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- Introduction- Methodology- Main characteristics of Fundamental Particles (FPs)- General theoretical part- Coulomb law- Ampere law- Induction law- Time, momentum and force Quantification- Miscellaneous (Special Relativity)- Quantum mechanics- Findings
Neutron and proton composed of accelerating positrons and decelerating electrons
Miscellaneous
28
Spin of level electrons at Hydrogen and Helium Atoms
Miscellaneous
29
30
Stern-Gerlach experiment and the spin of the electorn
Miscellaneous
31
Miscellaneous
Special Relativity
Absorbtion of a component of a photon and subsequent emission with light speed „c“.
32
Life time increase of moving radiating particles
33
Space-time variables
Frames for Lorentz transformations
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
o
o
o
cv
zcv
t
t
cv
vtzz
yy
xx
KK
24
1
24
1
)()(
i
i
i
i klil
i
ik aa
4
1
klli
i
ki aa
4
1
ikik
i ba
General Lorentz transformation
22222222 )()()()()()()()( ticzyxticzyx oo
2
2
1
1
ocv
2o
2222o
222 )t(iczyx)t(iczyx
34
Dividing both sides with (no dilatation)22222222 ) () ( czyxczyx vivvvvivvv
with oc cv andt
tcv oc
Speed variables
xx vv *yy vv *
zz ff *
(no space contraction)
*KK
Frames for Lorentz transformations
KK
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
c
zc
c
c
c
zz
yy
xx
vv
vcv
v
v
vv
vvv
vv
vv
oz cv *
2)( t
22222222 )()()()()()()()( ticzyxticzyx oo
35
Relativistic equations
*
2
2
1z
o
zz p
cv
mvvmp
*
2
2
1z
o
zz a
cv
aa
ozp cpE
o
o
cv
cv
f
f
/1
/1*
o
o
cv
cv
/1
/1*
22*
2
2
2
1po
o
oco EEE
cv
mcvmcE
Doppler
Energy
Linear momentum Acceleration
with
Charge density Current density* *JJJ zz
36
• The transformation rules of SR describe the macroscopic results of the interactions of FPs emitted by electrons and positrons.
• The special Lorentz transformation is intrinsically a transformation of speed variables. Time and space are absolute variables and equal in all frames.
• Electromagnetic waves are emitted with light speed co relative to the frame of the emitting source.
• Electromagnetic waves that arrive at the atoms of measuring instruments like optical lenses or electric antennae are absorbed and subsequently emitted with light speed co relative to the measuring instruments. That explains why always light speed is measured in the frame of the instruments.
• The speed vc of the fourth orthogonal coordinate gives the speed of the FPs emitted continuously by electrons and positrons and which continuously regenerate them.
Characteristics of the special LT based on speed variables.
• All the transformation equations already existent for the electric and magnetic fields, deduced on the base of the invariance of the Maxwell wave equations are still valid for the present approach.
37
Quantum mechanics
cvforEEEwithE
cr poo 22==
cxE 2
1
Proposed Newton Schrödinger
UΨΔΨ2m
Ψt
i2
xdt
dmxU
dx
d2
2
)( Ψtc2m
ΨUEΨx
ci2
2
2o
2
o
v=cforωand E=
Focal radius
Uncertainty principle
The wave packet
dmp(m)tmxc
iχ(m)exp2π
1Ψ(x,t)
2c
Emwith
c2
1ΔtΔp
38
Quantum mechanics
Hydrogen Atomo2Hk E
n
1hcRE
nn'
2'2Hk )(n
1
(n)
1h c R ΔEΔE
39
Hydrogen AtomQuantum mechanics
The relation between the magnetic and orbital quantum numbers is
lml with 32, 1, l and 32, 1, ml
sinθl
ml
Findings of the proposed approach
The main findings of the proposed model , from which the presentation is an extract, are: • The energy of a BSP is stored in the longitudinal rotation of emitted fundamental particles. The rotation sense of the longitudinal angular momentum of emitted fundamental particles defines the sign of the charge of the BSP. • All the basic laws of physics (Coulomb, Ampere, Lorentz, Maxwell, Gravitation, bending of particles and interference of photons, Bragg) are derived from one vector field generated by the longitudinal and transversal angular momentum of fundamental particles, laws that in today's theoretical physics are introduced by separate definitions. • The interacting particles (force carriers) for all types of interactions (electromagnetic, strong, weak, gravitation) are the FPs with their longitudinal and transversal angular momentums. • Quantification and probability are inherent to the proposed approach. • The incremental time to generate the force out of linear momentums is quantized.
Findings
40
• The emitted and regenerating energies of a BSP are quantized in energy quanta Eo. • Gravitation has its origin in the momentum of migrated BSPs which is generated when they are reintegrated to their nuclei. • The gravitation force is composed of an induced component and a component due to parallel currents of reintegrating BSPs. For galactic distances the induced component can be neglected what explains the flattening of galaxies´ rotation curve. (no dark matter). • The photon is a sequence of neutrinos with potentially opposed transversal linear momentum, which are generated by transversal angular momentum of FPs that comply with specific symmetry conditions. • The two possible states of the electron spin are replaced by the two types of electrons defined by the proposed theory, namely the accelerating and decelerating electrons. • The magnetic moment which is responsible for the splitting of the atomic beam in the Stern-Gerlach experiment is replaced by the quantized interacting of parallel currents.• Permanent magnets are explained with the synchronization of reintegrating positrons and electrons at a closed line of atomic nuclei.
Findings
41
• The addition of a wave to a particle (de Broglie) is effectively replaced by a relation between the particles focal radius and its energy. • The uncertainty relation of quantum mechanics form pairs of canonical conjugated variables between "energy and space" and "momentum and time". • The new general differential equation for the wave function differentiates two times towards time and one towards space, similar to Newton´s equation. • The Schrödinger equation results as a particular time independent case of the wave packet. • The new quantum mechanics theory, based on the wave functions derived from the focal radius-energy relation, is in accordance with the quantum mechanics theory based on the correspondence principle. • The present approach has no energy violation in a virtual process at a vertex of a Feynmann diagram. • As the model relies on BSPs permitting the transmission of linear momentum at infinite speed via FPs, it is possible to explain why entangled photons show no time delay when they change their state. • Special relativity based on speed variables are free of time dilatation and length contraction.