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EmergingAsianTrendsinWSISoutcomes
HelaniGalpayaUNCSTDInter-SessionalPanel
Geneva6-8Nov2017
ThisworkwascarriedoutwiththeaidofagrantfromtheInternationalDevelopmentResearchCentre,CanadaandtheDepartmentforInternationalDevelopmentUK..
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BASICACCESS&USE,INTHECONTEXTOFLOWSKILL
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(Entry-level)Internetis“affordable”inmostcountries
3Source:ITU,2016
Costof500MBcappedpre-paidmobiledataas%ofGNI
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
UNBBCommissiontargetof5%
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ManyS&SEAsiancountrieshadlessthan30%oftheirpopulationonline.Butnewerdataisessential
4Source:ITU,2016
%populationusingtheInternet
Ø OwnershipofasmartphoneiskeydriverofInternetuse.Ø Mostofthesecountrieshavearound30%smartphonepenetration
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
%
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5
Sources:http://www.itu.int/net4/itu-d/icteye/AdvancedDataSearch.aspx; http://datatopics.worldbank.org/hnp/popestimates; Facebookadvertisingportal;
CountryMobileSubscriptions/100 InternetUsers/100 FacebookUsers/100
2016 2016 2017
Pakistan 71.4 15.51 15.8
Bangladesh 77.9 18.3 15.8
India 87.0 29.6 15.9
Myanmar 89.3 25.1 29.2
Philippines 109.2 55.5 59.7
Sri Lanka 118.5 32.1 25.0
Indonesia 149.1 25.37 44.4
Thailand 172.7 47.5 70.3
Socialmediaisthekillerappanddrivesuse(evenifweadmitthatmostInternet/socialmediausedataisproblematic)
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NationallyrepresentativedatafromLatinAmericashowshugeprogressinInternetuseby2017.DatafromAsia(dueDec2017)hopefullyshowsthesame
Source:“TheNextBillion”,NationallyrepresentativesurveysconductedbyDIRSIinLatinAmericabetweenApril- July2017
InternetandSocialMediausebypopulationaged15yearsorabove,July2017
Question1:Haveyoueverusedtheinternetinyourmobilephone,computeroranyotherdevice?(explainandgiveexamples:Facebook,WhatsApp,mail,google,YouTube,Hotmail,etc.)Question2:DoyouusesocialmedialikeFacebook,WhatsApp,twitter,etc.?
75% 78%
61% 53%
71% 70%
87%
58% 52%
65%
Argentina Colombia Guatemala Paraguay Peru
Internetusers
Socialmediausers
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Lackofskillis#1reasonforNOTusingtheInternet
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ReasonsfornotusingtheInternet/socialmediabypopulation15yearsorabove,Argentina,Columbia,Guatemala,ParaguayPeru
21%
13%
17%
37%
12% Idon’tknowwhattheInternetis
Noaccessdevicecomputer/smartphone
Nointerest/notuseful
Idon’tknowhowtouseit
Other
Source:“TheNextBillion”,NationallyrepresentativesurveysconductedbyDIRSIinLatinAmericabetweenApril- July2017
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TheexceptiontolowuseinAsiaisMyanmar.48%ofpopulationownasmartphone.Halfofallphoneownersareonline
8
Usedmobiledata(49%)
Notusedmobiledata(51%)
Base:MobilephoneownersBase:Mobilephoneowners
Smartphoneonly(76%)
Smartphoneandkeypadphone(2%)
Keypadphoneonly(22%)
UseofmobiledataforInternet(%ofmobileownersaged15-65)
Mobilehandsettype(%ofmobileownersaged15-65)
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HighuseinMyanmarisinthecontextoflowdigitalskills.ManyinMyanmarmanagewithsomeone’shelp
Q:Canyoupleasetellme,whichofthefollowingactivitiesyouhaveeverdoneonyourmobileorontheInternet/online,andforeachone,whetheryouhavedoneitbyyourself,orwithsomeoneelse’shelp.
Base:Mobilehandsetowners
22 21 18 19 21
1125
21 257
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Searchforinformationorother
contentontheInternet/online
Installanapplication(‘app’)
Createlog-indetails(user)andapassword
Locateandadjustsettingsonan
applicationorservice
Postanyinformationononline
Digitalskills(%ofmobilehandsetownerswhocanperformthetasksbythemselvesorwithhelp)
Can,bymyself Can,withhelpfromsomeoneelse
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Digitalliteracyisevenloweramongstwomen(comparedtomen)
24 1925
16 20 1524
1323 18
1011
2327 20
23
22
28 67
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Searchforinformation/content
online
Installanapp Setupanaccount(e.g.Facebook/Viber,
etc)
Locateandadjustapp/accountsettings
Postinformationonline
Digitalskills(%ofmobilehandsetownerswhocanperformthetasksbythemselvesorwiththehelpofothers)
Canbymyself Can,withhelpfromsomeoneelse
Q:Canyoupleasetellme,whichofthefollowingactivitiesyouhaveeverdoneonyourmobileorontheInternet/online,andforeachone,whetheryouhavedoneitbyyourself,orwithsomeoneelse’shelp.
Base:Mobilehandsetowners
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Beingonlineinthecontextoflowskillsisproblematic:hackingisexperienced;self-regulationisseenasasolution• Interviewswith93InternetusersinMyanmarinterviewed(Aug- Sep
2017).• Socialmediaaccounts(e.g.Facebook)openedbymobilephoneshop
owner/worker– Passwordknowntoshopowner– Userattimenotknowingthereisapasswordforsomeapps
• Frequenthackingofpasswords,paymentsmadetohackertorecoverpassword– “Therefore,Itriedtotalkwiththehackerthroughchatting.ItlooksasifI
amtalkingtomyself.Iaskedhimtostopbutheaskedmetopay5000billforhisphoneandwhenIdidthat,Igotmyaccountbackagain”.[Malerespondent,Yangon]
– Onlinesurvey:12%of302Internetusershadbeenhacked;only4%hadexperiencedafinancialscamonline
• Significant“self-regulation”speciallybywomenoncontenttheypostonlineduetofearofhacking,shaming,reputationaldamage– “IhaveheardthatitiseasiertomakeaPhotoshopoutofthefullbody
images.That’swhyIalsouploadpicturesthatdon’trevealmyfullbody”.[Femalerespondent,Yangon]
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Justicesystemsdon’thelp:notaccessibletoall,unable/unwillingtohelpordoesn’tknowhowtohelp• Justicethroughthepolicelimitedtothosewithconnections,
power,resources– “..Theypostedthatphotoshoppedpictureofmineonadifferent
page…Itriedtoreportittothepolice…buttheirparentsweregovernmentworkerswhohaveanauthority.Thus,thepolicemenstoodupforthemandencouragedmetojustforgivethem.WhatelseIcoulddo?Idecidedtoletitgo.”[Femalerespondent,Yangon]
– “Theyhaven’tpostedityet…theyjustthreatenedme..IhavelawyerfriendsthereforeIdon’tneedtoworryaboutanything.Atlasttheyapologizedme.Policeaskedmetoleaveitasitis…butInevergaveup.Igavemoneytothepolice.AtlastIwon.”[Malerespondent,LGBTQ,Yangon,]
– “Iwouldn’twantto[reportit]becauseI’mscaredofgoingtojail.Andpeoplewouldlookatmeandknowaboutme...Iwouldn’tlikegoingtothecourteitherandIwouldn’twanttomeetwithpoliceandthejudge.Iwouldfeelsuffocatedtomeetthem.” [Malerespondent,LGBTQ,Yangon]
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It’snotallaboutlackofskill.Policiesthatregulateonlinebehaviorareproblematictoo
• E.g.Section66doftheTelecomLaw:acriminallawprovisionthatpermitspenaltiesofuptothreeyearsinprisonfor“extorting,coercing,restrainingwrongfully,defaming,disturbing,causingundueinfluenceorthreateninganypersonusingatelecommunicationsnetwork.”– Over50peoplejailedasatmid2017underthisprovision– Thirdpartycomplaintspermitted– Duplicativeofother(existing)lawsthatcandealwithsimilar
offenses• “Idon’tusuallysharepostsonmywall.Itisalsobecauseofthelawlike
66D.IamafraidthatImightgetintotroublebysharingsomecontent.SinceIdocharitywork,Ineedtobecareful.ThemostIwoulddoistojokearoundwithmyfriendsbycommentingaboutpoliticsusingthesecretnameswegave.”[Socialmediainfluencer,Yangon]
• NotjustMyanmar– India’sSection66AofITActprovidedpunishmentforoffensivemessages,insultsetc.– StruckdownbytheSupremeCourtasbeingunconstitutional
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Morebroadly,manypoliciesrelatedtoonlinelifearenon-existentorbadlyformulated.InternetGovernanceneedstobeapriorityforemergingAsiancountries• Telecomsectorde-regulationsuccessful– marketforces
connectedmany– Drivenbytechnicalassistancebymulti-lateralbanks
• InternetGovernanceissuesrarelyaddressedintheliberalizationprocess– Butnowtheyneedtobeaddressed.Urgently
• No“focalpoint”ingovernmenttotakethelead– UnliketheMinistryofTelecom/ICT/DigitalEconomywhich
hastraditionallyaddressedICTinfrastructureissues• Lackofmulti—stakeholdermechanisms
– EvenwhennationallevelIGFsexists,IGpolicyoftenmadeelsewhere
• Resultinginadoptiondeveloped-countrysolutions/policiesevenwhentheyareclearlyunsuitable.
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MANYAREONLINEANDEARNINGMONEY
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EmergingAsiancountriesaremajorsuppliersoflaborondigitalplatformsthatenablethemtodeliverworkremotely
OnlineLabour Indextopoccupationbycountry,1-6July2017
Source:Kässi,O.&Lehdonvirta,V.(2016)OnlineLabour Index:MeasuringtheOnlineGigEconomyforPolicyandResearch.PaperpresentedatInternet,Politics&Policy2016,22-23September,Oxford,UK.http://ilabour.oii.ox.ac.uk/online-labour-index/
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Typeofwork Examplesoftypeofwork
Averageearningspermonth
Earningperjob Platformsused
Professionalservices
ProjectmanagementAccountingSocialmediaconsultant
USD15- 230 - FacebookFrapp
Clericaland dataentry
TranslationTranscriptionFormattingdocumentsAudiotranscription
USD15- 90 USD0.1- 0.77perwordUSD6per1houraudio
Translatorscafé,Guru,Fiverr,Upwork,Freelancer
Creativeandmultimedia
PhotographyVideoproductionVideoediting
USD107-184 USD8- 77perlogo Behance99design
Salesandmarketingsupport
SEOAdpostingEvent promotion
USD77- 230 - FrappFacebook groupsWhatsApp
Softwaredevelopmentandtechnology
MobiledevelopmentSoftware developmentWebdevelopmentAppdevelopment
USD77- 230 USD46- 122perwebsite
UpworkFreelancerFiverr
Writing andtranslation
CopywritingCreative writingTechnicalwritingTranslation
USD15- 90 USD0.03perword Guru,Fiverr,Upwork,FreelancerØ Source:Focusgroupsandin-depthinterviewswith301currentandpotential
onlinemicro-workersandonlinefreelancersinIndia,May– Aug2017.
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SriLanka:17,000– 22,000peopleengagedinonlinefreelancing/microwork.Sellingtheirskillsonplatforms• NationalSurvey(in2016)andcalculationsshow17,000– 22,000
peopleinSriLankadoonlinefreelancing• Manyworkparttime(e.g.2-3hoursperweek)tosupplement
income• Mosthave3– 6monthsofeducation(diplomasincomputer
science)aftercompletinghighschool– Computerliteracyandinternetconnectionsasbasicneeds
• Averageincomeperpersonnationally:AroundUSD80permonth(Dept.ofCensusandStatistics)
• Averageearningsfromonlinefree-lancingUSD140permonth• Mostnotwillingtodofull-time
– Inabilitytoproveincomewhenaskingforaloan– “Ineedtointoanoffice”– “Ican’texplainwhat[I]dotomyparents”
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Arangeofworkisseen,withhugelyvaryingincomeandskill.Butonlyafewreachthehighends
Project-based,highskill,higherearning• E.g.Software/website
dev• Directrelationshipwith
client(off-platform)• Abilitytonegotiate
price• UptoUSD300per
project;UptoUSD1000permonth
• “Rightplacetouseourskills”
• Noissuesgettingpaid
Micro-tasks:lowskill,lowearning• Ad-clicking(E.g.
ClicxSense,Gigabucks),imagetagging
• Lowearning(USD$0.1perjob)
• Buyerspecifiesprice(workerispricetaker)
• Lowskillneeded• Nopaymentifbuyernot
satisfied
Taskbased,buthigherearningandhigherskill• Logodesign;content
writing,reviewwriting• AvgUS%5-10perjob• AvgUS$8– 15per
month(work2-5hours)• Ratingsonplatform
important• Potentialtodevelop
repeatrelationshipw/buyer
Lowearning,lowskill
Higherearning,higherskill
Can’tgetcheaper
Facingcompetitionfromevencheaperlabormarkets
Sometasksfacingcompetitionfromcheaperlabor.Othersnot
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Needforconstantre-skilling:learninghowtolearn
• Price-basedcompetitiveadvantageoflabor-erodesquickly
• Manyjobsthatwererule-basedbeingautomated– E.g.softwaretesting.Result:IndianITfirmslayingoffinlargenumbers
• Solutions:– A)developnichecompetencies(providingslightlylongertermabilitytocaptureashareofthelabormarket).
– B)constantlyre-skillandstayaheadofskillsthatarebeingcommoditized
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THANKYOU.SHOWNSURVEYDATAAVAILABLEAFTERDECEMBER2017AT:
- www.lirneasia.net andhelani[at]lirneasia.net (forAsiasurveydata)
- www.researchictafrica.net (forAfricasurveydata)- www.dirsi.net (forLatinAmericasurveydata)