9/14/2021 Capacity Development Program on Air Quality Management and Emission Reduction of PM 2.5 for Asian Countries 13-17 September 2021 INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI NASIONAL BANDUNG ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 1 Emission Inventory Tools by: Dr. Didin Agustian Permadi Email: [email protected]
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9/14/2021
Capacity Development Program on Air Quality Management and Emission Reduction of PM2.5 for Asian Countries13-17 September 2021
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI NASIONAL BANDUNG ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
1
Emission Inventory Tools
by:Dr. Didin Agustian PermadiEmail: [email protected]
Outline
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1
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3
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Emission inventory basic and process
Emission models: source-wise
Uncertainty analysis
Emission inventory tools
Emission inventory
3
Emission inventory - a comprehensive listing by sources of air
pollutant emissions and their relative strengths in a geographic
area during a specific time period (US EPA)
Biomass
Open
Burning
Emission inventory within AQM
4
Iterative process of air quality management by US EPA since 1970
Pittsburgh now
Why do we need EI?
5
What quantities of air pollutants are emitted in a specific area and where do they come from?
Which activities/sectors are the largest emitters of the pollution?
What types of emissions are currently controlled and how well are they controlled?
What can an EI not tell us?
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The distance that air pollutant emissions are
transported
The amount of air pollution to which
people are exposed
The health risks from the air pollution
• Secondary pollutants (e.g., Sulfate, nitrate particles, organic particles, ozone)
Emission estimation method (USEPA, 2007)
7
No. Source Categories Estimation Methods1 Point Source Continuous Emission Monitoring
(CEM)Source testsMaterial balanceEF x activity data levelFuel analysisEmission estimation modelsEngineering judgment
2 Non-Point Source Surveys and questionnairesMaterial balanceEF x activity data levelEmission models
3 Mobile Source EF x activity data levelEmission models
Key Steps in EI Compilation
8
Key actors in EI implementation
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1) EI manager:
• management of resources
• establish an emission inventory team (i.e. channeling communication with relevant EI experts during designing of EI scope)
• data acquisition: supervision of data collection
• internal and external deadlines
• inventory related external consultant contracts, etc.
2) EI compiler: team of experts who are responsible for compiling and documenting the EI
What are other benefits of EI?
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Emission source contribution: prioritize
emission control
Input for 3D air quality model application
Evaluate impacts of control measures: co-
benefit analysis
Evaluation of emission trend
Review of impact of new sources of
pollution: Environmental Impact
Assessment
Existing global/regional EI database
11
Dataset Scale Year Major parameters References
EDGARv4.3.2 (Anthropogenic)
Global (0.1o ×0.1o)
1970-2012 SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, PM10, PM2.5_bio; PM2.5_fossil, BC, OC and NH3
Crippa et al. (2018)
CGRER (Anthropogenic)
Asia(0.5o × 0.5o)
2000-2006 SO2, NOx, CO, VOC, PM10, PM2.5, BC and OC
Street et al. (2000); Zhang et al. (2009)
REAS (Anthropogenic) Asia (0.5o ×0.5o)
2000-2008 SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, PM10, PM2.5, BC, OC, NH3, CH4, N2O and CO2
Ohara et al. (2007); Kurokawa et al. (2013)
MACCity-anthro(Anthropogenic)
Global (0.5o ×0.5o)
1960-2020 CO, NH3, NOx, SO2, BC and OC
Granier et al. (2011)
MACCity-bb (Biomass burning)
Global (0.5o ×0.5o)
1960-2020 CH4, NMVOC, CO2, CO, NH3, NOx, SO2, BC and OC
Granier et al. (2011)
CAMS-GLOB-ANT (Anthropogenic)
Global (0.5o ×0.5o)
2018 CH4, NMVOC, CO, NH3, NOx, SO2, BC and OC
Elguindi et al. (n.y)
Source: Kim Oanh et al (2020)
EDGAR HTAP Emission 2010 (PM2.5, tons)
12
Industry Transport Residential
Emission – Air Quality Modeling framework
13
Modeling Domain
WRF Model
Meteorological Observed Data
Evaluation(Output Data)
NCEP FNL Input Data
CAMx SimulationPSAT
simulation
Evaluation of Modeling
Performance
ArcGIS Data
Monitoring
Input Data from WRF Model
Emission compilation from EDGAR HTAP- Transportation- Energy - Residential source- Industry- Global biogenic emission
(GEIA)- Biomass open burning (FINN)- Other
Temporal variation
Spatial resolution
Ready input emission
PM and VOC speciation
Emission Inventory Manuals
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EMEP/EEA Inventory Guidebookshttps://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019
GAPF EI Manual
http://www.sei-international.org/gapforum/reports/Forum_emissions_manual_v1_7.pdf
ABC EIM http://www.rrcap.ait.asia/Publications//Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=53
ABC EIM Milestone
1515
Expert Group Meeting – 19 – 20 May, 2008
International Workshop – 17 – 18 Nov, 2008
➢ Meeting objectives:
• To identify key data (key sources and key
pollutants) to be included in ABC EIM
• To gain inputs from experts on ABC EIM
draft including the detail structure,
methodologies and compiled data
➢ Workshop objectives:
• To review draft ABC EIM and case studies, share
experiences and suggest improvements
• To assess the status of data availability in the
countries/region
• To facilitate interactions with various regional and international experts for sharing
experience and lessons learned in developing methodology and database for
Atmospheric Brown Cloud Emissions Inventory
Structure of ABC EIM
1616
ABC EIM(Total 11 Chapters)
Non-open Burning
Sector (Includes 5 Chapters)
Open Burning
Sector (Includes 3 Chapters)
✓ Crop Residue Open
Burning
✓ Forest Fires
✓ Municipal Solid Waste
Open Burning
Remaining Part of
ABC EIM (Includes 3 Chapter)
✓Combustions in Energy
Sector
✓ Fugitive Emissions from Fuels
✓ Process Related Emissions in
Manufacturing/Process Industries
✓ Solvents and Other Products
Use
✓ Others
✓ Introduction
✓ ABC Emission
Inventory Methods and
Coverage
✓ User Guide of ABC
EIM Excel Workbook
ABC EIM Excel Tool (1)
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ABC EIM Excel Tool (2)
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Case study: Indonesia 2010
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0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
SO2
NOx
NH3
PM10
PM2.5
N2O
BC
OC
Emission (Gg/year)
Energy industry Manufacturing industry Transportation Residential
Fugitive emission Industrial processes Crop residue Forest fire
Solid waste Livestock and fertilizer
Spatial distribution
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PM2.5 (Gg/yr)
NOx (Gg/yr)
Permadi et al., 2017
Case study: policy study
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Before:- Kerosene main fuel for households and fisheries →
heavily subsidized by government for decades- This subsidy did not reach end-user → diverting to
industry and commercial- Presidential Decree No. 104/2007
After:- Replacing kerosene with LPG would greatly reduce
the subsidy- Energy equivalent: 1 L kerosene = 0.57 kg LPG →
LPG subsidy- Lesson: successful implementation in Malaysia and
Thailand
Emission changes
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Emission models
• Transportation:
– International Vehicle Emission (IVE)
– Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT)
• The Landfill Gas Emissions Model (LandGEM)
• Biogenic emission (GLOBEIS)
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About IVE Model
• IVE: developed by University of California at Riverside, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Global Sustainable System Research (GSSR) and the International Sustainable System Research Center (ISSRC) Website: http://www.issrc.org/ive/
• Suitable for developing countries: many technology indexes, from pre-Euro to Euro5
• Main features:
❑ Use VSP to link with the exhaust emission
❑ Incorporate VSP bin distribution and start patterns
❑ Incorporate environmental variables (altitude, road grade, and temperature, moisture content etc.)and fuel characteristics
▪ Challenge: much effort for data collection and technology index matching
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IVE Input Data
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• Data collection and processing
– Parking lot survey
– GPS survey
– Traffic counting
• Input file preparation
y = 13509x + 13932R² = 0.9645
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
0 5 10 15 20
Od
om
eter
rea
din
g, k
mAge, year
Average age PC: 5.2 yrsVKT : 37 km/day/veh
Fleet technologies
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TypeNo. of Index.
Engine standard
FuelPre-Euro
Euro1&2 Euro3&4 Euro5
Bus 16 18.1% 50.7% 29.0% 2.2% Diesel: 100%
MC 9 29% 0% 71% 0% Gasoline: 100%
Para-transit
17 52.9% 47.1% 0% 0% Gasoline: 85%Diesel: 15%
PC 20 21.5% 75.3% 3.2% 0% Gasoline: 93%Diesel: 7%
Taxi 8 65.7% 34.3% 0% 0% Gasoline: 100%
Composite running EF (g/km)
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Species PC Taxi Paratransit MC Bus
CO 14.4 39.7 27.1 9.28 5.90
VOC 1.22 3.52 2.79 1.91 1.41
VOC evap. 0.24 0.72 0.27 0.32 0.00
NOx 1.83 2.32 3.39 0.46 26.2
SOx 0.053 0.052 0.06 0.009 0.21
PM 0.038 0.015 0.05 0.11 5.17
CO2 508 350 571 103 2087
N2O 0.012 0.009 0.011 0.00 0.10
CH4 0.257 0.60 0.60 0.42 0.00
1,3 Butadiene 0.005 0.013 0.004 0.008 0.006
Acetal. 0.010 0.028 0.008 0.043 0.03
Formal. 0.024 0.07 0.02 0.17 0.08
NH3 0.156 0.18 0.15 0.06 0.042
Benzene 0.13 0.37 0.29 0.057 0.015
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
CO VOC NOx PM BC OC Airtoxics
CO2 N2O CH4 SO2
Emission share (Base case)
Bus MC Paratransit PC Taxi
Results
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173 34 20.6 2.7 0.9 1.4 5.1 3315 0.1 5 0.3 Gg/yr
Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT)
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- Developed by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), USA
- AEDT documentation and FAA guidance, on the official website for AEDT at https://aedt.faa.gov/
EI features in aedt v3c
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Soekarno Hatta International Airport
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Emission (ton/yr)
LandGEM spreadsheet
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0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
Me
than
e E
mis
sio
n R
ate
(M
g/ye
ar)
Year
Before mitigation
Pipe-flaring
RDF
Biocover
Biogenic emission model (BMR)
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AIT – PTT (2013)
Uncertainty analysis
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Mc Murray et al. (2017)
Probability density functions
(PDFs) explain the range of potential
values of a given variable and the
likelihood that different values represent
the true value
Example…
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5.0 3.2
4.5 1.6 1.0 0.7
15.5
1.6
32.0
10.5
0.7
5.6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
SO
2 *
10
NO
x
CO
/10
NM
VO
C/
10 N
H3
CH
4/1
0
CO
2/1
00
N2
O *
10
PM
10
PM
2.5
BC
OC
Gg/y
ear
Summary
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Emissions inventories must be as reliable as possible (transparent, trackable, well-documented)
Emissions inventories need to be regularly updated, with proper documentation/tracking
The development of emissions inventory need considerations for quality assurance/quality control
Emissions inventories must consider all relevant sources of air pollutants: species, temporal and spatial distribution
There is no “perfect” emission inventory → to start as soon as possible with the available resources
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https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Didin-Agustian
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