Mar 20, 2016
Emily Dickinson
Why do birds migrate?
•Migration is a strategy to take advantage of seasonally abundant food supplies
•Weather and photo-period are triggers
SNOW BUNTING
DECJAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
NOV
OCT
SEP
AUG
Complete Migration
•All individuals leave the breeding areaafter raising their families
•Most complete migrants breed in temperate northern climates
•Many complete migrants travel incredible distances between breeding andnon-breeding habitats
Cerulean warbler
Wilson’s plover
Stilt sandpiper
MIGRATION STRATEGIES
Partial Migration
•Seasonal movement by some, but not all, individuals away from breeding area
•Some overlap of breeding & non-breeding ranges
Red-tailed hawk
Herring gull Bewick’s wren
MIGRATION STRATEGIES
Irruptive Migration
•Not seasonally or geographically predictable
•Distances and number of migrants areunpredictable
•Food specialists leave the boreal forests for more southerly ranges when food isn’t available
Pine siskin Red-breasted nuthatch
MIGRATION STRATEGIES
MOON WATCHINGRequires a full moon, a comfortablechair and binoculars
How dowe study migration?
BANDINGUS Fish and Wildlife Service BirdBanding LaboratoryRADAR (NOAA)Several years ago, researchers at Cape May counted 14 million birds in one nightRADIO TELEMETRYCarl Safina followed a single radio-tagged albatross throughout its range
27 192 358 6792,100
4,615
8,094
15,000
32,322
42,868
52,471
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
How dowe study migration?
Number of participants 1900-2000
CHRISTMAS BIRD COUNT
52,471
Anatomy of Flight
• A fused sternum with a “keel” provides the attachment points for the flight muscles.
THE BASICS OF FLIGHT
A flap is a flap
• Flight feathers are asymmetrical to allow them to change shape during flight• A wing must allow air to pass through it on the up-stroke
THE BASICS OF FLIGHT
Higher Pressure
LIFT
Eddy = DRAG
Airflow
Lift & dealing with drag
•Lower air pressure above and higher pressure beneath wing creates lift
•During flight, air currents coming off the trailing edge of the wing create eddies which cause drag
Wing cross-Wing cross-sectionsection
DEALING WITH DRAG
Wing slotting
One way to reduce the drag causedby these eddies is to break them up into smaller eddies.
DEALING WITH DRAG
Primary feathers create smaller eddies = less drag
Ground effects
Flying very close (within a wing length) to a body of water allows the rippled surface to absorb the air currents coming off the trailing edge of the wing, reducing drag.
DEALING WITH DRAG
Powered•Characterized by continuous flapping•Results in a level course through the air
•Examples: sandpipers, ducks, geese, rails and hummingbirds
THE BASICS OF FLIGHT
Bounding
•Birds flap in short bursts to gain altitude, and then descend with wings folded against the body
•Bounding flight results in constant climbingand descending
•Examples: warblers, vireos, small woodpeckers, orioles, robins and tanagers
THE BASICS OF FLIGHT
Partially powered gliding
•Partially powered gliding birds alternate between flapping their wings and holding them extended
•Small hawks use flapping to fly between thermals
•Examples: cranes, swallows, swifts, pelicans, and shearwaters
THE BASICS OF FLIGHT
Gliding birds keep their wings extendedand ride rising currents of warm air tostay aloft. They flap only to regain altitude.
Ratio measures horizontal distance to vertical drop
SAILPLANE SAILPLANE 60:160:1ALBATROSS ALBATROSS 20:120:1HAWK 10 to HAWK 10 to 13:113:1
MONARCH BUTTERFLY 3:1MONARCH BUTTERFLY 3:1
Gliding
THE BASICS OF FLIGHT
Route finding
•Birds navigate by: visual landmarks, the sun, moon, stars, and routes learned from other birds
•Birds also have an internal compass which issensitive to the Earth’s magnetic field
•Migrating birds will maintain a true compass heading
MOON
LANDSCAPEFEATURES
SMELLS
WINDS
STARS
MAGNETICNORTH
SUNRISE
WEATHERUV LIGHT
SOUND
Birds usually select the mostefficient flight speeds.How fast?
SEMI-PALMATED PLOVERSEMI-PALMATED PLOVER 22-3222-32BALTIMORE ORIOLEBALTIMORE ORIOLE 22-3022-30BLACKPOLLBLACKPOLLWARBLERWARBLER 15-2315-23
28-4028-40GOLDEN PLOVERGOLDEN PLOVER
30-4430-44BROAD-WINGED HAWKBROAD-WINGED HAWK
32-4632-46OSPREYOSPREY
28-5028-50COMMON LOONCOMMON LOON
0 50 mph10 20 30 40
How long?
•Migrants using powered flight regularly cross stretches of open water like the Gulf of Mexico (500 miles)
•Others flap continuously for as long as 70 hours
•Examples: Ruby-throated hummingbird, Wood thrush and Blackpoll warbler
How far?NORTH AMERICAN MIGRATION FLYWAYS
Atlantic FlywaysMississippi Flyways
Central FlywaysPacific Flyways
How far?
Red KnotFlies from Argentina to Brazil, to the Delaware Bay,to the Arctic.
7,000 miles one way
How far?
Blackpoll warblerWinter in South America, and flyto the Caribbean,and then to northern breeding grounds.
2,500 to5,000 miles
one way
How far?
HummingbirdsWinter in Central America and fly as far north as Canada.
Some fly across the Gulf of
Mexico. (500 miles nonstop)
How far?
Blue-winged TealWinters in South America, and breeds in northern plains
7,000 milesone way
Diurnal migrants
•Most birds which rely on gliding or flap& glide flight are diurnal migrants
•The chief benefit of daytime flight is thermals – rising currents of warm air that provide lift
DAY OR NIGHT?
Nocturnal migrants
•Many birds which use powered flightare nocturnal migrants. Why…?
•Night flying helps birds avoid predators
•Other benefits include calmer, more stable air
DAY OR NIGHT?
Fat is the currency of migration
•Fat is the most important fuel for migration
•Many species double their weight with fat fuel for migration
Shorebird Songbird HawkTypical Body Fat: PRE-MIGRATION
66% 70% 15%
Fat is the currency of migration
PRE-MIGRATION(Brazil)
POST-MIGRATION(Delaware Bay)
RED KNOT BODY FAT3%
66%
Re-fueling stations are critical
When a Red Knot arrives at the Delaware Bay,in two weeks it must increase its body weightby 60% to complete the trip to its arctic feeding grounds. The additional weight must be in the form of fat…
A 175 lb man who wants to gain 105 lbs (60%) in two weeks would have to eat 46 Big Macs per day for 14 days…
…and turn itall into fat!
Birds rely on the samere-fueling stations
Stopover places provide abundant foodfor re-fueling needed by shorebirds to complete migration, as well as roosting places.
Copper RiverDelta, AK
San FranciscoCA
Gray’s Harbor,WA
CheyenneBottoms,
KS
Platte River,NE
James Bay,Canada
DelawareBay, MD
Bay ofFundy, ME
Threats to migration
•Loss of non-breeding ranges due to agricultureand seaside development
•The destruction of the tropical and boreal forests
•Habitat fragmentation
The biggest threat to migration is habitat loss
Everythingin the worldis connected to everything else
•Migratory routes are the invisible lines ofconnection which show us how people,places, and wildlife depend on each other
•Migration tells us about our physicaland spiritual health
Sources & further reading
OrnithologyFrank B. Gill, W.H. Freeman & Co, 1995 The Random House Atlas of Bird MigrationJonathan Elphick, ed., Random House, 1995The Flight of the Red KnotBrian Harrington, W.W. Norton & Company, 1996How Birds MigratePaul Kerlinger, Stackpole Books, 1995The Audubon Encyclopediaof North American BirdsJohn K. Terres, Alfred A. Knopf, 1982Living on the WindScott Weidensaul, North Point Press, 1999
Connecting People with Nature