Page 1 of15Submitted by: FT – MBA Div C Group 8 Jatin Nagpal (222) Nimish Lahoti (257) Shubhra Sanghi 229) Supriya Guha (248) Vinay Poddar (227) Yudhajeet Banerjee (206) Cleaner Technology implementation across all sectorsProject submitted to Dr. Bala Krishnamoorthy in partial fulfillment of the Course ‘Environmental Management’
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8/8/2019 EM Group 8 Cleaner Technology All Sectors
Environmental Management NMIMS University Dr. Bala Krishnamoorthy
INTRODUCTION
Cleaner Technologies- Scope and utilization in Industries
"If we did not take action to solve this crisis, it could indeed threaten the future of human civilization. That sounds shrill. It soundshard to accept. I believe it's deadly accurate. But again, we can solve it ".
(Al Gore speaking about the environmental crisis on CNN, Larry King Live, June 13, 2006 found in Katovsky, 2007)
In 2006 the climate change was greatly acknowledged among politicians, in media and among the public. The economist Sir
Nicholas Stern published "The Economics of Climate Change – the Stern Review" for the British Government and the Nobel
peace prize winner, Al Gore (The Nobel Peace Prize, 2007) released his documentary "An inconvenient truth" in which he
described global warming and its effects.
As the global climate threat increases so does the interest of environmental innovations. Environmental Technology Action
Plan (ETAP) states; "Eco innovation is crucial to the economic competitiveness of Europe and our future wellbeing. Ecofriendly
technologies are good for business, reduce pressure on the environment and help create new jobs." Further on ETAP define
eco technologies as "those where their use is less environmentally harmful than relevant alternatives"
Clean Technology (CleanTech) is a growing industry. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
estimates the global market for CleanTech to be worth 6230 billion dollars in 2010. Competition in this industry is global and
companies from all over the world are facing strategic challenges and barriers when trying to gain and sustain market shares
in this growing world market.
The Terminology:
8/8/2019 EM Group 8 Cleaner Technology All Sectors
Environmental Management NMIMS University Dr. Bala Krishnamoorthy
Clean technology includes the renewable energy (wind power, solar power, biomass, hydropower, and biofuels), information
technology, green transportation, electric motors, green chemistry, lighting, and many other appliances that are now more
energy efficient. It is a means to create electricity and fuels with a smaller environmental footprint. And it is the need to make
green buildings both more energy efficient and environmentally benign. Environmental finance is methods by which new
clean technology projects that have proven that they are "additional" or "beyond business as usual" can obtain financing
through the generation of carbon credits. A project that is developed with concern for climate change mitigation (such as a
Kyoto Clean Development Mechanism project) is also known as a carbon project.
Investments in clean technology have grown considerably since coming into the spotlight around 2000. According to the
United Nations Environment Program, wind, solar and biofuel companies received a record $148 billion in new funding in
2007 as rising oil prices and climate change policies encouraged investment in renewable energy. $50 billion of that funding
went to wind power. Overall, investment in clean-energy and energy-efficiency industries rose 60 percent from 2006 to 2007
By 2018 it is forecast that the three main clean technology sectors, solar photovoltaics, wind power, and biofuels, will have
revenues of $325.1bn.
Origin of Clean Technologies: Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC)
aimed at fighting global warming. The UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty with the goal of achieving
"stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system.”
The Protocol was initially adopted on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan and entered into force on 16 February 2005As of November 2009, 187 states have signed and ratified the protocol.
Under the Protocol, 37 industrialized countries (called "Annex I countries") commit themselves to a reduction of four
greenhouse gases (GHG) (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride) and two groups of gases
(hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons) produced by them, and all member countries give general commitments. Annex
countries agreed to reduce their collective greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% from the 1990 level. Emission limits do no
include emissions by international aviation and shipping, but are in addition to the industrial gases, chlorofluorocarbons, or
CFCs, which are dealt with under the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.
Its origin is the increased consumer, regulatory and
industry interest in clean forms of energy generation due
to the rise in awareness of global warming, climate
change and the impact on the natural environment from
the burning of fossil fuels. It has further been popularized
by the Kyoto Protocol.
8/8/2019 EM Group 8 Cleaner Technology All Sectors
Environmental Management NMIMS University Dr. Bala Krishnamoorthy
CLEAN AGRICULTURE
Agriculture presents various avenues for the application of cleaner technologies. These include Pesticides, Land
Management, Weed Management, Soil Management, Micro-irrigation among the others.
We look in to the below areas in details
• Bio- Pesticides
• Micro-irrigation
• Aquaculture
A. Bio-pesticides
Over the next three decades, production of foodgrains in India has to increase at least 2 million tonnes a year to mee
the food demand of the growing population. In the past, agricultural production increased through area expansion and
increasing use of high yielding seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation water. Now, prospects of raising
agricultural production through area expansion and application of existing technologies appear to be severely constrained
Land frontiers are closing down, and there is little, if any, scope to bring additional land under cultivation. Green revolution
technologies have now been widely adopted, and the process of diminishing returns to additional input usage has set in.
Also, agricultural production continues to be constrained by a number of biotic and abiotic factors. For instance, insect
pests, diseases and weeds cause considerable damage to potential agricultural production. Evidences indicate that pests cause
25 percent loss in rice, 5-10 percent in wheat, 30 percent in pulses, 35 percent in oilseeds, 20 percent in sugarcane and 50
percent in cotton. This is inspite of the aggressive use of chemical pesticides as part of the Green revolution.
This has led to the emergence of the Integrated Pest Management Process with focus on the use of Bio Pesticides.
The IPM Process
1. Do a little background reading on common insect pests of the plants you want to grow. Field scout and monitor with trapsto identify pests (not all insects are pests!). Learn the pest's life cycle so that treatment can be chosen and timed to bemost effective.
2. Establish a level of acceptable damage (not all pests are of economic importance).
3. Monitor the pest situation regularly. Only when monitoring has indicated that the pest will cause unacceptable damageshould treatment be considered.
4. If the pest population is high enough to cause unacceptable damage, use any and all available means of IPM, but start withthose least damaging to pest predators and the environment. For example:
• Cultural Control : Reduce the pest's food, water, shelter, growing room and other needs. Enhance the environment forthe pest's predators, parasitoids and pathogens (cover crops can be used to attract pest predators). Select plants that are moreresistant to pests.
• Beneficial Insects: Regular releases of predators and/or parasites (as a prevention and control measure) are part of
"conventional" farming IPM.
8/8/2019 EM Group 8 Cleaner Technology All Sectors
Environmental Management NMIMS University Dr. Bala Krishnamoorthy
Need and Market Share: Despite well-publicized concerns about some harmful effects of aquaculture, the technique may
when practiced well, be no more damaging to biodiversity than other food production systems. Moreover, it may be the only
way to supply growing demand for seafood as the human population increases. The contribution of Aquaculture to world
fisheries production has increased from 32% in 2004 to 50% currently and is growing at annual rate of 8% per annum.
Concerns: It creates biological imbalance by creating a void in those lifecycle where these cultivated aquatic populations areinvolved. It also leads to chemical pollution and may not be sustainable in the long run.
Remedy - Sustainable Process Cycle – Clean Technology & Salmon Farming - It is an industrial production that is dependent
on sustainable ecological balanced production process. An optimal process reduces the use of chemicals. Organic waste from
these processes would be used as a resource for new products.
Road Ahead for India: India’s National Fisheries Development Board is spending Rs 620 crore to help farmers adopt
technologies for sustainable fish farming & fish seed production using aquaculture.
8/8/2019 EM Group 8 Cleaner Technology All Sectors
Environmental Management NMIMS University Dr. Bala Krishnamoorthy
CLEAN MANUFACTURING
Cement Industry
Indian cement industry is the most energy-efficient in the world. The market share of blended cement (which is less energy
and emissions intensive than ordinary Portland cement) is high in India, the percentage of blending material in cement is stilllower than what is possible. The manufacture of Ordinary Portland Cement or OPC – cement obtained by grinding clinker with
about 5% gypsum – is more emissions intensive than making blend cement. The figure shows an overall 20.5% blending
material used by the cement industry.
Average Cement Composition
Source: Green Rating Project, 2009, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi
The greenhouse gas inventory for the cement sector comprises process emissions from the calcinations of limestone
emissions from fuels used in the kiln and emissions due to electricity generated or purchased for grinding operations.
Specific greenhouse gas emissions from cement manufacturing in India have reduced from 0.86 MT CO2/MT cement in 1991 to
0.66 MT CO2/MT cement. Some major companies have entered CDM framework with optimal utilization of clinker, waste heat
recovery, alternative fuels, wind energy and increasing fly ash blend being major projects. Specific energy consumption has
also shown a downward trend from 3.58 GJ/MT clinker and 120 KWH/ MT cement to 3.03 GJ/MT and 82 kWH/MT cement.
About 96% of India’s cement production utilizes the more efficient dry kiln processes which is the highest amongst any other
country. Most Indian plants use multi stage pre heaters and pre-calciner kilns which help to reduce energy consumption levels
A new product, eco-cement has been developed which takes up CO2 from atmosphere to set and harden and hence helps
reduce CO2 emissions.
The use of alternative fuels and raw materials needs sorting of regulatory and logistical issues which allow only one type of
blending material (fly ash or slag) and the percentage blending is fixed. This sector can also recover waste heat from the
8/8/2019 EM Group 8 Cleaner Technology All Sectors
Environmental Management NMIMS University Dr. Bala Krishnamoorthy
clinker cooler and convert it into electricity, but installing waste heat recovery boilers is currently very expensive. However
the industry is slowly adopting the process and is finding it viable for large scale industries.
PAPER AND PULP
The Indian paper industry performs poorly with respect to energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. There is
around 70% energy saving potential in the industry.The sector will always lag behind global best performance in energy and
emissions intensities. This is because of its inability to profitably scale down best practices. Indian mills are small and are
likely to remain so in future. Inconsistency in the nature and quality of raw materials, and the fact that Indian mills are multi-
product in nature, pose further limitations. A major constraint in the sector’s energy performance is the small size of its mills
This makes technology upgrade unfavorable, thus distancing it from international best practices
A major difference between the Indian paper industry and the global industry lies in the source of raw material for pulp
production, which is highlighted in the pie charts above. This contrasts the difference of the sources and shows the efficiency
of global sources which uses only 5.3% non wood fibres.
In a paper mill, CO2 emissions are primarily from fuel consumption for electricity and steam generation and from calcination o
limestone in the limekiln used for chemical recovery. Ignoring carbon sequestration in forestry, the CO2 emissions intensity o
the Indian paper industry is 3.5 times the OECD average. The low proportion of energy sourced from renewable sources, the
high proportion of energy sourced from coal and high primary energy consumption are the reasons for the high energy
emissions of Indian paper mills.
A broad roadmap for the Indian pulp and paper industry to reduce its energy consumption and carbon footprint must include
the following:
• The sector can reduce its emissions by increasing the share of internally generated biomass energy.
• Use of wastepaper and market pulp as raw material for paper production and increase in its consistency promisesreduction in energy required for drying.
• Electricity consumption can be reduced by adopting efficient, large paper machines and installing variable speed
motors, pumps and drives.
• Pith utilization in bagasse-based plants can help industry to reduce its dependence on coal.
• Gasification of black liquor and other biomass wastes to syngas will enable both efficiency and flexibility of energy
use.
8/8/2019 EM Group 8 Cleaner Technology All Sectors
Environmental Management NMIMS University Dr. Bala Krishnamoorthy
STEEL INDUSTRY
The per capita steel consumption in India is one-fourth of the global average. Massive growth in infrastructure and in the
housing sector, as projected by the government agencies, will lead to very high growth in the demand of steel products in the
future. The table shows the CO2 emissions for various manufacturing process routes.
Steel sector has reduced its energy consumption at about 2.5% annually in the last two decades. The Vishakapatnam plant of
RINL which utilizes the efficient coke dry quenching technology is the largest plant in India to use 100% continuous casting.
Case Study : SAIL (Steel Authority Of India Ltd.)
The following initiatives were taken by SAIL to reduce its waste and energy emissions:
• Burners were modified to improve combustion efficiency of iron ore sinter which is fed into blast furnace. It has
resulted in saving of carbon emissions to the tune of 72000 tonnes per year.
• Single conversion Single absorption sulphuric acid plant was replaced with the double conversion doubleabsorption plant which has brought down SO2 emissions from 10-12kg/ton to nearly 1.71 kg/ton of acid
produced.
• Replacement of open-hearth furnaces by basic oxygen furnaces brought energy conservation and pollution
prevention.
• The waste slag formation (in blast furnace) is used as an important raw material for the cement industry.
• Fly ash of chimney is used to make bricks used in construction work within plants of SAIL.
• Use of coke in blast furnaces was reduced by use of coal injection, which reduced emissions.