1 Douglas-fir Breeding: The Technological Cutting Edge Emerging Issues and Organizational Approaches Glenn Howe Director, Pacific Northwest Tree Improvement Research Cooperative Oregon State University PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT RESEARCH COOPERATIVE PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT RESEARCH COOPERATIVE Technological advances and applications Wood stiffness remains a high priority for genetic improvement Clonal forestry is receiving much attention in the SE, but not in the PNW New climate models are available to predict climate and weather for specific sites (e.g., ClimateWNA) Genomic markers are being developed and tested in breeding programs Genetic considerations will play an important role in assessing the potential effects of climate change and helping forest managers adapt Large, collaborative external grant programs increasingly important!
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1
Douglas-fir Breeding:
The Technological Cutting Edge
Emerging Issues and Organizational Approaches
Glenn HoweDirector, Pacific Northwest Tree Improvement Research Cooperative
Oregon State University
PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT
RESEARCH COOPERATIVE
PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT
RESEARCH COOPERATIVE
Technological advances and applications
Wood stiffness remains a high priority for genetic improvement
Clonal forestry is receiving much attention in the SE, but not in the
PNW
New climate models are available to predict climate and weather for
specific sites (e.g., ClimateWNA)
Genomic markers are being developed and tested in breeding
programs
Genetic considerations will play an important role in assessing the
potential effects of climate change and helping forest managers adapt
Large, collaborative external grant programs increasingly important!
2
PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT
RESEARCH COOPERATIVE
PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT
RESEARCH COOPERATIVE
Large collaborative projects are an important foundation for future advances
Pacific Northwest Tree Improvement Research Cooperative
(PNWTIRC)
NSF Center for Advanced Forestry Systems (CAFS)
Conifer Translational Genomics Network (CTGN)
Western Conifer Climate Change Consortium (WCCCC)
These projects need stakeholder involvement to be successful!!
PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT
RESEARCH COOPERATIVE
PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT
RESEARCH COOPERATIVE
Trend toward shorter rotations, faster growth
More wood from the juvenile wood core
Juvenile wood:
Genetics of wood stiffness
- Lower wood density
- Higher microfibril angle
- Lower stiffness
- More shrinkage
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PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT
RESEARCH COOPERATIVE
PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT
RESEARCH COOPERATIVE
Rationale
Selection for improved wood stiffness is feasible in 25
year-old Douglas-fir trees
Log-based acoustic tools work very well, but trees must be
harvested (RE = 78-93%)
Standing-tree acoustic tools can be used, but gains are lower
(RE = 57-58%)
Breeders want to select at younger ages (e.g., 6-12)
How well will these or other tools work?
PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT
RESEARCH COOPERATIVE
PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT
RESEARCH COOPERATIVE
Wood stiffness of 25 year-old trees
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PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT
RESEARCH COOPERATIVE
PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT
RESEARCH COOPERATIVE
Wood stiffness of young trees?
Genetic selections are often
made at ages 6-12
Current tools are probably
unsuitable
More juvenile wood
Branches a problem
What are age-age
correlations?
Approach
Test alternative methods for measuring stiffness of
young trees in the field (phenotypic analyses)
Can we reliably measure stiffness of young trees?
Test best approaches in progeny tests
Understand the genetics of juvenile wood stiffness
Analyze increment cores collected from mature trees
(phenotypic analyses)
What is the potential for early selection?
Analyze age trends and age-age correlations of wood properties
Juvenile (core) wood Mature (outer) wood
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PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT
RESEARCH COOPERATIVE
PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT
RESEARCH COOPERATIVE
Wood density is measured by x-ray
densitometry
Microfibril angle (MFA) is measured by
x-ray diffractometry
Microfibril angle
Wood density
Wood stiffness (indirect)
Fiber diameter
Fiber wall perimeter
Fiber wall thickness
Fiber Coarseness
Fiber specific surface area
Ring width
SilviScan
www.ffp.csiro.au/photos/SilviScanLayout-small.jpg
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Other approaches
Method Property Cost Quality
X-ray densitometry Density Moderate High
X-ray diffraction MFA, MOE Moderate-high High
Tensile testing MOE Prohibitive High
Compression testing MOE Prohibitive High
Volumetric density Density Moderate Moderate-high
Contact ultrasonics MOE, MFA Moderate High
Bending 3- and 4-point MOE, MOR Prohibitive High
In-tree acoustics MOE, MFA Low Moderate-high
X-ray μCAT Density Moderate High
Resistograph Density Low Moderate
NIR Density, MFA, MOE Moderate Moderate-high
Modified from Gary Peter et al. 2008
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PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT
RESEARCH COOPERATIVE
PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT
RESEARCH COOPERATIVE
FAKOPP tools for small trees
TreeSonic with alternative sensors (SD02)
– Standard sensors too large?
– Physical signal
Microsecond timer
Ultrasonic timer
– Electrical signal
SD02
IML tools for small trees
Acoustic velocity
IML Micro Hammer
Wood density
Resistograph
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PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT
RESEARCH COOPERATIVE
PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT
RESEARCH COOPERATIVE
Center for Advanced Forestry Systems (CAFS)
http://cnr.ncsu.edu/fer/cafs/researchareas.html
PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT
RESEARCH COOPERATIVE
PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT
RESEARCH COOPERATIVE
Center for Advanced Forestry Systems (CAFS)
National Science Foundation
Industrial Innovation Partnership (IIP) Division
Industry / University Cooperative Research Centers
Center for Advanced Forestry SystemsNorth Carolina State University – Jose Stape
Oregon State University – Glenn Howe
Purdue University – Charles Michler
University of Florida – Eric Jokela
University of Georgia – Michael Kane
University of Idaho – Mark Coleman
University of Maine – Robert Wagner
University of Washington – David Briggs
Virginia Tech – Thomas Fox
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PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT
RESEARCH COOPERATIVE
PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT
RESEARCH COOPERATIVE
Clone-specific modeling and silviculture
Developing Varietal Precision Silvicultural Regimes in Pine and
Hardwood Plantations Based on Crown Ideotype (Fox; VT)
Developing Growth and Yield Predictions for Diverse Genotypes
and Silvicultural Practices (Burkhart; VT)
Developing Growth and Yield Predictions for Enhanced Genotypes
(Borders; UGA)
Integrating Wood Quality Predictions into Growth and Yield Models
for Evaluating Advanced Genotypes and Silvicultural Responses
(Daniels; UGA)
Scaling Competitive Dynamics from the Individual to the Stand
Using Clonal and Full-Sib Family Block Trials (Jokela; UF)
PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT
RESEARCH COOPERATIVE
PACIFIC NORTHWEST TREE IMPROVEMENT
RESEARCH COOPERATIVE
Other CAFS genetics projects
Genetic Architecture of Growth, Disease Resistance and Wood
Quality Traits in Loblolly Pine (Peter; UF)
Early genetic selection for wood stiffness in Douglas-fir (Howe;
OSU)
Effects of Site and Genetics on Douglas-fir Growth, Stem Quality,
and Adaptability (Howe; OSU)
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Economic Environment ($)
Industry
organization
Products
Rotations
Crop value
Seedlings
produced ~1000 M
100 M
20-35 yrs
45-70 yrs
Pulp/paper/OSB
more important
Pulp/paper/OSB less important
TIMOs/REITs increasing
Implications: Douglas-fir Loblolly pine
Interest in growth and wood quality High High
Investment in breeding/research Lower Higher
Interest in clonal forestry Lower Higher
Interest in GMOs ~Non-existent Some
Higher
Lower
= Douglas-fir
= Loblo lly p ine
= Douglas-fir
= Loblo lly p ine
Physical Environment & Lands
Implications: Douglas-fir Loblolly pine
Seed zones/Breeding zones 123 / 10-13 <<123 / 7
First-gen breeding pops Larger Smaller
Breeding program More costly Less costly
Breeding objectives More on adaptability, diversity Less on adaptability, diversity
Clonal forestry/GMOs More difficult, expensive Easier, less expensive
Public land
Frosts
Drought
Environmental
variability Low
Important
High
Important
Important
Rarely a problem?
Lots
Little
= Douglas-fir
= Loblo lly p ine
= Douglas-fir
= Loblo lly p ine
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Social Environment
Implications: Douglas-fir Loblolly pine
Interest in clonal forestry Lower Higher
Interest in GMOs ~Non-existent Some
= Douglas-fir
= Loblo lly p ine
= Douglas-fir
= Loblo lly p ine
Environmental
activism
Concerns about
genetics/GMOs
Skepticism about
forest mgmt.
Low
High
Low
High
Low
High
Low
High
Agrarian culture
Desktop version
Web version
ClimateWNA provides easy access
to over 20,000 climate surfaces
ClimateWNA - Climate interpolation
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Mean Annual Temperature (MAT) by PRISM (4 x 4 km)
21A mountain area near North Vancouver
Downscaled MAT by ClimateWNA (90m)
22A mountain area near North Vancouver
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Many derived climate variables in ClimateWNA
Degree-days <0°C
Degree-days>5°C
Frost-freeperiod
Number of frost-free days
Extreme minimumtemperature
Snow fall
23Wang et al. 2006. Intl. J. Climatology 23
ClimateWNA generates climate data for the past (1901 – 2009)
2424
13
It predicts climate data for the future periods
2525
Spatial pattern of temperature for baseline period
ClimateBC output (90m) overlaid on a satellite image (1970s)26
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GCM changes added onto the baseline data
ClimateBC output (90m) overlaid on a satellite image (CGCM2 A2_2050s)27