21/07/2014 1 Emerging Technologies UNESCAP ‐ UNHABITAT National Capacity Building Workshop on Sustainable and Inclusive Transport Development 3‐4 July 2014, Vientiane, Lao PDR Abhijit Lokre Associate Professor Centre of Excellence in Urban Transport CEPT University Content Centre of Excellence in Urban Transport, CEPT University Urban Transport and Environment Vehicle Technology and Market Scenario Vehicle Technology Choice Vehicle Technology and Environment Fuel Energy Content Comparative Statement – Fuel Technology Cost Factor – Diesel vs CNG Challenges with Adopting Technologies Summary
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Emerging technologies - Mr. Abhijit - UN ESCAP · Diesel‐electric hybrid Plug‐in electric hybrid Electric bus Hydrogen fuel cell Diesel is non‐ renewable Lower energy consumption
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21/07/2014
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Emerging Technologies
UNESCAP ‐ UNHABITAT
National Capacity Building Workshop on Sustainable and Inclusive
Transport Development
3‐4 July 2014, Vientiane, Lao PDR
Abhijit Lokre
Associate Professor
Centre of Excellence in Urban Transport
CEPT University
Content
Centre of Excellence in Urban Transport, CEPT University
Urban Transport and EnvironmentVehicle Technology and Market ScenarioVehicle Technology Choice Vehicle Technology and Environment Fuel Energy ContentComparative Statement – Fuel Technology Cost Factor – Diesel vs CNGChallenges with Adopting TechnologiesSummary
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Urban Transport and Environment• Air pollution is a major environmental
health problem affecting people worldwide
• Traffic is predominant source of air pollution
• Cities manage environment regulations by planning, policies and vehicle technologies
• To regulate CO2 emissions and local pollution, alternate vehicle technology is key.
Vehicle Technology and Market Scenario
Wide range of alternative fuels & technologies are available in market
• Fuel technology for Buses • Standard Diesel • Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel (ULSD), • Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), • Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), • Biofuel (bio‐methane/bio‐diesel) , • Electricity • Hydrogen Fuel Cell
Plug‐in electric hybrid Electric bus Hydrogen fuel cell
Diesel is non‐renewable
Lower energy consumption compared to diesel‐electric bus
Emission depend on origin of electricity
Dependent onelectric motor use, topography, congestion, vehicle load and driving
Need for recharging can limit flexibility
Safety concern on hydrogen as fuel
Centre of Excellence in Urban Transport, CEPT University
Extract from Clean Buses – Experiences with Fuel and Technology Options: by‐ clean fleets ‐ 2014
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Cost Factor
In the 2006 New York transit study regular diesel buses averaged 2.33 miles pergallon while the hybrid buses averaged 3.44miles per gallon for a 35% increase infuel economy.
CNG has low mileage (1.7 miles per gallon) compared to alternate fuels.
Only marginal cost difference in fuel consumption (CNG is cheaper)
Centre of Excellence in Urban Transport, CEPT University
Cost Factor – Diesel vs CNG
Clean Diesel Cost Factor
Capital:Bus purchase Regular fuel station installation
Operations:Fuel cost (+ $0.04/mile) Annual maintenance Regular replacement of ‘plugged units’ ‐ (5.0 – 7.5 % per year)
CNG Cost Factor
Capital:Bus purchase, CNG tanks and piping High pressure compressor Depot safety modifications
Operations:Fuel cost (+ $0.11/mile) ‐ Cost of compression and ‐ lower fuel economy Annual maintenance (+ $0.20/mile)‐ Engine: lower reliability Fuel station maintenance Compared to std diesel, CNG costs more
Compared to std diesel, clean diesel costs more
Life Cycle Cost
Centre of Excellence in Urban Transport, CEPT University
DEER Conference 2003: Comparison of clean diesel buses to CNG buses by‐ New York city transit department of buses
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Challenges with Adopting TechnologiesChallenges with demand and supply:
Fuels in demand are non‐renewable
Availability of fuel type is under regulation Balance in demand and supply
Challenges to convert existing technologies: Changes / replacement in technologies under dynamic regulation norms before completion of life‐cycle of vehicle Operation & maintenance: availability of technical expertise
Challenges to create / recreate infrastructure: Creating infrastructure for fueling Investment in bus industry Financial implications
Centre of Excellence in Urban Transport, CEPT University
SUMMARY
• No single fuel is best in all parameters of emissions
• All technologies require exhaust after‐treatment
• CNG has inherent emission advantage
• Competition in fuel alternate increase R&D for lower emissions
• New technologies in diesel has reduced emissions; minimizing the gap with CNG
• New technology in diesel increases cost but still lower than CNG
• Emission depend on engine technology in regulation
Centre of Excellence in Urban Transport, CEPT University
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SUMMARY
• Propulsion Technology to be regulated
• Enforcement to regulation
• Sharing of technological research on global welfare
• Fuel alternate should not be imposed rather flexibility should be allowed