Em - Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute Letters/Newsletter Vol.14-No.1..pdfffi rgmx-r Em ffimrrffi x m ffi ffimsre#ffi trffi xreffiffi North lndia Organic Farming Conference

rIT.q.qI.3r.Ti.IGFRI

rrcrBruICAR.er

January - March 2008

ffi rgmx-r Em ffimrrffi x m ffi ffimsre#ffi trffi xreffiffi

North lndia Organic Farming Conference was organizedat lndian Grassland and Fodder Research lnstitute,Jhansi on February 9-10, 2008 in association withorganic Farming Association of lndia, Mapusa, Goa andIGFRI, Jhansi. The conference was inaugurated by Mr.D.P.B. Jagmohan, Commissioner of Jhansi Division andattended by 150 participants from U.P., M.P., Chhatisgarh,Rajasthan, Bihar, Jharkhand, Sikkim, J&K, West Bengal,Karnataka, Thmilnadu, Mahjarashtra, Gujarat, Delhi andGoa.The Chief Guest stressed the need for scientificcollaboration between Govt. organizations, NGOs andfarmers for better management of crop, fodder andlivestock production.

In the inaugural session, the participants deliberatedupon the sustainability aspects and the need to live inharmony with the nature, The drawbacks of the input drivenpesticides and water resources were highlighted. The loss ofconcern among the participants.

Green Revolution with excessive use of fertilizers,diversity and the problems of monoculture caused

The first Technical session was chaired by Dr. S.B. Tripathi, who highlighted the issue of severe depletion ofmicronutrients from soils because of over exploitation over four decades. The loss of indigenous varieties ofcrops because of promotion of fertilizer and irrigation responsive hybrids were also highligited. Dr. M.M. Roydescribed the issue of 'Drought and fodder availability', focusing on Government policies and strategies.Dr. S.B. Maity in his presentation 'Why organic farming?', dwelt upon the standards of maximum residue limitsfor pesticides, antibiotics and hormones in meat and milk in the context of the feed. He stressed for the promotionof Gir and Shahiwal breeds of cattle evolved under lndian conditions. Dr. Anil Kumar spoke,on iLivestock

management in flood prone areas' to rnake a strong case for advance planning and'preparedness. He emphasizedthat while the state administration does ground iurreys and relief irperatidn in ilrought affected aro+s, hardlyanyone ventures into flood ,tt".t"O

"r.as, which are tiryety,inacpessible during the flood period. While human

beings get food packets air-dropped to thqfi, no one; bothqE aboutthE tivestocK; A large number of them,starveto death during every flood, decimating the cattle population and upsetting strategies fol organic farming. Dr. U.PSingh made presentation on pulse varities developed at B.H.U. useful for farmers all over the central and easternregions o!]ndia. The varieties included Malviya Jyoti, Malviya Jagriti, HUM-12, HUM-6 (Green gram); Malviya- 6 and Malviya -/3 (Pigeon-pea); Malviya Matar-2 and Matviya matar-l5 (Peas); Rajmash (Frenchbean) andMalviya-Vishwanath (Lentil) efc.

The second and third sessions were interactive with farmers sharing their experieflces of growing organicfood by adopting various indigenous methods. Mr. Mahesh Sharyq exphined the usefuhess of System ofrice intensification or Madagascar method of trarisplanted rlce using native rice varieties like HMT, Dhr,rbraj,DRK and Saathi which use only 2 kg seeds per acre as against the traditional broadcasting of 36 to 70 kg.Mr. Shiv Narain Patel from Banda (UP) ohared his experience with SAMI/WAKUA litres urine + ilVg dung +40 g

eontd. aint :pagd ,;,, ,7

r

--.-/ houghfs from rGFffig ,*,

I

I

Ii

-_*******i

Ir*

Onganizational structure for fodder development

Sustainable growth in livestock sector is crucial for theoverall growth of agriculture to provide income andemployment. It contributes 4.36% to the overall GDp(24.72% of the agricultural GDP). During drought yearslivestock wealth comes to the rescue of the farmers.Over the years there has been a definite shift towardsresilience on livestock for income and employmentgeneration by a large segment of people. Where dairyco-operatives have been successful, the farmers havestayed back in the villages relying on dairy animals formajor share of their income. In peri urban areds,educated unemployed youths keep 4-S milkingbuffaloes to sustain their families. lt is not inappropriateto say that cattle and buffaloes are now sustainingfamilies in peri urban areas.Thus, the Iivestockproduction system is alsoundergoing a uniquechange towards intensi-fication. The factors drivingthis change are increase indemand for livestockp rod ucts because ofchanging dietary habits ofpeople brought about byu rban i zalion , increase inincome and populationgrowth.

But are we equipped tomeet the surge in demandwith due consideration for ensuring the livestock ownersa fair price and simultaneously, making them affordablefor the consumers. Fodder and feed constitute about60% of the total cost of milk production. It has beenestablished that the cost of milk production can besignificantly lowered by improving feeding systembased on green fodder and replacing ingredients ofconcentrate with Ieaf meal, eflriched nutrient completefeed block etc, With favourable climate in the lndiansubcontinent, we should take advantage of it byadopting round the year fodder production andconserving the excess for lean period feeding dulysupplemented with leaf meal of leguminous foddertrees and range legumes.

There is need for proper fodder extension agencyin Animal Husbandry department and milk cooperativesin al! the states. Establishing and strengthening thefodder development agency will have a direct bearingupon the livestock productivity. The Punjab state whibhhas the best managed fodder department has thehighest per capita milk availability in the country. They

have fodder development officers' right up to the blocklevel which provide the technical advice and input tothe farmers' to take up fodder production activities in abig way.On the other hand most of the states haveonly a skeletal adrninistrative set up or no setup at allfor fodder improvement. The farmers' are willing to takeup fodder production but they do not know what to growand where to get the quality seeds. ln most of the states,the fodder production is under the veterin arydepartment, for which this activity takes leastprecedence. Many a times. it is being managed by nonexperts in fodder who take the first opportunity to moveout of this unglamorous work and whatever the littleposts are there, most of them remain unfulfilled.

The utter neglect of thisimportant activity of fodderresource development in thelivestock productionprogramme is a serious dragin realizing its potential inlivestock sector. It gets only1 5.7% of th e resea rchallocation in spite of the factthat it contributes 24.7% ofthe agricultura! GDP. Of the15.7%o research allocation tolivestock sector, the fodderresearch gets a meag reshare although 60% of them ilk p rod uction cost is

incurred on feed and fodder. We should salute thezeal of millions of farmers who have made us thehighest milk producer in the world. A second revolutionin the livestock sector is the need of the hour to makeit more cost effective through extensive use of greenfodder. The demand for setting up fodder and grazingcommittee in all provinces was raised during the secondcattle conference held at Shimla in 1937 which stillremains unfulfilled. The situation as of now indicatesthat Pu njab has 1 30 off icials involved in f odde r

development, 5 states have 50-100 officials, 4 states25-50 officials and the rest have less than 25 fodderdevelopment officials. Unless the fodder productionprogramrne is given the importance it deserves,accelerated growth in livestock sector will continue toelude us.

It6f''*{L(K.A.Singh)

Director

Il<I

I Typology of livestock farms ofLivestock farms vary widely within and between theregions. Scientific classificatron of these farms basedon various parameters would help to understand thedifferences among them and also to target the researchand development programs. Typology is a logical andscientif ic mechan ism to categorise the variationsprevailing in a particular system. Typology of livestockfarm of Belgaum district was done by surveying 160farms and analyzing data of 9 quantitative variables toprincipal component analysis.

Based on the principal component analysis, thefarms were categorized into 17 types (Table). Most offarms (37) belonged to type 10 characterized by big

Belgaum district of Karnataka

farms with less than 9 adult cattle units, poor foddermanagement and low livestock income. This was closelyfollowed by type 2 having 36 farms, having similarcharacteristics as type 10 except that it belonged tosmall farms. Type t had 15 farms which wascharacterized by having no land holding. Thus, inBelgaum district majority of the farms belonged to type-10, 2,9, 1 and 4. Most of the farms were characterizedby poor fodder management and low livestock income.Hence, such farms need to be targeted for researchand development programs to improve the foddermanagement and livestock scenario in Belgaum districtof Karnataka.

(P. Pushpa and Nagaratna Biradar)

Table: Typology of livestock at Belgaum district

Farmers' Livestock holdingcategory

Fodder management lncome group Typology

1 . Landless (15) Livestock lany number) Type 1

Upto9', 2a adult

] cattle (54)

2. Small r

farmers ,9 adllltI(7e) I 2b cattle (25)

2aa Poor foddermanagement (38)

Better fodderZab management (16)

2aaa low income (36).2aab High income (2)

2aba Low income (13)

2abb Hish income (3)

Type 2Type 3Type 4Type 5

2ba Poor foddermanagement (38)

zbb Better foddermanagement (16)

2baa Low income (01)

2bab High income (04)

2bba Low income (01)

2bbb High income (19)

Type 6Type 7Type 8Type 9

Upto93. Large 3a adult

farmers cattles (48)

(66i , g adurt

3b cattles(18)

Poor fodder3aa management (43)

Better fodder3ab management (5)

3aaa Low income (37)

3aab High income (6)

3aba Low income (03)

3abb High income (02)

Type 1 0

Type 1 1

Type 1 2

Type 1 3

3ba Poor foddermanagement (1 1)

3bb Better foddermanagment (7)

3baa Low income (03)

3bab High income (08)

Sbba Low income (0)

3bbb High income (07)

Type 1 4

Type 1 5

Type 1 6

Type 17

,Vumbe's ^ l,.e Da,,entheses indicate number of livestock farmsSrna,lt ra'r.,.ers' < 5 acres: large farmers: > 5 acres

A g r * b a * {e,riurp rned iated ge neti c tra n sf ormation of $fylos a nth es seab ra n a

Development of an efficient transformation protocol is one of the prerequisites for generation of transgenicStylosanthes plants with certain desirable traits. ln an attempt towards standardization of transformation protocolfor Stylosanthes, embryogenic calli were co-cultivated forthree days with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA-4404 harbouring pTOK-233. The plasmid containedscorable marker gene uidA for quick monitoring of thegene delivery process and nptll gene for selection oftransgenic plants. When co-cultivated calli were subjectedto GUS assay, GUS gene expression was observed in

the transformed calli in the form of blue spots (Fig) butnot in the untransformed controls. This standardizedtransformation protocol would be useful for thedevelopment of edible chara vaccine for animals.

(Suresh Kumar and Amaresh Chandra)

L1

Enteric methane emission from Livestock sector

Livestock population and production have witnessedan increasing trend over past decades becauseincreasing demand of food from animal origin. Globalmeat production is expected to increase from 2gg mtons to 300 m tons and milk production from 568 to700 m tons between 2000 to 2020. The highest growthrate in production and consumption of livestockproducts (meat, milk and eggs) is taking place in Asia.Establishment of thickly populated commercial dairiesin the suburbs cities has made the livestock rearingmore vulnerable to methane production primarilybecause of feeding system and manure managementmethod.

Carbon dioxide, water, vapor, carbon flouro carbons(CFC), CH4, NrO and ozone in the atmosphere are themain green house gases. 59Yo of the methaneproduction from agricultural sector comes form entericfermentation , 23o/" from rice cultivation and remaining18 % from manure pits, burning of crop residues andfertilizers application to soil. Since 1gs1 a constantincrease in livestock wealth has been recorded. To feedthe increasing livestock population industrial byproductsand unconventional feeds are increasingly being usedas livestock feed. The utilization of feed resources(traditional and unconventional) varies with animalspecies and the nature of chemical entities present in

them. Though enteric fermentation is the main sourceof methane production from livestock, animal manureand improper storage of feeds are other sources ofgreen house gases. Anaerobic decomposition ofmanure results in more methane production thanaerobically managed waste. National methane emissionaccounts for 18,1 Tg, of which agricultural sectorcontributes about '1 4,17 Tg. To the agricultural methaneemission enteric fermentation and manure managementaccounts for 8.97 and 0.946 Tg, respectively (Ministryof Environment & Forest).

There exists a number of methods to reduce theenteric methane production through dietary

manipulation (criticalnutrient supplements,ionophores, probiotics,defaunating agendas,propionate enhancers,methanogenic bacteriainhibitors, androughage concentrateratio), feed and fodderprocessing and geneticmodification of rumenm icrobes, breedi ngfo rages fo r h ig he rp ropionate precu rsorcontents. However,economically viable andpractically feasibletechnologies is lackingwhich can improve thelivestock nutritionbesides makin glivestock rearing eco-friendly. Estimates ofmethane emission fromlndian livestock have

ranged form 7.25 to 10.4 Tglyear depending upon theavailability and quality of feed resources. Methaneinhibition not only reduces the energy tax of animal butalso increases the energy value of feed. In view of theglobal concern for environmental safety/world ecology,this is an appropriate time to tap this valuable energyof CHo for livestock productivity.

lndia is richly endowed with livestock populationcomprising 185m cattle, 98m buffaloes , 62m sheep,124m goats and 16m other Iivestock. lt contributesnearly 20% of the world's ruminant livestock population.ln ruminants, dry matter intake (DMl) is a function ofanimal body weight. The DMI (% b.wt,) per day in cattle

E

.)

I

t?

I

and buffalo ranges from 1 .8 to 2.8. lt has been estimatedthat the DM requirement of all the tivestock in lndia wouldbe 654 IVT against the availability of 4Zg MT.Cultivated forage crops, crop residues, Ory fodder fromself owned or community land and grazing fromwasteland, degraded land are the major feed andloddersources. Most of the states are deficient in DMrequirement except Punjab, Haryana and ArunachalPradesh.

The weighted average of annual methane emissionfor the breeding stock (37 .11 kg) was the highestfollowed by breeding and working stock (g4.71 f.g) andworking stock (29.41 kg). Young calf (< 1 year age)produced about 4.05 kg methane per year. Methaneemission by breeding bulls (buffalo) is higher (57.04kg) than crossbred (35 .64 kg) or indigenouJ Oult t3O.ggkg). Methane emission from lactating cows (47.01 kg)was observed to be higher than the dry stock (25.72kg)' Dairy crossbred cow, indigenous cow and buffaloemitted about 44, 26 and 65 kg methane /head I year.Methane emission from buffalo was higher than eithercrossbred or indigenous cattle, whlch maybe attributedto their higher, body size and feeding 6t low qualityroughage based diets.

Enteric methane ernission from lndian tivestock hasbeen estimated to be 8,49 Tgl year. Contribution ofcrossbred cattle, indigenous cattle, buffalo, goat andsheep in methane emission through enteric fermentationwas 7.84, 37.59, 46.01 , 5.27 and 2.29o/o respectively.The other livestock (horse, mule, camel, donkey, pig,yak and mithun) contributed only 1.OO %t of totalmethane emission. Methane emission from male catileand buffalo is 2.22 Tglyear. Of the total emission fromlivestock 28 .5o/o is contributed by mal6 and the remainingby females,

Dairy crossbred cows, ihdigenous cows andbuffaloes emitted about 63.8, 45.5 and 64.0 % of thetotal methane emission by the respective categories offemale livestock. On an average, dairy animals emitted58.6 % of total methane emitted by female animals.Methane emission from crossbred female cattle (0.56Tg) was higher than their male counterpart (0.10 Tg)due to their higher population but it was similar inindigenous female (1.60 Tg) and male catle (1.Sg Tg).Female buffalo emitted 3.4 Tg against 0.53 Tg frommale buffaloes due to their large population . 17 .go/o ofthe methane peoduced by sheep and goats werecontributed by animals less than 1 yr and the remaining82.1% by animals more than 1 yr.

The highest amount of methane from livestock wasproduced in Uttar Pradesh (19.40 %) followed byMaharastra (9.36%), Madhya Pradesh (a.r g%), AndhiaPradesh (8.06%) and Rajasthan (7.70o/o). firie ,uJotsource of methane emission in Madhya Pradesh,Maharastra, Orissa and West Bengal arb from cattle

whereos, in Uttar Pradesh, Rajsthoff, Andhra Pradesh,Punjab and Haryana are from buffaloes.

Methane emission per kg milk produced has beenworked out to be 96.37 g CHo taking into account g .4gTg of methane produced -and

AA.Og MT of milkproduced in 2003. Total methane emission from cattle,buffalo and goat is 8.21 Tg, based on which themethane produced per kg milk comes out to be 93.20g. Considering the methane emission of 5.87 Tg fromall female cattle, buffatoes and goats irrespective of ttreirage and production status, the value comes out tobe 66.64 g cHolkg milk and considering onlylgctating animals the value was about 47.2g gcHo/kg milk. Methane emission per kg milk yield incrossbred cows is 23.03 g whereas, in indigenous cowsit is 37.62 el. Buffaloes emitted about 45.OS g CHo/kgmilk which is higher than indigenous cows. Highestmethane production (g/kg milk) was found in Assamand Orissa (80.1 0 and 85.80) as compared to otherstates.

Researchable issuesSeveral research areas can be explored to evolvestrategies to reduce vulnerability of tivestock to methaneemission.

1 ' Screening of tree leaves and shrubs for their anti-protozaol and antimicrobial activities.

2. Exploitation of phenols and tannins and other anti-nutritional agents as potential methane inhibitor orpossible rumen fermentation manipulator.

3' Chemicals of plant origin and plant extractsparticularly from the unconventional resourcesshould be tested for their defaunation and anti-methanogenesis properties.

4. Evaluation of forage specific processing techniquesfor reduced methane production.

5' Development of total mixed rations to harness eco-friendly and higher animal productivity through variedproportions of crop residues, tree leaves, l.gumeand non-leguminous crops based on their precisechemical evaluation for varied carbohydrate andprotein fractions, their utilization and interaction withanti-nutritional constituents.

It goes without saying that reduction of methaneflux from livestock rearing (enteric fermentation andanimal waste) through appropriate technologies relatedto feeding/nutrition and animal waste management willslash the methane concentration in environment. Thereis need to develop economically viable and practicallyfeasible indigenous technotogies that can be adoptedunder small and medium farm conditions.

(Sultan Singh, K.K. Singh, M.M. Das, AnitKumar and A.K. Misra)

ril

Lffimmw$ff*mm&$mm mff mrffiffi trffiffi$#www mm#

Crop residues and dried grasses have very low densityand occupy large space during storage andtransportation. Their handling consumes lot ofmanpower which renders their storage, transportationand handling an expensive venture. Experimentconducted at IGFRI have showed that paddy strawhaving 40 kg m-3 density could be densified five times(165-200 kg m-') with the help of IGFRI densifyingmachine. Similarly, densified dried grain had an averagedensity of 290 kg m-3 with a dimension of 41 .B x 30 x30.8 cm3 (LxwxH). 10 -12 such blocks produced perhour using IGFRI densifying machine. In January 2008,for the purpose of creating of fodder bank at thislnstitute, 13.5t of grasses were baled producing 1200blocks. The process of making blocks of crop residuesand dried grasses, involves feeding them into themachine run by electricity and tying them by wire insidethe machine, producing densified blocks of 10-15 kg.The benefits of the densified blocks are, easy totransport from surplus to deficit areas during natural

Oats (Avena sativa L.) is one of the importantgraminaceous green fodder, rich in crude proteinand grown during rabi season. During Rabi 2001-08,occurence of two diseases namely sclerotial wilt andloose smut were found to be severe at the IGFRIexperimental farm.

The sclerotial wilt is caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. ltis also known as southern wilt, collar rot, foot rot orcrown rot. The disease made appearance in the firstweek of February and progressed slowly untill mid ofApril. The maximum disease incidence of 10 per centin first week of April, 2008 in oat cultivar lGO3-209 wasrecorded. The infected plants showed yellowing andpartial wilting at the initial stages (Fig. 1) which later onwilted completely and dried (Fig . 2). Close observationof this infected plant revealed white cottony myceliumon the infected portion of the stem as well as theadjoining soil (Fig. 3). At crop maturity, mycelium mataggregated and converted into light to dark brown orblack, small circular, mustard grain Iike sclerotiaattached to the infected portion of stem and adjacentsoil (Fig . 4). The sclerotia serve as primary source ofinfection for the next crop.

Another disease, loose smut is caused by Ustilagoavenae which is a seed borne pathogen. The infectedearhead in oat was converted into black powdery, massof sori. Numerous dark brown to black spores knownas teliospores were present in sori. On rapture of sori,teliospores were blown by the wind or fell down leaving

ffirffiss#s f*r €*##mr fummk #mwm$wprffiffiffi€

calamities, the cost of transportation is reduced by 4-5times, the feeding materials could be carried in fewertrips, requires less space for storage, somewhat safe

from fire hazard as cornpared to loose material andprevents nutrient loss during long term storage.Besides, nutrient enrichn"rent value addition is alsopossible in all type of crcp residues. moreover. handlingof block is convenient during feeding, storage and otheroperations.

(P,K, Pathak and P.N. Dwivedi)

Qccurremoe of vwEHt mnd Ioose smut in oats

nacked rachis (Fig. 5). Teliospores infect the gynaeciumof healthy plants and carry the infection to next seasonthrough infected seeds. The smut incidence in oatsvaried f rom 1 -8 pe r cent in diff erent genotypes.Maxrmum disease incidence (8%) was observed in oat

genotype EC-605836 followed by EC-605835 andEC-605838 in the third week of April.

(Pradeep Saxefid, K.K. Pandey, R.B. Bhasker,Shahid Ahmad and P.K. Tyagi)

EL '-. \fo'* 1 :;

fu-* ''krq*,

#ffirlffi:$#1:r-*'W,I* ffi,ryffiji, , P tWi-l%

ffiFigu re 4

v

I

ry

c',.

from page ...1

Gurfermented in a mud-pot for 15 daysl as soil activator.Mr. Jayant Vaman Barve, a pesticide dealer- turnedorganic farmer informed that his organically growngrapes command premium in the market. Mr.

I Rajeshwar singh suggested that farming should beplanned in such a way that 20% of the land is reservedfor horticulture, 10% for vegetable cultivation and the restcan be used for growing cereals, oil-seeds, pulses etc.

The fourth session was chaired by Dr. o.p.Srivastava, who emphasized the need for healthy soilfor healthy crop. organic manure are essential to bringback the living organisms of soil. The house thendiscussed the OFAI - Participatory Gurantee Scheme(PGS) for standardization of organic farms and theproducts. Miguel Bragan zd, Jayant Barve andBharatendu Prakash described the procedu re ofstandardization and organic labeling process in detail.Vijai Jardhari (well-known for Uttarakhand seedmovement) highlighted the need for seed sovereigntyfor the farmers. This was followed by presidentialremarks by veteran freedom-fighter Laxmi N arayanNaik, ex-MP. The house also discussed the variousproblems faced by the farmers in different regions ofthe country like drought, flood, hilly region etc, tn theafternoon the farmers visited the IGFRI farm andappreciated the project on organic milk productioninvolving indigenous cattle breeds like Sahiwal, Gir and

Bench graftingcustard apple (Annona squamosa L.; family:Annonaceae) is one of the most delicious fruit crop ofsemi arid ecosystem. The plant is hardy in naturebecause of leaf shedding phenomenon during moisturestress period. lt is well adapted to arid and semi aridconditions with average annual rainfall upto 600 . Annonaleaves contains Annonine, which protects the plant frombeing grazed by animals. Therefore, it has greatpotential for introduction in agroforestry as well as

r hortipastoral system in semi-arid situations. Benchgrafting technique provide scope for production ofquality saplings with fairly developed root system forfield establishment within short duration. The techniquecan be adopted by n u rsery owners and f armersinterested in developing custard apple orchard of goodcultivars like, Balanagar, Arka Sahan etc. Bench graftingin custard apple was per{ormed on one-year-old rootstock using cleft method of grafting. About one year oldseedlings of locally available custard apple attainingpencil thickness was used as root stock. ln May-June,it was cut al 7-8 cm height from base and a 'v' shapedincision (4-5 cm size) was made by a sharp knife. Thetap root was slightly pruned at 12-1s cm in order toinduce fibrous root development. '

The scionlength 10-15

Tharparkar, which adress all the steps involved rightfrom site selection to on farm fodder and concentrateproduction and utilization, Iivestock housing, welfare etc.

The plenary session was chaired by Dr. G.s.Kaushal, ex-director of Agriculture, Mp. The need forstrengthening the organic movement in the country wasemphaised for long term sustainability of agriculturalproduction and the overall well being of human race.The house came up with a number of suggestions toencourage organic farming:

1 . lnitiating model farm-centers for demonstrationand training in organic farming

2. Sharing and publication of relevant literature3. Encouraging PGS marketing , especially within our

own region and country4. Exchange of produce, seeds and experiences5. Demonstration of better earning, healthy

households and self-reliance in tarmingcommunities adopting organic ways

6. Developing an understanding of living soils and theimportance of cattle in the context of organicfarming.

7. Creating movement towards organic life-style andrespect to nature.

(N. Das and S,B, Maity)

in custard apple

having similar thickness. The basal end of scion wasalso cut into 'V' shaped wedge, matching the openingin the root stock. The scion was then penetrated intothe root stock and firmly tied up with polythene strip.These grafts may be kept bundled in moist gunny bagsfor up to 2-3 days beforeplanting. Under nurserycondition, the graftswere planted inpolythene bags havingsoil: FYM : leaf mould inratio of 1 :1 :1 . The graftswere then covered withpolythene tube havingsize of 20x3 cm. Thetranspired wateraccumulates as vapourin polythene tubeproviding a sort of mistmicroclimate to thegrafts and scion which sprout in T-10 days. After about20 days upper end of polythene tube was cut to allowstraight growth of the sprout. Dormant scion shootshaving 0.6 cm thickness used for grafting gave highest

was prepared f rom one year old shoot graft success (96 .4%).cm with 2-4 buds of desired cultivars (Suntt Kumar and A.K. Shukla)

I,

Training programme for Finance & Accounts manpowerconducted by NAARM, Hyderabad at lGFRl, Jhansi

(January 16-21 , 2008)

Training programmeforTechnical manpowerconducted IGFRI celebratesby NAARM, Hyderabad at IGFRI Jhansi Republic Day

2008(February 12-15,

flffi.-"ffi?ry €=;.=,:-

2008)

t?qrqq ffiffiMqArqM':: ,, ::,;.t::., ,::;:,:' ' .,,

Sr#+ ffEeffi't*+ F:r }iitrif * srt+: +!p.t "l'.si: rii4tH{ 4t ti| F =.'r --jt{i*.t,rft.iE-}iY,4'l}.'i.Hq':-Er4 r$'n:= *rl'#x.fy g,:g"E{F*-qwn:, ,"#r #.+ q.aE

Wiq tr} H#a"sfffiB qryn xii* _q :T#. r qfis+r.s ,,* r.Xrflq 'ii-fl{ lFrHrH; E,ru;.lr$+p2 $r,s3,.rir ih"S q e1g ,tfnia r,rE;pl* s' {qF{ffstir

--fia;rr rqr.H,

,tsYt{,.,fii S$##C :a; ii",tr+ @e+: EI.

$1t *lttr :4 r,g's; flxtgt'tr.t+'t$pi:Y.itd+ "#i +*,r*'sx *?x'i&va'B.YiF,y?S $ arr4

erlil+{r{r EfBl+ ,ffi'+* q, .$#ffry *i'*.'rg sr'a ij

rii fiTff :{ Yfi?:i -i# .'.,.+t,g +gry'+.w;.+-:g1rt1 rsj fl#t }cfary .;,i:e +r;,# * ;

rnt+! u:iirr .++m ql,*j vi &qr- +h*',sl r1,l B r f,s-t{t,J #x {r,, rli*..t tf rlt':r,'ts

"r$ryi-rrrdE ;i,Yrr +fsi iyn; g+et *,+

;ilifqld +.* B: rru ,*fIW+ $ . **,t:segt+ tf? r{t5r i +i;+ t;rl? nif-}#,'r$.{

P+S,t X r,,Ei$i +ilitfti$ Wlt-'d,##a.,"r *iryri ,v 8,r#ip#;'W: A''s+wTdtr*#.$t

' ri,i.Str l,9,@ .g,41 pesxl r6|,igq.ffiri*#l+;t.

".* {il "t r

:i-.lett "+,ffi {k rqs{' .r},' d.fr r.lj fi'-Hl:q+r i+, 'e4s & *qqr ffi r Hie J, .#.tiir-

gffi'r t; gh.ll +Eq nnm+ ifl{+?{4 i{*rer]:Fx ffi #'! I r,+r+ rrt t:r:r {at! *ir,sr,q16 4i1 +i:i'{lt$ll j$ * tqir,.gqt +,t

:1,,f{iir':i J iit 1r4r*1'.rga ,* f.l j}qi'H q,ijf

i'.p;,r. fuit ;.rtr",t l&+ i.i i:;a,s iT ;,i

$$f,{wry w.gWgrB

ryS,?s, *,#-$ffi # W-&*Ssi&.eq,* *

H?,ffiq1d Effir#ffi"s

rj:'l*,::l:r':r': .Mi#..$ 14sr€.Bte; * $t H.bs :

idgf{ rMqrq ffi{r,

toqtg{

Tfr'{ 9.ATI

qTq{T 2008

l'#r#$sit..**'$fir* tg ;:* i , ..$= r;*$.fi,,x4.9.,fe$!d!! r-eifq& &.ir.*r +1 * a'm cl##'"-

*t+p *5 &&*r+*+ ,;,.T qqt!'? ?a=

r#:f+,ry ."i Wr'* e.pft y -,ffiE :#;*1 E

trir{ r:-cTrF tngS *$:iiU"X *+ .,-j-=X,n{e, .f!qr!'il_ .kiryW lr.t 't .;:..

Published by the Director, lndian Grassland and Fodder Research lnstitute (lndian Council of Agricultural Research), Jhansi - 284 003Telephone:05'10-2730666 Fax:0510-2730833 E-mail : [email protected],in; [email protected]: http://igfri.ernet.in ; http://rrvww.igfri.org and printed at trrVs RoyalOffset Printers, 4-89/1, Naraina lndl. Area, Phase-'t , New Delhi-1 10 028 Editors: Anil Kumar, Sunil Kumar,Sadhana Pandey, D.V.K.N. Rao, A.K. Rai and A.K. Saxena Assistance : M.C. Jetwani and A.K. Singh

afr *.1F. freTr +fr ent.fr. Ei fr q1.qd. ftrqrfr qt qrq frETnAg.y. etfttw{7 g.y.etfffi vdrqq w?w

s1 v;r{fr 2008

* *.qi. Fnril{qfr€ ffiTqF

,\31 qi{{| 2008

afr sil.fr.gtT. qgiyqr;r ffi76

29 rh1qfr 2oO8

@tgsirqffi{qq-nrT$ uW

(ffiqfrr

W qt qfr il2oo

qR (qi.s. o)

EFH:

ffil"T

ffiSqr{Ter

a\ \.

sRr q-r w.\A n.

(rTq?RiIrT;qT)

w(6^nfrft)

3S

*"qm.1p.

(ffirrrq)

s00

500

90

1m

1000

2 HIq

E(

(uufrtu)

1s0

??qJLJ

120

Fs00/1000kq

18

1B

qr[fi s.tfrfuffi

tIffi qsf Ftr er{deffi frErq,8fu1

wsrf : (osfi)ztto566, +qq: (0s10)280833