The anaphoric use of the demonstrative in Saotomense Emmanuel Schang [[email protected]] Université d’Orléans (France) CORAL_UPRES-EA 3850 http://www.univ-orleans.fr/lettres/departements/SDL/
Emmanuel Schang [[email protected] ...demonstratives/...Saotomense: a Portuguese- based creole language E_Schang DGfS2007 Spoken on São Tomé island (Gulf of Guinea).
Mar 28, 2021
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Theanaphoricuse ofthe
demonstrativein Saotomense
Em
ma
nu
el S
ch
an
g[e
mm
anue
l.sch
ang@
univ
-orl
eans.f
r]
Un
ive
rsité d
’Orl
éa
ns (
Fra
nce)
CO
RA
L_
UP
RE
S-E
A 3
85
0htt
p:/
/ww
w.u
niv
-orlea
ns.f
r/le
ttre
s/d
epart
em
en
ts/S
DL/
E_Schang
DGfS2007
Overv
iew
Lo
okin
g a
t th
e a
nap
ho
ric u
se
of
the
Sa
oto
me
nse
de
mo
nstr
ative
art
icle
Co
mp
ari
so
n w
ith
Vie
ira
& a
l. (
20
02
), a
stu
dy o
n
Po
rtu
gu
ese
an
d F
ren
ch
de
mo
nstr
ative
NP
s
Stu
dy o
f th
e d
em
on
str
ative
NP
s w
ith
syn
tactic,
se
ma
ntic a
nd
typ
e o
f u
se
s p
ara
me
ters
.
E_Schang
DGfS2007
Saoto
mense
: a P
ort
uguese-
based c
reole
lang
ua
ge
Sp
oke
n o
n S
ão
To
mé
isla
nd
(G
ulf o
f
Gu
ine
a).
Po
rtu
gu
ese
is th
e
off
icia
l la
ng
ua
ge
of
the
De
mo
cra
tic
Re
pu
blic
of
Sã
o
To
mé
an
d P
rín
cip
e
E_Schang
DGfS2007
Saoto
mense
: a P
ort
uguese-
based c
reole
lang
ua
ge
A l
ex
ico
nb
ase
d o
n
Po
rtu
gu
es
ea
nd
afr
ica
nla
ng
ua
ge
s
(ma
inly
Ed
o a
nd
Ba
ntu
wo
rds)
A g
ram
ma
r (t
ota
lly?
)
diffe
ren
t fr
om
Po
rtu
gu
ese
E_Schang
DGfS2007
Saoto
mense
: a P
ort
uguese-
based c
reole
lang
ua
ge
Ma
jor
gra
mm
atica
l fe
atu
res:
TM
A m
ark
ers
(p
rogre
ssiv
e,
ante
rior)
Do
ub
le n
egatio
n:
na
VP
… f
a
No g
end
er
No s
ubje
ct-
verb
agre
em
ent.
No a
gre
em
ent
in t
he
NP
E_Schang
DGfS2007
ST
art
icle
syste
m
Nu
mb
er:
[inen
mosu
] bi
/Pl./b
oys/c
om
e/
The b
oys c
am
e
[ua
mosu] bi
/a/b
oy/c
am
e/
A b
oy c
am
e
E_Schang
DGfS2007
ST
art
icle
syste
m
Bare
noun:
flo
lisa
gla
vi
/flo
we
r/b
e/b
ea
utifu
l/
1.
Th
e f
low
ers
are
be
au
tifu
l.
2.
Th
e f
low
er
is b
ea
utifu
l.
E_Schang
DGfS2007
ST
art
icle
syste
m
De
mo
nstr
ative
NP
s :
Occu
rs t
o t
he
imm
ed
iate
rig
ht
of
the N
:
[sete
dja
se]
/seven/d
ay/D
em
./
these s
eve
n d
ays
a k
a p
ega
[kum
ese]
/one/T
MA
/take/e
at/
De
m./
One t
akes this
food
Fro
m A
lexandre
& H
agem
eije
r
(fort
hcom
ing)
E_Schang
DGfS2007
Co
mp
arison b
etw
een
Port
ug
uese a
nd S
aoto
me
nse
esses/e
ssa
seste
s/e
sta
s
aqu
ele
s/a
que
las
Plu
ral
se
esse/e
ssa
este
/esta
aqu
ele
/aq
uela
Sin
gu
lar
Sao
tom
en
se
Po
rtu
gu
es
e
(masc/fem
)
E_Schang
DGfS2007
The a
naly
sis
The c
orp
us:
firs
t h
an
d d
ata
ga
the
red
in
Sã
oT
om
ésin
ce
19
95
; a
cce
ssib
le a
t:
htt
p://c
rdo
.vjf.c
nrs
.fr:
80
80
/exis
t/crd
o/
2 d
ialo
gu
es (
30
min
ute
s:
“mo
urn
ing
” a
nd
“Alb
ert
o’s
life
”).
E_Schang
DGfS2007
Types o
f uses
Evalu
ating the c
ore
fere
ntialand a
naphoric
chara
cte
r of dem
onstr
atives.
Cla
ssific
ation in 3
cate
gories
Dir
ec
t c
ore
fere
nc
e:
d c
ore
fers
with
a
pre
vio
us n
om
ina
l e
xp
ressio
n a
; d
an
d a
ha
ve
th
e s
am
e n
om
ina
l h
ea
d
Exa
mp
le:
a:
xe
sa
me
nku
mo
le…
d:
…a
ka
nte
lam
en
se
/if/be/m
oth
er/
who/d
ie/ /one/T
MA
/bury
/moth
er/
this
/
If the m
oth
er
die
d…
…one b
uries t
his
moth
er
E_Schang
DGfS2007
Types o
f uses
Ind
ire
ct
co
refe
ren
ce
: d
co
refe
rsw
ith
a
pre
vio
us n
om
ina
l e
xp
ressio
n a
; d
an
d a
ha
ve
diffe
ren
t n
om
ina
l h
ea
ds
a:
e te u
avu
ng
ud:
i to
kise
/there
/have
/a/litany/
/and/s
ong/t
his
/
There
isa litany
and
this
so
ng
E_Schang
DGfS2007
Types o
f uses
Oth
er
kin
d o
f a
na
ph
ora
: th
e a
nte
ce
de
nt
is
no
t a
no
min
al e
xp
ressio
n o
r th
e r
ela
tio
n
be
twe
en
de
mo
nstr
ative
an
d its
an
teced
en
t is
no
t a
co
refe
ren
ce
rela
tio
n
vid
a,
pro
fison d
i om
e,
mo k
u o
me k
om
esa;
ku k
e idaji
ku
om
e k
om
esa k
a f
e x
tluvis
u s
e i e
andji
om
e k
a t
am
e h
m,
kum
a o
me k
a f
e d
i bi tlaba a
ntê
poson d
jina n
ala
fô d
jina
na
la a
ntê
poson i e
, e, konta
non m
ina
xto
ria s
e(t
his
little s
tory
)
E_Schang
DGfS2007
The r
esults
Ca
teg
ory
nu
mb
er
of
occu
rren
ces
dir
ect
an
ap
ho
ra6
8
ind
ire
ct
an
ap
ho
ra9
oth
er
44
pro
port
ion o
f th
e c
ate
gories
57%
7%
36%
direct
anaphora
indirect
anaphora
oth
er
E_Schang
DGfS2007
The r
esults
The r
esults c
onfirm
what has b
een found
in V
ieira &
al. (
2002)
for
Port
uguese a
nd
Fre
nch:
If d
em
on
str
ative
s a
re lik
ely
to
id
en
tify
th
eir
refe
ren
t o
n t
he
ba
se
of
sa
lien
ce
we
exp
ecte
d
the
m t
o b
e n
ece
ssa
rily
re
late
d t
o p
revio
us
dis
co
urs
e,
an
d p
refe
ren
tia
lly c
ore
fere
ntia
l.
The S
Td
em
on
str
ati
ves a
re m
ain
ly
co
refe
ren
tto
pre
vio
us N
Ps.
E_Schang
DGfS2007
Synta
x
I a
na
lyzed
th
e s
ynta
ctic s
tructu
re o
f th
e
de
mo
nstr
ative
NP
s,
ob
se
rvin
g t
he
pre
se
nce
or
no
t o
f a
dje
ctiva
l, p
rep
ositio
na
l a
nd
re
lative
mo
difie
rs.
Th
e h
yp
oth
esis
is th
at
de
mo
nstr
ative
s,
be
ing
ma
inly
co
nte
xtu
al d
ep
en
de
nt
for
the
ir
inte
rpre
tatio
n,
are
re
aliz
ed
th
rou
gh
sim
ple
no
un
ph
rase
str
uctu
res.
E_Schang
DGfS2007
Synta
x
Mo
dif
ied
De
m.
NP
s(2
2 f
rom
12
1)
N+
se
+R
el :
peka
do s
e k
u s
a la
/pers
on/t
his
/who/b
e/t
here
/
This
pers
on (
who is)
here
nge s
e k
u m
ole
/pers
on/t
his
/who/d
ie/
This
pers
on w
ho d
ied
E_Schang
DGfS2007
Synta
x
N+
se+
PP
ni te
la s
e d
i m
e m
u
/in/c
ountr
y/this
/of/m
oth
er/
my/
?In
this
countr
y o
f m
y m
oth
er
xtluvis
u s
e d
i p
into
r
/work
/this
/of/(h
ouse)p
ain
ter/
This
work
of house p
ain
ter
E_Schang
DGfS2007
Synta
x
N+
se
+m
od
ifie
r
(ni) k
wa s
e t
inta
/(in
)/th
ing/t
his
/pa
int/
(In)
the p
ain
ting s
tuff
Nu
m+
N+
se
:
oto
dja
se (t
hese e
igh
t days)
inen d
osu m
anse s
e (
these t
wo p
ers
ons)
E_Schang
DGfS2007
Synta
x
Co
nclu
sio
n
Lik
e in
Po
rtu
gu
ese
, d
em
on
str
ative
s p
rese
nt
few
mo
dif
ied
str
uc
ture
s(<
20
%).
Th
is lo
w n
um
be
r o
f ca
se
s c
an
be
se
en
as a
co
nfirm
atio
n o
f th
e in
terp
reta
tio
na
l p
rop
ert
y o
f
de
mo
nstr
ative
s t
o r
efe
r to
som
eth
ing
alr
ea
dy
sa
lie
nt
thro
ug
h p
revio
us d
isco
urs
e.
E_Schang
DGfS2007
Sem
antics
Hyp
oth
es
is:
co
ncre
te d
em
on
str
ative
s h
ave
a
ten
de
ncy t
o h
ave
as a
nte
ce
de
nts
no
un
ph
rase
s
inste
ad
of
mo
re c
om
ple
x s
tru
ctu
res s
uch
as
se
nte
nce
s o
r p
ara
gra
ph
s.
Larg
ely
veri
fie
d
Co
rre
latio
n b
etw
ee
n c
on
cre
te a
nd
ab
str
act
de
mo
nstr
ative
an
d t
he
typ
e o
f u
se
:
Abstr
act
dem
onstr
atives o
ccur
only
in n
on
core
fere
ntialre
latio
ns (
“oth
er”
).
Ex:
kw
ase (
this
thin
g);
dolo
se (
this
pro
ble
m)
E_Schang
DGfS2007
Sem
antics
A d
iffe
rence w
ith V
ieira &
alii
(2002):
Th
e n
um
be
r o
f a
bstr
act d
em
on
str
ative
is lo
we
r
in S
ao
tom
en
se
th
an
in
Po
rtu
gu
ese
.
on
ly 2
3 f
rom
12
1 in
ST
ne
ar
80
% in
Po
rtu
gu
ese
(E
C jo
urn
al)
E_Schang
DGfS2007
Conclu
sio
n
In S
T a
s in P
ort
uguese:
De
mo
nstr
ative
s a
re m
ain
ly t
extu
ally
d
ep
en
de
nt
for
the
ir in
terp
reta
tio
n
Co
ncre
te d
em
on
str
ative
s h
ave
a t
en
de
ncy t
o
take
NP
s a
s a
nte
ce
de
nts
;
Diffe
rences w
ith P
ort
uguese
ab
str
act d
em
on
str
ative
s a
re n
ot
in a
co
refe
ren
ce
rela
tio
n (
typ
e o
f te
xts
?)
Lo
we
r n
um
be
r o
f a
bstr
act
de
mo
nstr
ative
s
(id
em
?)
E_Schang
DGfS2007
Conclu
sio
n
In c
reo
listics,
we
use
to
fo
cus o
n t
he
diffe
ren
ce
s
be
twe
en
a C
reo
le a
nd
its
lexifie
r-la
ng
ua
ge
. T
he
re
su
lts f
ou
nd
he
re a
re s
urp
risin
gly
sim
ilar
be
twe
en
Po
rtu
gu
ese
an
d S
ao
tom
en
se
, re
ga
rdle
ss o
f th
e im
po
rta
nt
diffe
ren
ce
s in
th
eir
g
ram
ma
tica
l syste
ms.
As ‘se
’ is
ety
mo
log
ica
lly lin
ke
d t
o t
he
Po
rtu
gu
ese
d
em
on
str
ative
, a
re t
he
sim
ilari
tie
s d
ue
to
‘u
niv
ers
al p
ara
me
ters
’ o
r to
th
e in
flu
en
ce
of
Po
rtu
gu
ese
?
A lo
t o
f qu
estio
ns…
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