Embedded system Jeff Lee Surwin Technologies, Inc.

Embedded system

Jeff Lee

Surwin Technologies, Inc.

An embedded system is a computer systemdesigned to perform one or a few dedicatedfunctions, often with Real-time computingconstraints.

A general-purpose computer, such as aPersonal computer, is designed to be flexibleand to meet a wide range of an end-user'sneeds.

Netgear DG632 ADSL Modem/Router

4 Microprocessor (AR7: combines a MIPS 32-bit RISC processor)6 RAM7 Flash memory

The labeled parts are as follows:1. Telephone decoupling electronics (for ADSL).2. Multicolour LED (displaying network status).3. Single colour LED (displaying USB status).4. Main processor, a TNETD7300GDU, a member of TI AR7 product line.5. JTAG (Joint Test Action Group) test and programming port.6. RAM, a single ESMT M12L64164A 8 MB chip.7. Flash memory, obscured by sticker.8. Power supply regulator.9. Main power supply fuse.10. Power connector.11. Reset button.12. Quartz crystal.13. Ethernet port.14. Ethernet transformer, Delta LF8505.15. KS8721B ethernet PHY transmitter receiver.16. USB port.17. Telephone (RJ11) port.18. Telephone connector fuses.

Some other examples:

Physically, embedded systems range fromportable devices such as digital watches andMP3 players, to large stationary installationslike traffic lights, factory controllers, or thesystems controlling nuclear power plants.Complexity varies from low, with a singlemicrocontroller chip, to very high with multipleunits, peripherals and networks mounted insidea large chassis or enclosure.

History

* One of the first recognizably modern embeddedsystems =>Apollo Guidance Computer : Charles Stark Draper(MIT Instrumentation Laboratory ), early 1960s

The Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) was anon-board digital computer installed in eachApollo program spacecraft, both the CommandModule (CM) and the Lunar Module (LM). Itprovided onboard computation to supportspacecraft guidance, navigation and control.

The Apollo flight computer was the first to useIntegrated circuits (ICs). The Block I versionused 4,100 ICs, each containing a single 3-inputNOR logic gate.

AGC software was written in AGC assemblyLanguage

RAM: 2K wordsROM: 36K wordsBoth had cycle times of 11.72 micro-seconds.The memory word length : 16 bits, 15 bits of dataand 1 odd-parity bit.

Apollo 1024 bit core memory module

LOGIC FLOW DIAGRAMMODULE NO. A24INOUT VIIDRAWING NO. 2005273

NOR GATE:

RTL TTL 7402

The display and keyboard (DSKY) userinterface of the Apollo Guidance Computer(AGC) mounted on the control panel of theCommand Module, with Flight Director AttitudeIndicator (FDAI) above.

Apollo computer DSKY user interface unit

LM DSKY interface diagram

*An early mass-produced embedded systemwas the Autonetics D-17 guidance computerfor the Minuteman missile, released in 1961.It was built from transistor logic and had ahard disk for main memory.

Killer Application

Personal digital assistant: A handheld computer, also known as palmtop computer

Hewlett Packard : HP 200LX (1994)A MS-DOS compatible computer in apalmtop format

Palm Computing : Palm Pilot (1996)

Casio BE300 : Pocket PC(Windows CE 3.0)

Smart Phone

Windows Mobile Phones

Killer Application PND ： Portable Navigation Device

TFT LCD : 1960 (1991 Notebook)

*Amazon kindle : Nov. 2007

E Ink is a type of electronic paper manufacturedby E Ink Corp., founded in 1997 based onresearch started at the MIT Media Lab.

1.upper layer2.transparent electrode layer3.transparent micro-capsules4.positive charged white pigments5.negative charged black pigments6.transparent oil7.electrode pixel layer8.bottom supporting layer9.Light10.White11.black

The principal components of electronic ink aremillions of tiny microcapsules, about thediameter of a human hair.

Each microcapsule contains positively chargedwhite particles and negatively charged blackparticles suspended in a clear fluid.

When a negative electric field is applied, the whiteparticles move to the top of the microcapsule tobecome visible to the reader. At the same time,an opposite electric field pulls the black particlesto the bottom of the microcapsules where theyare hidden.

SpecificationsDisplay: 6" diagonal E-Ink® electronic paper display, 600 x 800 pixel resolution at 167 ppi, 4-level gray scale Size (in inches): Kindle 1: 7.5" x 5.3" x 0.7" Weight: Kindle 1: 10.3 ounces Internal memory: 256 MB with 180 MB free Expansion Memory: Officially up to 4GB SD. Wireless: EVDO with no subscription required System requirements: None, because it doesn't require a computer Languages Supported: English File Types Supported: AZW, PRC, MOBI, MP3, AA,TXT

MOBI is the format used by the MobiPocketReader.

AZW is basically the MOBI format using the highcompression option.

PRC stands for Palm Resource Compiler.

AA : AudibleFormat 4 is roughly the equivalent of MP3 with128K encoding.

Windows CE 6.0 OS Design ExampleMarvell PXA310 CPU

S/W: BSP (Board Support Package)

H/W: Schematic

Documents