
66
1
NA
TU
RA
LH
Y is a
n I
nte
gra
ted P
roje
ct
fun
ded b
y t
he E
uro
pean
Com
mis
sio
n’s
Six
th F
ram
ew
ork
Pro
gra
mm
e(2
00
2-2
00
6)
for
researc
h, te
ch
nolo
gic
al develo
pm
en
t an
d d
em
on
str
ati
on
(R
TD
)
Norm
alised
Resu
lts
Norm
alised
Resu
lts
�Curves fitted to curve
�Enables the lowest ignition energy of any
methane/h
ydrogen/air m
ixture to be
predicted across the flammable range
provided m
inim
um ignition energy known
and the ER w
here that occurs
13
Pre
pari
ng f
or
the H
ydro
gen
Econ
om
y b
y U
sin
g t
he E
xis
tin
g N
atu
ralG
as S
yste
m a
s a
Cata
lyst
// P
roje
ct
Con
tract
No.:
SES
6/C
T/2
00
4/5
02
66
1
NA
TU
RA
LH
Y is a
n I
nte
gra
ted P
roje
ct
fun
ded b
y t
he E
uro
pean
Com
mis
sio
n’s
Six
th F
ram
ew
ork
Pro
gra
mm
e(2
00
2-2
00
6)
for
researc
h, te
ch
nolo
gic
al develo
pm
en
t an
d d
em
on
str
ati
on
(R
TD
)
Ign
itio
n P
rob
ab
ilit
yIg
nit
ion
Pro
bab
ilit
y
�Energy levels divided into bands so
that
probability of ignition w
ithin each
band
could be determ
ined
02468
10
12
14
0.6
0.8
11.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Equivalence Ratio
Energy (mJ)
Non-ignitio
n
Ignitio
n
�Probabilistic
element
14
Pre
pari
ng f
or
the H
ydro
gen
Econ
om
y b
y U
sin
g t
he E
xis
tin
g N
atu
ralG
as S
yste
m a
s a
Cata
lyst
// P
roje
ct
Con
tract
No.:
SES
6/C
T/2
00
4/5
02
66
1
NA
TU
RA
LH
Y is a
n I
nte
gra
ted P
roje
ct
fun
ded b
y t
he E
uro
pean
Com
mis
sio
n’s
Six
th F
ram
ew
ork
Pro
gra
mm
e(2
00
2-2
00
6)
for
researc
h, te
ch
nolo
gic
al develo
pm
en
t an
d d
em
on
str
ati
on
(R
TD
)
Ign
itio
n P
rob
ab
ilit
yIg
nit
ion
Pro
bab
ilit
y--
75
:25
CH
75
:25
CH
44:H:H
22
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.81
02
46
810
12
Energy (mJ)
Ignition Probability
ER
=0.6
7
ER
=0.9
3
ER
=1.2
0
ER
=1.5
4
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