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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, ARTCHITECTURE & BUILT
ENVIRONMENT
COMPUTER-AIDED-DRAFTING MANUAL
EM101/ED109/EE202
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS & DESIGN / ENGINEERING DESIGN
Lecturer/Instructor:
_________________________________________
Name: __________________________________________________
Student ID: ______________________________________________
Course: _________________________________________________
SEPTEMBER 2013
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 General Instructions 2
2 Laboratory Protocols 2
3 Lab Experiments
LESSON 1 Startup 3
LESSON 2 Drawing Commands 5
LESSON 3 Modify Commands 1 8
LESSON 4 Modify Commands 2 12
LESSON 5 Modify Commands 3 15
LESSON 6 Dimensioning 17
LESSON 7 Orthographic Projections 19
LESSON 8 Solid Modeling 22
LESSON 9 Sectional Views 29
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1 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
The lesson in this manual are designed to provide the students
some fundamental concepts in
computer-aided drafting. Students are required to practice the
exercises as designed in the
manual. All exercises are to be complete within the allotted
time.
2 LABORATORY PROTOCOLS
Students are required to comply with the following rules when in
the lab.
1. Swapping of lab session is strictly not allowed. Work done in
other than the registered lab
session will be graded zero (0).
2. Always be punctual. Students later than 15 minutes are not
allowed to enter the lab.
3. All hand phones must be switched off. (Lecturer/instructor
reserves the right not to allow
students who do not follow this rule to enter the lab).
4. Eating and drinking in the lab are strictly prohibited.
5. Always follow the instruction of the lab instructor or
lecturer before the start of the lab.
6. Clean the working area and return all benches to their
respective places before you leave
the lab.
7. All class work must be completed and submit within the
allotted time. Any late submission
will be graded zero.
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LESSON 1 STARTUP
Objective
This topic introduces the fundamentals in starting up of
AutoCAD.
Learning Outcome
The student is able to begin drawing with AutoCAD and create new
layer (lines).
Introduction
Design and drafting activities can be accomplished by using a
computer, and hence it is refer
as Computer-Aided Design (CAD). AutoCAD and Solid Work are
common CAD software
package used to create designs and generate drawings for
documentations. It has better
accuracy, productivity and the ability to share CAD file with
other software programs.
Starting AutoCAD
To start drawing by AutoCAD, the student must be able to
identify the:
1. Graphics Area
The large central area of the screen is the graphics area. It
displays the lines, circles and
other objects you draw that will make up the drawing.
2. Command Line
Any command that is entered or any prompt that AUTOCAD issues
appear here. It
gives the current state of drawing activity.
3. Toolbars
AutoCAD provides a variety of toolbars. It contains a number of
icons that can be
picked to invoke commands for drawing or editing objects (Lines,
arcs, circle, and etc.)
4. Pull-down Menu
It is at the top of the screen just under the title bar.
Selecting any of the words in the
menu bar activates, or pulls down, the respective menu
5. Screen (side) Menu
Screen menu can be made appear by selecting Options from tools
pull-down menu.
Display background color can be changed from here
6. Status Bar
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Status bar is a set of informative words or symbols that give
the status of the drawing
aids. It appears at the very bottom of the screen. The drawing
aids can be toggled on or
off by single clicking (pressing the left mouse button once)
Command Entry
There are few possible methods for entering commands in
AUTOCAD:-
1. Toolbars
2. Pull-down menu
3. Keyboard
Function Keys
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12
Help Flip
screen
Osnap
Toggle Tablet Isoplane Coords Grid Ortho Snap Polar
Osnap
Tracking DYN
Working with Files
Same as Microsoft Window
Units
You can choose either metric (mm) or Imperial unit (British
unit) to start your drawing.
Unit can be changed by selecting Units from the Format pull-down
menu.
Drafting Setting Object Snap
Object snap can be activated by selecting Drafting Setting from
Tool pull-down menu.
You can activate or deactivate object snap mode from there.
Create New Layer
Click layer properties manager
Click new layer or Alt-N
Click color ,choose the required color) , press OK
Click line type, press LOAD, choose required lines type, click
OK
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LESSON 2 DRAWING COMMANDS
Objective
This topic enables the student to learn the basic drawing
commands (line, rectangle, polygon,
erase, circle, ellipse, arc)
Learning Outcome
The student is able to draw by using line, rectangle, polygon,
erase, circle, ellipse, arc
commands
Coordinate Entry
There are many ways to specify the coordinates (tell AutoCAD the
location of points) when
you draw or edit objects. There are two coordinates formats:
Cartesian format and polar format.
The Cartesian format specifies x and y (e.g. 3, 7), while the
polar format indicates the distance
and angle (e.g. 6 45). The coordinates types are absolute
coordinates (3, 7 or 6 45) and
relative coordinates (@ 3, 7 or @ 6 45). Absolute coordinates
are typically used to specify
the first point of a line or other object while relative
coordinates are typically used for the
next point.
Drawing Commands line, rectangle, polygon, erase, circle,
ellipse, arc
Line
Select the line icon or type line
Type 10, 10, click enter
Type @ 70 0, click enter
Type @ 50 90, click enter
Type @ 70 180, click enter
Type c (close), click enter
Erase
Select the erase icon or type erase
Click the unwanted object and click enter
7
5
1
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Circle
Below are methods in drawing circle:
1. Center radius
Select the circle icon or type circle
Select center point
Type 50 (radius = 50)
2. Center diameter
Select the circle icon or type circle
Select center point
Type D (D = diameter)
Type 100 (diameter = 100)
3. 2 points
Draw 2 lines as shown
Select the circle icon or type circle
Select 2p
Select first point (as shown in figure)
Select second point (as shown in figure)
Ellipse
Draw the figure as shown
Select the ellipse icon or type ellipse
Type c (center point)
Select first point
Select second point
Arc
Draw the figure as shown
Select the arc icon or type arc
Type c (center point)
Select starting point of the arc
Select end point of the arc
5
3
1st 2nd
E
n
8
3
F
ir
First
8
3
Sec
ond
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Exercise
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LESSON 3 MODIFY COMMANDS 1
Objective
This topic enables the student to learn the basic modifying
command (move, copy, offset, array,
rotate, mirror)
Learning Outcome
The student is able to draw and modify using move, copy, offset,
array, rotate, mirror
commands
Drawing Commands move, copy, offset, array, rotate, mirror
Move
Draw a rectangle (60 30)
Click the move icon or type move
Select the rectangle (4 boundaries) and click enter
Click the lower left edge (point to hold)
Move the rectangle to new location
Copy
Draw a rectangle (60 30)
Click the copy icon or type copy
Select the rectangle (4 boundaries) and click enter
Click the lower left edge (point to hold)
Drag the rectangle to new location
Offset
Draw a line (length = 50)
Click the offset icon or type offset
Type 10 (distance to offset)
Select the line
Click side to offset
51
Sou
Off
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Array
There are two types of array:
1. Rectangular array
Select the array icon or type array
Select/Click the rectangle drawn (object) and click enter
Type 2 (number of row) and 4 (number of column)
Type 100 (row offset distance) and 150 (column offset
distance)
Click enter
2. Polar array
Draw a circle (diameter 15)
Select the array icon or type array
Select/Click the circle (object)
Select polar method
Select center point
Select Total number of item & angle to fill
Type 8 (total number of item)
Type 360 (angle to fill column)
Click enter
Rotate
Draw a rectangle
Select the rotate icon or type rotate
Select the rectangle drawn (object) and click enter
Select base point (lower left edge)
Type 25 (rotation angle)
1
Ro
Colum
1
Cente
3
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Mirror
Draw the Figure shown
Click the mirror icon or type mirror
Select the rectangle and press enter
Select first mirror point and then the second mirror point
Type N to keep the source object and Y if want to erase source
object
Exercise
First
mirr
Seco
nd
8
1
4Mirr
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LESSON 4 MODIFY COMMANDS 2
Objective
This topic enables the student to learn more modifying command
(construction line, trim,
extend, fillet, chamfer)
Learning Outcome
The student is able to draw and modify using construction line,
trim, extend, fillet, chamfer
commands
Drawing Commands construction line, trim, extend, fillet,
chamfer
Construction Line
Select the construction line icon
Type a
Type 20 (angle = 20)
Select any location to locate the line
Trim
Draw horizontal and vertical line
Select the trim icon or type trim
Select the horizontal line (trim boundary)
Click enter
Select the unwanted line
B A
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Extend
Draw 2 lines
Select the extend icon or type extend
Click vertical line (extend boundary)
Click enter
Click horizontal line
Fillet
Draw 2 lines as illustrated
Select the fillet icon or type fillet
Type r (r = radius)
Type 10 (10 = radius of fillet)
Select first object (horizontal line)
Select second object (vertical line)
Chamfer
Draw a rectangle (60 40)
Explode the object
Select the chamfer icon or type chamfer
Type d (distance)
Type 20 (first chamfer distance)
Type 15 (second chamfer distance)
Select first line of the chamfer
Select second line of the chamfer
5
7
Sec
ond
First 2
1
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Exercise
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LESSON 5 MODIFY COMMANDS 3
Objective
This topic enables the student to learn more modifying command
(rectangle, polygon, explode,
hatch, scale, multiline text)
Learning Outcome
The student is able to draw and modify using rectangle, polygon,
explode, hatch, scale,
multiline text commands
Drawing Commands rectangle, polygon, explode, hatch, scale,
multiline text
Rectangle
Select the rectangle icon or type rectangle
Select first point
Type @ 40, 90 (X distance = 40, Y distance = 90)
Polygon
Select the polygon icon or type polygon
Enter 6 (number of sides)
Specify center of polygon
Type I for inscribed or C for circumscribed
Click enter
Type 40 (radius)
Explode
Draw a rectangle
Select the explode icon or type explode
Select the rectangle drawn (object) and click enter
4
91st
Inscri Circu
E
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Hatch
Draw a rectangle (80 40)
Select the hatch icon or type hatch
Click Add: pick points
Select the A area and click enter
Scale
Draw a rectangle (60 40)
Select the scale icon or type scale
Select the object
Select base point (lower left edge)
Type 2 (scale factor)
Multiline Text
Click the multiline text icon or type multiline text
Specify first corner and second corner
Change the text height
Type UCSI, MALAYSIA
Exercise
UCSI,
2nd
1st
A B
4
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LESSON 6 DIMENSIONING
Objective
This topic enables the student to learn and apply the dimension
commands
Learning Outcome
The student is able to draw and show all the dimensions
Dimension
There are several types of dimensions, including linear, align,
radius, diameter, angular etc.
Exercise
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LESSON 7 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
Objective
This topic enables the student to learn the multiview
projection
Learning Outcome
The student is able to differentiate the first and third view
projection
Orthographic
Orthographic projection is a mean of representing a three
dimensional (3D) object in two
dimensions (2D). It is divided into:
1. First angle projection
2. Third angle projection
First angle projection
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Third angle projection
Exercise
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LESSON 8 SOLID MODELING
Objective
This topic enables the student to learn the basic of 3D solid
modeling
Learning Outcome
The student is able to produce a 3D solid modeling drawing
3D Models
Three basic types of 3D models is created to represent the
actual object:
1. Wireframe model
Like a model constructed of 12 coat hanger wires. Each wire
represents an edge of the
actual object. The surfaces of the object are not defined; only
the boundaries of surfaces
are represented by edges. The model is see-through since it has
no surfaces to obscure
the back edges. It contains no volume.
2. Surface models
As all surfaces and edges of the object are defined, it has a
better description than the
wireframe models. It has volume but no mass.
3. Solid models
A complete computerized replica of the actual object, which
contains the
A complete computerized replica of the actual object which is
the most complete and
descriptive type of 3D modeling. It contains complete surface
and edge definition, as
well as description of the interior features of the object. If a
solid model is cut into half,
the interior features become visible. It is considered to have
mass, as it is solid.
3D Coordinate
When creating a model in three-dimensional drawing space, the
concept of the X and Y
coordinate system which is used for two dimensional drawing must
be expanded to include the
third dimension, Z, which is measured from the origin in a
direction perpendicular to the plane
defined by X and Y
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World Coordinate System (WCS) and User Coordinate System
(UCS)
Primitives
Solid primitives are the basic building blocks that make up
complex solid models. The
ACIS primitive commands are:
1. Box
Select NW Isometric
Select the box icon or type box
Type @30, 40, 40 to specify the corner of the box (distance X =
30, Y = 40, Z = 40)
Click enter
2. Cone
Determine the desired UCS (the base of the cone lies on XY
plane)
Select the cone icon or type cone
Specify center point, radius and height of the cone (height is
in Z-axis)
3. Cylinder
Determine the desired UCS (the base of the cylinder lies on XY
plane)
Select the cylinder icon or type cylinder
Specify center point, radius and height of the cylinder (height
is in Z-Azis)
4. Wedge
Determine desired UCS (the base of the wedge always parallel
with XY plane while
slope is always along X-axis)
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Select the wedge icon or type wedge
Specify first corner, other corners (@40, 60, 0), and height
5. Sphere
Select the sphere icon or type sphere
Specify center point and radius
6. Torus
Select the torus icon or type torus
Specify center point
Specify radius of torus and radius of tube
7. Extrude
Draw a rectangle (the object should lies on X-Y plane)
Select the extrude icon or type extrude
Select the rectangle (objet)
Specify the height of rectangle
Moving Solids
1. Rotate 3D
Type rotate3d
Select object (rectangle)
Type 2p
Specify 1st and 2nd points of axis
Type angle of rotation 25
2. Mirror 3D
Type mirror3d
Select object and click enter
Type 3 points
Click the 3 points location
Type N
1st
2nd
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Boolean Operation Commands
1. Union (join 2 or more objects)
Type union
Select object and click enter
2. Subtract (subtract 1 set of solid from another)
Type subtract
Select the object that you want to keep and click enter
Select the object to remove and click enter
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3. Intersect (creates a solid of intersection (common volume)
from selected solids)
Type intersect
Select all desired solids and click enter
4. Chamfer
Type chamfer
Select solid at desired edge and click enter
Specify base surface chamfer and the other surface chamfer,
click enter
Select edges to be chamfered and click enter
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5. Fillet
Type fillet
Select object (desired edge to fillet)
Specify radius value and click enter
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LESSON 9 SECTIONAL VIEW
Objective
This topic enables the student to learn the concept of sectional
view
Learning Outcome
The student is able to produce the sectional view drawing
Section View
A section view is a view of the interior of an object after it
has been imaginary cut open to
reveal the objects inner details. Hatch lines (section lines)
are drawn in the section view to
indicate the solid material that has been cut through. For
mechanical drawings, a cutting plane
line is drawn in an adjacent view to the section view to
indicate the plane that imaginary cuts
through the object. Arrows on each end of the cutting plane line
indicate the line of sight for
section view. A thick dashed or phantom line should be used for
cutting plane line
Exercise
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