9/12/2012 1 Emerging technology and prospects of genetic engineering to increase food production and quality Dr. Joe Kuhl Dept. of Plant, Soil, & Entomological Sciences September 12, 2012 Crop Yield • Thomas Malthus (1798) concluded that agricultural production increased arithmetically, yet population increased geometrically. • Historically, the increase in area cultivated could keep up with demand, not so much anymore. Yield (=edible dry mass/unit area), therefore needs to increase! 2 3
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9/12/2012
1
Emerging technology and prospects of genetic
engineering to increase food production and quality
Dr. Joe KuhlDept. of Plant, Soil, &
Entomological Sciences
September 12, 2012
Crop Yield
• Thomas Malthus (1798) concluded that agricultural production increased arithmetically, yet population increased geometrically.
• Historically, the increase in area cultivated could keep up with demand, not so much anymore. Yield (=edible dry mass/unit area), therefore needs to increase!
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3
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Facts: most of the dietary dry weight (and protein) for man comes from:
• five cereals
• three tuber crops
• several legumes
• two sugar crops
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GMO = Genetically Modified Organism
Also genetically modified (GM) or transgenic or genetically engineered (GE)
Gruskin 2012
Marshall 2012
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Marshall 2012
Marshall 2012
GM Plants
• Herbicide Tolerance– Transgene provides tolerance to broad-
spectrum herbicides (Roundup, Liberty, …)
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GM Plants
• Bt Insect-Resistant Crops– “Bt” short for Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil
bacterium whose spores contain a crystalline (Cry) protein
– Cry breaks down in insect gut to release a toxin (delta-endotoxin) – toxic to some insects
Marshall 2012
U.S. Regulatory systems
• Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC)
• U.S. Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• Department of Health and Human Services -Food and Drug Administration (FDA)