Embedded Systems Project

Embedded SystemsEmbedded Systems

Embedded SystemsEmbedded Systems

: Under the supervision of

Dr / Farhat Farg Farhat

OutlineOutline

introduction What is an embedded system? Characteristics of Embedded Systems Categories of Embedded Systems Major Components in Embedded Systems Embedded Systems HW / SW Embedded Systems Applications Software Development Tools Examples of Embedded Systems

Embedded systems are ubiquitous. They can be found in consumer products such as washers, microwave ovens, and automobiles; industrial process controllers; as well as cellular phones, and personal digital assistants.

Introduction

Today’s embedded systems development ranges from microprocessor-based control systems, to systems-on-chip (SoC) design, and device software development. A myriad of implementations can be found in consumer electronics, medical devices, and commercial and military applications.

This program looks at embedded systems engineering as a synergistic function between hardware and software device design and development. Participants learn the essential concepts of embedded systems development through a practical hands-on approach utilizing industry design automation (EDA) tools and design kits.

What is an Embedded Systems ?What is an Embedded Systems ?

An embedded system

is some combination of computer hardware and software, possibly with some mechanics, that is specifically designed for a particular kind of application device.

An embedded system can be part of a larger system

90% of all computers are embedded computers!

• Anything that uses a microprocessor but isn't a general-purpose computer

• Take advantage of application characteristics to optimize the design ex:• Personal digital assistant (PDA)

• Set-top boxes

• Televisions

• Video Games

• Refrigerators

• Cars

• Planes

• Elevators

• Remote Controls

• Alarm Systems

CPU

memory

input

output analog

analog

embeddedcomputer

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Major Components in Embedded Major Components in Embedded SystemsSystems

Data

Algorithm

Program

Hardware

Data acquisition and processing Communication System logic and control algorithm Interface Auxiliary units

display storage monitoring and protection test and diagnosis.

Characteristics of Embedded SystemsCharacteristics of Embedded Systems

1.Device Programmability or Manageable

The functioning of a specific hardware part on a smart device can be easily changed by simply changing the software associated with it.

2.Multi-tasking

An embedded system employed in a modern refrigerator performs door sense and temp sense at the same times, which are two functions at the same time.

3.Real-time Response

It is the ability of an embedded system to respond to ambient conditions suddenly. That is, a smart TV adjusts picture quality suddenly in response to sudden environmental brightness variations.

Embedded Systems: ApplicationsEmbedded Systems: Applications

Consumer electronics, cameras, camcorders, ....

Consumer products, e.g., washers, microwave ovens, ...

Automobiles (anti-lock braking, engine control, ...)

Industrial process controllers & avionics/defense applications

Computer/Communication products printers, FAX machines, ...

Emerging multimedia applications & consumer electronics

Categories of Embedded SystemsCategories of Embedded Systems

1. Stand-alone embedded systems

Embedded logic circuit placed in a stand-alone smart device like a TV receiver

2. Real-time embedded systems

It can be again classified as hard real-time and soft Real-time embedded systems Hard systems are employed in biomedical smart devices, where real-time response is crucial. Soft systems have less real-time response than a hard system. Smart TV is an example for soft system.

3. Networked embedded systems

Here a smart device is networked with other systems. The networking may be wired or wire-less. Mobile phone is an example for wire-less smart device.

EMBEDDED EMBEDDED HARDWARE & SOFTWAREHARDWARE & SOFTWARE

Any systems that contained a ‘Microcontroller’ are called as Embedded Systems.

1.Processor It is the brain of the embedded logic circuit. The processor can be of

three types: 8b Microcontroller (MC)

For applications where space requirement is high but processing power and memory requirements are low, like in toys, smart cards, etc.

32b Microprocessor (MP)

For applications where space requirement is low but processing power and memory requirements are high, like in handheld computers.

Digital Signal Processor (DSP)

For applications where signals are handled than Data, like audio and video applications. DSP contain a MAC (Multiply-Accumulate) unit, which performs all complex floating point Fourier calculations. Of the worlds total processor production 94% holds for embedded systems.

Embedded systems design: Embedded systems design: Major subtasksMajor subtasks

Modeling the system to be designed, and experimenting with algorithms

involved; Refining (or “partitioning”)

the function to be implemented into smaller, interacting pieces; HW-SW partitioning: Allocating

elements in the refined model to either (1) HW units, or (2) SW running on custom hardware or a general microprocessor.

Scheduling the times at which the functions are executed. This is important

when several modules in the partition share a single hardware unit.

Mapping (Implementing) a functional description into (1) software that runs on a processor

or (2) a collection of custom, semi-custom, or commodity HW.

Characteristics of Embedded Characteristics of Embedded SystemsSystems

Application Specific Applications are known a priori Optimize for cost, area, power, and performance

Digital Signal Processing Signals are represented digitally

Reactive Reacts to changes in the system’s environment

Real-time Compute certain tasks before deadline

Distributed, Networked, …

Reliability Probability of system working correctly provided that

is was working

Maintainability Probability of system working correctly d time units

after error occurred.

Safety Not harmful for user

Security Confidential and authentic communication

Traditional Design ChallengesTraditional Design Challenges

Low cost

Light weight

Reliability

Low power

Portable

Complexity

Ease of use

Mixed digital/analog requirements

Shrinking time-to-market

Short product lifetime

Real-time processing

Inherent concurrency

HW/SW co-design

Recent Design ChallengesRecent Design Challenges

Design Complexity Ultra low power

Highly adaptive Active power management (voltage scaling, etc.) Alternative energy source (scavenge, solar, etc.)

Internet aware Incorporate RF technologies Networking capabilities

Larger OS, middleware, etc. Understanding of many/changing protocols

Co-operative operation (trashcan & refrigerator) Verification Security

Classification of Embedded Classification of Embedded SystemsSystems

Multi-dimensional classifications:

Hard versus software systems Fail-safe versus fail-operational systems Guaranteed-response versus best-effort Resource-adequate versus resource-inadequate Event-triggered versus time-triggered.

Software Development ToolsSoftware Development Tools Compiler: compiles C/C++ and in-line assembly language

Linker: links compiled application code, OS, and runtime libraries

Memory Image tools: places code in non-volatile memory at a given physical memory address

Debugger: debugs OS and application programs Loader: loads OS at power on and applications

Also a tool to download new code from the development system is typically provided

Examples of Embedded SystemsExamples of Embedded Systems

Microcontroller

CCD preprocessor Pixel coprocessorA2D

D2A

JPEG codec

DMA controller

Memory controller ISA bus interface UART LCD ctrl

Display ctrl

Multiplier/Accum

Digital camera chip

lens

CCD

• Single-functioned -- always a digital camera• Tightly-constrained -- Low cost, low power, small, fast• Reactive and real-time -- only to some extent

Example ES (II): Digital CameraExample ES (II): Digital Camera

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• Product: Sonic are Elite toothbrush

• Microprocessor: 8-bit

• Has a programmable speed control, timer, and charge gauge

toothbrushtoothbrush

Example: BMW 745iExample: BMW 745i

2, 000, 000 LOC Windows CE OS 53 8-bit P 11 32-bit P 7 16-bit P Multiple Networks Buggy! Example:

By 2010, electronics & software in cars will account for up to 40% of their value

Wireless parking managementWireless parking management

Street line networks

NASA's Twin Mars RoversNASA's Twin Mars Rovers

• Product: NASA's Twin Mars Rovers• Microprocessor:

Radiation Hardened20Mhz PowerPC• Commercial Real-time

OS• Software and OS was

developed during multi-year flight to Mars and downloaded using a radio link

Inside view of a Microsoft Mouse

Any PC Mouse, Keyboard, or USB Any PC Mouse, Keyboard, or USB DeviceDevice

• Product: Any PC Mouse, Keyboard, or USB Device

• Microprocessor: 8-bit Microcontroller

Gas PumpGas Pump

•Product: Dresser Wayne Ovation iX Gas Pump•Microprocessor: Marvel Xscale (ARM)•OS: Windows CE•Displays video ads &is networked to a gas station’s back office computer system. Also has remote maintenance features

Pocket PC PhonePocket PC Phone

•Product:Pocket PC Phone

•Microprocessor: TI OMAP (ARM+DSP)

•OS: Windows Mobile 5.0 (Windows CE OS)

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RoboticRobotic

•Product: Sony Aibo ERS-7 Robotic Dog

•Microprocessor: 64-bit MIPS R7000

•OS: Aperios - Sony’s Real Time OS

Embedded Systems Embedded Systems TopicsTopics

Introduction to embedded systems

Design of embedded systems

Input/output (I/O) activities common to embedded systems

Architectures common to embedded systems

Memory concepts important to embedded systems

Real-time concepts important to embedded systems

http://www.scribd.com/search?l=1&page=1&query=Embedded+systems

http://www.embedded.com

http://www.techonline.com

http://www.embeddedliinks.com/chipdir/

www.info.com/Embedded-System

http://cordis.europa.eu/technology-platforms

For Further Information URLs :

N.N.M