Emergency Management in Turkey: Disasters Experienced, Lessons Learned, and Recommendations for the Future Derin N. Ural, Ph.D. Associate Professor and Founding Director, Center of Excellence for Disaster Management, Istanbul Technical University Turkey
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Emergency Management in Turkey: Disasters Experienced, Lessons Learned, and Recommendations for the Future Derin N. Ural, Ph.D. Associate Professor and.
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Emergency Management in Turkey:Disasters Experienced, Lessons Learned,
and Recommendations for the Future
Derin N. Ural, Ph.D.Associate Professor and Founding Director,
Center of Excellence for Disaster Management, Istanbul Technical University
Turkey
2
Outline
I. Introduction
II. Policy Timeline
Milestones for National Emergency
Management
III. SWOT Analysis
IV. Challenges
3
I. Introduction Hazards in Turkey1.92 % of the country’s 780,580 km² area is prone to earthquakes 2.Floods: Black Sea, Mediterranean & Western Anatolian Region3.Landslides : Black Sea Region
II. Event/Policy II. Event/Policy Timeline Timeline
Kocaeli & Duzce Kocaeli & Duzce EarthquakesEarthquakes
EVENT
POLICYPOLICY
1999 :1999 :
Regulations on Regulations on Residence FundsResidence Funds
Construction Construction ControlControl Law Law InitiatedInitiated
Regulations on Regulations on Civil Defense Civil Defense LawLaw
Regulations on the Regulations on the
Law Related to Precautions Law Related to Precautions
and Aids for Disastersand Aids for Disasters
2002, 2002, Emergency Management Emergency Management Certificate and Masters Degree Certificate and Masters Degree Program Initiated Program Initiated
2004 , 2004 ,
Municipality Municipality
LawLaw Enacted Enacted
August 17, 1999Kocaeli Earthquake
Magnitude : 7.6
Northwestern Part of Turkey
Heavily Populated Area
17,000+ loss of life and 43,000 injured
largest natural disaster in Turkey
Source: USGS
Official Damage Report Official Damage Report of the 1999 of the 1999 Kocaeli EarthquakeKocaeli Earthquake
Damage Damage ClassificationClassification
Number of Number of Residential Residential
and Business and Business UnitsUnits
LightLight 89,87289,872
ModerateModerate 77,16977,169
HeavyHeavy 77,34277,342
TotalTotal 244,383244,383
November 12, 1999
Düzce Earthquake
Magnitude : 7.2
1,000+ loss of life and 5,000 injured
Led to an awakening to the reality of earthquakes in Turkey.
Source: USGS
I. IntroductionI. Introduction
Proposed National Emergency Proposed National Emergency Management SystemManagement System
TEMAD
Prime Ministry
Deputy Governor
Metropolitan Mayor
Provincial Disaster and Emergency Center
AKOM
Water
Gas
Ambulance
Roads
Electricity
FireBrigade
Law Enforcement
Civil Defense
EMSC.D.
Search and Rescue
Ministry of the Interior
The Governor
Distric D. and Emergency Center
District Governor
NeighborhoodLeader
NeighborhoodLeader
NeighborhoodLeader
NeighborhoodLeader
Recommended Neighborhood
Emergency Center
NGO’s
NGO’s
Service Groups
Disaster Management in IstanbulAdministrative Unit Governing Body
Disaster Management Organization
Scale
(population)Responsibility
Province Governor Disaster Management
Center (AYM)10,000,000
Emergency resource management, general coordination, relations between central and local management
GreaterMetropolitan Region Greater
Metropolitan MayorDisaster Coordination Center (AKOM)
8,800,000 Central management; coordination with municipalities; manager training; machinery, equipment, personnel, and infrastructure
DistrictDistrict Governor, District Mayor
District Disaster Management Center
100,000–650,000 Building retrofit; allocation of necessary facilities, equipment, and personnel; supervision
Town QuarterInitiatives in Town quarters
Police Station, Fire Brigade, Emergency Medical Center, NGOs, Public Training Centers, Schools
~30,000 Direct intervention; community training
Neighborhood
Neighborhood LeaderNeighborhood Disaster Management Leader, Volunteer Groups
5,000–15,000 Role sharing; identification of responsibilities; building community consciousness; volunteer search
III. SWOT Analysis Results
BasedBased on on SurveySurvey Results Results of Emergency of Emergency ResponseResponse GroupGroupss
• SS t r e n g t h t r e n g t h• WW e a k n e s s e a k n e s s• OO p p o r t u n i t y p p o r t u n i t y• TT h r e a t s h r e a t s
are presented
Istanbul Istanbul SWOTSWOT AnalysisAnalysis ResultsResultsStrength Weakness Opportunity Threat
•Obstacles to reach Obstacles to reach goalsgoals•EvaluationEvaluation•Communal Communal AwarenessAwareness
•Participation of All Participation of All levels levels •Manage ContractorsManage Contractors•Public opinion Public opinion •Accreditation Accreditation
•Local feedbackLocal feedback•Gap in EM PlansGap in EM Plans
•Funding/ ExercisesFunding/ Exercises•Working orderWorking order
Istanbul Istanbul NeighborhoodsNeighborhoods SWOTSWOT AnalysisAnalysis ResultsResultsStrengthStrength WeaknessWeakness OpportunityOpportunity ThreatThreat
Policy •Muhtar (at the mahalle level) Muhtar (at the mahalle level) central authority under the central authority under the KaymakamKaymakam
•The district Civilian Defence The district Civilian Defence Director under the Kaymakam Director under the Kaymakam in close contact with the in close contact with the muhtarmuhtar
•Need for a new law for muhtarNeed for a new law for muhtar
•Weak opinion of the muhtar in Weak opinion of the muhtar in some governmental officerssome governmental officers
•No legal incentives for No legal incentives for volunteerismvolunteerism
•Need for certification or Need for certification or accreditation for volunteersaccreditation for volunteers
•Budget allocationBudget allocation
•Increasing awareness Increasing awareness in the public on in the public on community involvement community involvement
•No community No community capacity building capacity building programsprograms
Planning •In chain of command from In chain of command from community level (from community level (from governor, district governor to governor, district governor to the Muhtar)the Muhtar)
•Inadequate planning by the Inadequate planning by the Civilian DefenceCivilian Defence
•Muhtar not included in building Muhtar not included in building assessment assessment
•IPlans may include IPlans may include community levelcommunity level
•Muhtar without Muhtar without capacity in disasterscapacity in disasters
Training •Civilian Defence Directorate Civilian Defence Directorate efforts for training the mahalle efforts for training the mahalle citizenscitizens
•Inadequate training by the Inadequate training by the Civilian DefenceCivilian Defence
•No capacity buildingNo capacity building
•No initial trainingNo initial training
•Muhtars require trainingMuhtars require training
•Associations like MAY Associations like MAY Project and MAG train Project and MAG train the mahalle volunteersthe mahalle volunteers
•Need for properly Need for properly trained volunteerstrained volunteers
•Inadequate funding Inadequate funding for trainingfor training
•Unprepared Unprepared lmuhtarslmuhtars
Exercise •May easily join Governor’s May easily join Governor’s exercise program with legal exercise program with legal base readybase ready
•No regularly monitored and No regularly monitored and evaluated exercises and drillsevaluated exercises and drills
•Performance check Performance check through monitoring through monitoring exercisesexercises
•Chaos on site Chaos on site following a disasterfollowing a disaster
Resources
Equipment
•4+4 elected mahalle 4+4 elected mahalle volunteers around the muhtar volunteers around the muhtar
•Potential volunteers in the Potential volunteers in the mahalle mahalle
•Some municipal supportSome municipal support
•No standardized equipment No standardized equipment
•No communication devices No communication devices except voice and GSM phonesexcept voice and GSM phones