FROM SOURCE TO SITE July 2013 Emergency Lighting Guide Web - www.orlight.com Tel - 01707 663 883 Fax - 01707 663 882 Email - [email protected]Head Office › 21B Cranborne Industrial Estate | Cranborne Road | Potters Bar | Hertfordshire | EN6 3JN Orlight Design Studio & Showroom › The Plaza | 535 Kings Road | Chelsea | London | SW10 0SZ
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F R O M S O U R C E T O S I T E
July 2013
Emergency Lighting Guide
Web - www.orlight.com Tel - 01707 663 883 Fax - 01707 663 882 Email - [email protected]
Head Office › 21B Cranborne Industrial Estate | Cranborne Road | Potters Bar | Hertfordshire | EN6 3JNOrlight Design Studio & Showroom › The Plaza | 535 Kings Road | Chelsea | London | SW10 0SZ
Thisguidelooksatthesesystemsandofferssomeusefulguidanceandinformation on the use of the standards.
ThisguideisdesignedtoexplaintheuseofandinterprettherecommendationsoftheBritishStandards,asitappliestotheindividualsandorganisationsthatcarry out the design, installation, commissioning and maintenance of emergency lighting installations.
Theobjectiveofhighrisktaskarealightingistocontributetothesafetyofpeopleinvolvedinapotentiallydangerousprocessorsituationandtoenablepropershutdownprocedurestobecarriedoutforthesafetyofotheroccupantsofthelocationor the building.
Muchanxietyandconfusioncanbealleviatedbystrategicallyplacingemergencylighting luminaires and signs indicating the way out of a location or building. Itisveryimportantthatexitsareclearlysignpostedandarevisible,whenever thelocationorbuildingisoccupied.
Emergency Lighting Guide FROM SOURCE TO S ITE 4
2 DEFINITIONSItisagoodideatofamiliariseyourselveswithsomeofthedefinitions used within the emergency lighting design, installation, commissioning and maintenance standards.
Inadditiontotherecommendationsofthestandards,itisimportantthattherequirementsofanynationaland/orlocallegislationthatmayapplytothepremisesinquestionarefullyrecognizedanddiscussedattheearlydesignstage.Thishighlightstheimportanceforafireriskassessmentasrequiredbytheregulatory reform fire safety order.
6.3 External areas in the immediate vicinity of exits
Inordertoassistdispersaltoaplaceofsafety,theexternalareasintheimmediatevicinityoffinalexitsshouldbeilluminatedinaccordancewiththeilluminationlevelforescaperoutes,giveninEN1838(BS5266-7)ofnotlessthan1Lux.Iftheareaoutsidethebuildinghashazardsindarknesssuchasariverbankorsteepstairs,thefireriskassessmentshoulddetermineiffurtheremergencyluminairesareneededuntilaplaceofsafetycanbereached.Thismightinvolvetheplacementofemergencylightingontheoutsideofabuildingadjacenttothefinalexitdoor.Anexampleofthiswouldbeanexternalfireescapestaircasefroma first floor.
Ifstreetlightingisavailableandadequate,itmaybeusedwiththeagreementofthefireauthority.Itshould,however,berememberedthattheelectricalsupply to the local street lighting may also be affected by a local mains failure. Andtheavailabilityofthestreetlightswouldneedassessedtomakesuretheyareilluminatedduringalltimesthatthebuildingisoccupied.
7 DURATION OF BATTERY BACK-UPThebatteryback-upoftheemergencylightingsystemwilldependontheuseofthebuildingandtheevacuationstrategy.3hourdurationisrequiredinplacesofentertainment(cinemas,theatres,etc)andforbuildingsthathaveasleepingrisk(hotelsandguesthouses,etc.).
Emergencyluminairesofthemaintainedtypeshouldbeusedinpublicareaswherethenormallightingmaybedimmedandincommonareaswhereabuild-upofsmokecouldreducetheeffectivenessofnormallighting.Maintainedlightingthatcombines both emergency and normal lighting functions may also be desirable for aesthetic or economic reasons.
Theamountoflightfallingonanobject(illuminance)isaffectednotmerelybythepowerandpositionofthelampsusedforilluminationbutalsobyreflectionfromthesurroundings.Inmanyinteriorspaces,ahighproportionofthelightfallingonany surface comes from the reflected light. Where the walls, floor and ceiling are lightincolourupto60%oftheilluminanceatfloorlevelmaybereflectedfromthe walls or ceiling.
Inaroomwherethedecorativefinishesaredarkincolour(i.e.havelowreflectance),the contribution of reflected light to the illuminance is much smaller. The reflected lightmaybenegligiblein,say,anightcluborrestaurant,wherethecarpets,wallsandceilinghavebeendeliberatelykeptdarkincolourtoproduceafeelingofintimacyandrelaxation.
Allpotentialobstructionsorhazardsonanescaperouteshouldbelightincolourwith contrasting surround. Such hazards include the edges of stair treads, barriersandwallsatrightanglestothedirectionofmovement.
Forescaperoutesupto2minwidth,thehorizontalilluminanceontheflooralongthecentrelineofanescaperouteshallbenotlessthan1luxandthecentralbandconsisting of not less than half of the width of the route shall be illuminated to a minimumof50%ofthatvalue(0.5lux).Widerescaperoutescanbetreatedasanumberof2mwidestripsorbeprovidedwithopenarea(anti-panic)lighting.TheUKdidhaveanationaldeviationtotheEuropeanStandardstatingthatavalueofnotlessthan0.2luxisacceptableonthecentrebandofanescaperoute.Butthisvaluewasonlytobeusediftheescaperouteispermanentlyunobstructed.Thisdeviationhasbeenwithdrawnandescaperoutesunobstructedornotrequires1luxonthecentreline.
Certain specific locations require a specific illuminance and response time the below table gives the locations and response time.
Location Response time (s)
Minimum illuminance (lx)
Minimum duration (min)
Reference plane
Kitchens 0.5 15 30 min Horizontalonworkingplane,switchesand cut-outsreadilyvisible
First aid rooms 5 15 30 min Horizontalonworkingplane
Treatment rooms 0.5 50 30 min Horizontalonworkingplane
Refuges 5 5 Full rated Horizontal on floor, verticalatwallmountedcommunicationdevicesand sign
Plant rooms, switch rooms & emergency winding facilities for lifts
5 15 Full rated Inplaneofvisualtask
Fire alarm control and indicatingequipment
5 15 Full rated Inplaneofvisualtask
Receptionareas 5 15 Full rated Inplaneofvisualtask
Panicbars&padsorsecuritydevices
5 5 Full rated Horizontalonplaneofpanicbar/pad;verticalatverticallymounted/wallmountedsecuritydevices
Swimmingpoolsurroundsanddivingareas
0.5 5 Full rated Horizontal on floor and treads
Emergency Lighting Guide FROM SOURCE TO S ITE 19
9 PRODUCT CONFORMITYItisimportthatallemergencyluminairesareengineeredtothecorrectstandard.Thisisespeciallyimportantwhenretrofittingbatterypackstoexistingluminaires.TheEuropeanemergencylightingproductstandards,EN60598-2-22,EN60924andEN60925covermostpointsofsafetyandperformanceforemergencyluminairesandconversionmodules.Emergencylightingluminairesusedonescaperoutesarerequiredtobefireretardant(850°Cglowwiretested).LuminairescanberegisteredforproductcompliancethroughtheICELProductRegistrationSchemewhichassurescompliancewiththisrequirement.Italsoassurestheuserthatthe productshavebeencertifiedtoEN60598-2-22:1999andaremanufacturedwithin afacilityoperatingaschemeofqualityassuranceapprovedtoBSENISO9001or BS EN ISO 9002.
Emergency Lighting Guide FROM SOURCE TO S ITE 20
10 PHOTOMETRIC DATA & SPACING TABLES
Howyouachievetherequiredilluminancelevelsisdependentonthepositionandorientationoftheluminaries.Photometricdataneedstobeprovidedwiththecompletioncertificate.Thisistoensurethatthesystemhasbeendesignedcorrectlyandthattherequiredilluminationwillbeachieved.Therearemanydifferentwaysforprovidingthisphotometricdata,annexEofBS5266:2011givesguidance on calculations and measurements. Another way is to use the lumin method;thisisasimplifiedmethodtocalculatethelightlevelinaroom.Themethod is a series of calculations that uses horizontal illuminance criteria to establishauniformluminairelayoutinaspace.Initssimplestform,thelumenmethodismerelythetotalnumberoflumensavailableinaroomdividedbytheareaoftheroom.Inordertoperformthiscalculationmanyfactorssuchascoefficients,lamplumendataandotherquantitiesmustbegathered.Thesimplestformofphotometricdataisintheformofspacingtableswhichprovidetheinformationtohelpyoudecidewhetherornotadditionalluminairesareneededbesidesthoserequiredforthepointsofemphasis.Mostluminaireshavebeenindependentlytestedtoprovetheirphotometricperformanceandthetablesgeneratedhavebeenthird-partyinspected.Themanufacturersconstructtablesfor use by designers and installers.
The tables show the distance from the wall or door to the first fitting and then the distancethatmustnotbeexceededforspacingbetweensubsequentluminaires.Thisisshownforthefittingsbeingmountedeitherparalleltotheroute(Axial)oratrightanglestotheroute(Transverse)fordifferentmountingheights.
Generallyatleasttwoluminarieswillbeneededtoprovidethe1luxminimumlevelonthecentreofeachtread(evendesignstotheolderstandardof0.2luxneededthehigherlevelonthetreadsunlesscontrastingcolourstairnosingwerefitted).Thespacingfromluminaire1toluminaire2showninfig11isreducedastheirmountingheightisbeingreducedasthepoint’silluminatedriseupthestairsso the cosine correction factor reduces the light. Although the angle of correction improvesincomparisonwiththefloorlevelasthetreadsdescend,atsomepointthe effect of increased distance from the luminaire will outweigh this.
Otherchangesoflevelthatcancausetrippinghazardsinlowlightlevelsmustalso be illuminated.
Emergency Lighting Guide FROM SOURCE TO S ITE 23
Fig 11 Mounting positions on a staircase
Fig 12 Mounting positions for open area lighting
Figure12showstheareathatneedstobecoveredforopenarealighting.Asyoucansee,thecentrecoreisillumatedtoalevelof0.5lux.Thisexcludesthearea0.5m away from the walls indicated by the dotted line.
Below are the four most common signs that you will see in use today. The current onehasjustapictogramandarrowandthewordingisanoptionalelement.ThishasreplacedtheEuropeansignsdirectiveformat.Andthisisnowaninternationalformat. This does mean that some of the older BS 5499 designs are now complianttoBS5266-1:2011whentheywerenon-complianttoBS5266-1:2005,itisnotallowedtomixthedifferentdesigns.
OldexitsignformattoBS2560Thesesignsshouldallhavebeenreplacedbythe 24th of December 1998, but some arestillinexistence.
BS 5499 -1 format has the addition ofarunningmanpictogramandwasaninterimmovetowardsthefullpictogramsign.Thisisclassedasbeingacceptableonexistingbuildingsprovidedthemeaningisstillclear.
BS5266:2011nowreferstoBSISO7010:2011whichhasreplacedBS5499-5. This now means that some of the older signs to BS 5499-1 now complywithBS5266-1:2011.Thedescriptivetextisanoptionalelementofthesignandisnotallwaysrequired.
Emergency Lighting Guide FROM SOURCE TO S ITE 25
13 INSTALLATIONTheinstallationofemergencylightingshouldonlybecarriedoutbypersonswhoarecompetentintheinstallationofelectricalwiringsystemsinaccordancewithBS 7671. Although emergency lighting can be installed after the main electrical workiscomplete,forexample,convertingabuilding’susefromdomesticpremisesnotneedingemergencylighting,toofficespacethatwouldrequireemergency lighting, it is normal for the emergency lighting to be installed at the sametimeasthegeneralelectricalservicesinstallation.
a) unsprinkleredbuildings(orpartsofbuildings)inwhichthefirestrategyinvolvesevacuationoftheoccupantsinfourormorephases;
b) unsprinkleredbuildingsofgreaterthan30mheight;
c) unsprinkleredpremisesandsitesinwhichafireinoneareacouldaffectcablesassociatedwithareasremotefromthefire,inwhichitisenvisagedthatpeoplewillremaininoccupationduringthecourseofthefire.
In other installations standard cable should be used.
Clause 8.2.1 of BS 5266 Quality of installation states“Thisshouldbeachievedthrough the use of cables or cable systems with an inherently high resistance to the effects of fire, and either with inherently high resistance to mechanical damage,orwithadditionalmechanicalprotection.”
Itisimportantthatduringthehandoveroftheemergencylightingsystemtheenduser is informed of the correct method of carrying out short duration tests and is madeawareoftheirresponsibilities.
The discoloration of the diffuser can greatly reduce the illuminance of an emergencylightandthisshouldbetakenintoaccountwhencarryingoutamaintenancevisit.
17.1 Checklist for assessing an existing installation
A. Atestswitchisrequired;eitherasecretkeytypeoradedicatedswitchwhichwillisolatethesupplytotheemergencylights,butnotthe normallightingasthismightintroduceariskwhencarryingout periodicinspections.
A. Thewholebuildinghastobebroughtuptothenewsafetystandard,sotakingactioninoneareaisnotenough.
Q. Is there a recommendation in BS 5266-1 on how often the batteries in emergencyluminairesneedchanging?
A. Thereisnohardandfastrecommendation.BS5266-1:2011, 5.1.3, definesthattherequiredminimumilluminanceshouldbeprovidedduringtheratedduration.Ifthisisnotachieved,thebatteriesshouldbechangedsothatthesystemcanprovidetheoriginalrequiredduration.Forself-containedluminaires,ifthisfailureperiodislessthan4years,theluminaireshouldbeinvestigatedtoensurethatthebatteryisbeingproperlycharged,andthattheluminaireisnotsitedinalocationoutside ofitstemperaturelimits.Toohighanambienttemperaturewillcauseshortbatterylife;toolowatemperaturewillreducethecapacityavailabletomeetthedischargeperiod.
Emergency Lighting Guide FROM SOURCE TO S ITE 34
Q. Can emergency lighting luminaries be fed from their own circuit off a distributionboard?
A. No the emergency lights must be fed from the local lighting circuit
A. Noallexitssignsneedtobeofthemaintainedtypetoensurepeoplearenot confused in the case of the normal lighting failing.
However,itisnotnecessaryforthefullemergencylightingleveltobeprovidedwhenthenormallightingsystemisfunctioning.Inotherpremisesusedforrecreation,wherethereisnodimming,itisnecessaryonlyforexitsigns to be maintained or combined and internally illuminated.
For some cinema and theatre auditoria where the recommended maintainedilluminanceof1lxislikelytoaffectnormalworking,itisconsideredacceptabletoreducethisleveltonotlessthan0.02lx,providedthesystemissoarrangedthat,intheeventoffailureofthenormallightingwithintheauditoria,theEmergencyescapelightingilluminanceisautomaticallyrestoredtoaminimumof1lxwithin5s.
Q. WhatsizeofbatterydoIneed?
A. Thesizingofthebatteriesneedstotakeintoaccountthebatterydurationofthesystem.Notallsystemsrequirea3hourbatterydurationsomebuildings will only need a1 hour battery duration. So the batteries may be smaller
A. therequirementforemergencylightswouldbepartofthefireriskassessment.Butanilluminancelevelof0.5Luxisdeemedacceptablefor openplanoffices
Q. Canusenormalluminairesasemergencyluminaires?
A. Itispossibletofitbatterypackstonormalluminariesandineffectmakethenemergencyluminaires.Careshouldbetakentoensurethatthefittingmeetstherelevantproductstandards
Q. IsBS5266-1:2011retrospective?
A. Asthestandardalwaysgetsreviewedovertime.Theproblemiswhetheritshouldbeappliedretrospectively.Briefingsfromgovernmentandunderstandingfromtheguidesisthatthelatestversionofthestandardshouldbeusedtocompensatefortherisksidentifiedbytheanyriskassessmentsthatarerequiredtocarryout.