Elements Works Environment

8/4/2019 Elements Works Environment

1/36

A structure that provides spaces

having an environment that is

amended from that of its

surroundings to suit particularpurposes.


2/36

ELEMENTS OF COMFORTABLE

SEMINAR COORDIANATOR:- SUBMITTED BY:-

AR.TARIKA DAGADKAR CHETAN SHARMA

B.D.C.O.A.Sewagrma06 AR 16

WORKING ENVIRONMENT


3/36

CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

COMPOSITE CLIMATE,

ELEMENTS OF COMFORTABLE WORKING ENVIRONMENT

ELEMENTS OF THERMAL COMFORT. ELEMENTS OF VISUAL COMFORT. ELEMENTS OF FUNCTIONAL COMFORT.

CASE STUDY

CONCLUSION

BIBILOGRAPHY

AIM,OBJECTIVE ,SCOPE AND LIMITATION


4/36

Aim:- To study the elements of comfortable working environment.

Objectives:--To study composite climates characteristics.-To study various construction techniques and material to reduce heat gain or heatloss in building.

-To study the role of comfortable working environment in building.

Limitations:-

-Elements of the comfortable working environment considered only for thecomposite climate.

-Principle and working of elements are consider but not dealt in detail.-only passive techniques are taken into consideration.

Scope:-

-composite climate having varied and extreme climatic conditions. scope of studywidens as extreme climatic are to be dealt with.


5/36

INTRODUCTION [COMPOSITE CLIMATE]AIR TEMPERATURE

SEASON HOT DRY WARM HUMID COOLDRY

Day time 32-43C 27-32C Up to 27cmean max Night time 21-27C 24-27C 4-10Cmean max

ON

Two third of the year is HOT-DRY.Other third is WARM-HUMIDand COOL-DRY

high humidity, strong and duskywinds during dry period.Solar radiation of highintensities.For comfortable inside outsidetemperature.Reduce heat gain.Increase heat loss.Allow ventilation throughbuilding.


6/36

INTRODUCTIONWHAT IS COMFORT?

Human comfort is defined as the state of mind that expresses satisfaction with the

surrounding environment.Positive comfort conditions are those that do not distract by causing unpleasantsensations of temperature, drafts, humidity, or other aspects of the environment.

THE COMFORT ZONE - THEPSYCHOMETRIC CHART.

Human comfort in the indoor

environment is related to theinteraction of a large numberof variables in addition totemperature.

These can be illustratedby means of a psychometric

chart, which shows theinteraction oftemperature and humidity.

A common unit for themeasurement of human

comfort is the PMV. This is the predicted mean vote, and indicates the percentageof people who are predicted to feel comfortable in any given set of conditions.


7/36

INTRODUCTIONWHAT IS COMFORTABLE WORKING ENVIRONMENT?

FUNCTIONALCOMFORT

VISUALCOMFORT

THERMAL COMFORT

OCCUPANTSSATISFACTIONAND WELL BEING

COMFORTABLEWORKINGENVIRONMENT


8/36

ELEMENTS OF COMFORTABLE WORKING ENVIRONMENT

ADVANCED PASSIVE COOLINGTECHNIQUES.

-Evaporative cooling.

-Passive down draft evaporativecooling.

-Convective cooling.

-Earth tunnel.

-Wind towers.

BUILDING DESIGN STRATEGIES FORPASSIVE COOLING, NATURAL FORTHERMAL COMFORT:

-Ratio of built form to openspaces.-Orientation.-building envelope.-Roof and walls.-Ventilation-Courtyards-Materials.-Natural elements.

VISUAL COMFORT ELEMENTS

-Light (Daylight and artificial)-Colour-Water body.-Vegetation.

FUNCTIONAL COMFORT ELEMENTS

-Layout and furniture arrangements.-acoustic.-Air quality.


9/36

RATIO OF BUILT TO OPEN SPACE

Heat gain should be reduced right from the site level for the comfortable workingenvironment.

In modern cities, building produce much of heat their own. In such cases heat lossThe size and scale of open spaces must, therefore be optimized.

TOO LARGE OPEN SPACESINCREASES HEAT GAIN.

TOO SMALL OPEN SPACESREDUCES HEAT GAIN.

ORIENTATION OF BUILDING ON SITEA correctly oriented building can provide physical and psychological comfort to

building occupants.orientation is a major design consideration, mainly with regard to solar radiation,daylight and wind.The orientation of the building should be based on whether cooling or heating ispredominant requirement in the building.The ideal orientation enables a building to receive maximum solar radiation in

winter and minimum in summer.


10/36

ORIENTATION OF BUILDING ON SITE

To avoid the heat gain place the building at S, SW, OR W side of the site. So thatmaximum site will be in a shade for most of the day time.

N

E

S

W

EW

SW SNW

SE

NE

THE HIERARCHAL ORDER FOR BUILDINGORIENTATION TO REDUCE HEAT GAIN.

N

BUILDING ENVELOPE

The building envelope plays very important role to increase heat gain,ventilation and to reduce heat gain. It concentrates on following design elements.

PLAN FORM.FENESTRATION AND SHADING.WALLS AND ROOFS.MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION.


11/36

Hierarchical order for preferred shape and forms are:-This order is made on the basis of surface to volume ratio of each form.

The circle has low surface to volume ratio hence this form gains minimum heatgain from the external surfaces. Circular form of building is an aerodynamic form which would also help enhancenatural ventilation inside the building.

PLAN FORM

1 2 3 4 5

0.88 1.51.41

1.411.75


12/36

FENESTRATION

Fenestration is provided for the purposesof heat gain, day lighting and ventilation.

Fenestration should have 15-20% of floorarea which is found to be adequate fordaylight and ventilation.As composite climate has extreme climatechanging while designing the opening, thesize, orientation control should be such

1-In summer it should avoid direct heatgain and provide ventilation for heat loss.2-In winter it should allow warm radiationbut restrict heat loss and reduce wind flow.3-In monsoon it should allow properventilation. and also little heat gain to

reduce humidity level.-to acheive this following are some guidelines1-Provide windows on the north and east faade to get warm radiation.2-Avoid large opening on south and west side. If essential break them in smallopenings.3-Ventilators are very effective to remove the used warm air.


13/36

FENESTRATION

-To deal with various heat requirements louvered windows are best suitable.-Horizontal louver with proper control is very useful to restrict heat gain at the same

time increase ventilation.-The inlet to outlet direction should not be same to that of wind flow direction.


14/36

VENTILATION

-Ventilation fulfills a number of requirements associated with human comfort:Health: respiration, odour avoidance and pollutant removal.Cooling:

removal of heat produced by internal and solar gains, both during daytimeand at night time.Comfort: Provision of air movement to increase perceived cooling

Fig 2.28 The basic rule of thumb for crossventilation.CROSS VENTILATION

STACK EFFECT

Fig 2.15TransportCorporation ofIndia,Gurgaon.Window

: INDUCED VENTILATIONPRINCIPLES and variations.


15/36


16/36

WALLS

-

A RAMMED EARTH WALL USES ITSMASS AS INSULATION AND FORTHERMAL STORAGE.

-Walls are a major part of thebuilding envelope, which areexposed to external environmentconditions (solar radiation, outsideair temperature, wind, precipitation).-Appropriate insulation, air cavity,can reduce heat transmission.

-Use rat trap bond to construct

external walls with hollow terracottaor concrete block.-Provide rough textured surface withlight shade and color on facades.

Glass fibreinsulation

0.1m

0.1m

brick

0.1m

brick

RAT TRAP BOND

INSULATION, AIR CAVITY,


17/36


18/36

MATERIALS

-The building material with low thermal conductivity.

MATERIAL CONDUCTIVITY(K) IN KCAL

Cement plaster 81.8

Brick wall 69.7

Concrete 136.4

Asbestos sheet 24.8

Timber 12.4

Roofing felt 49.6

Asphalt 105.2

Wooden fiber board 4.9

Mineral wool 3.35

Glass wool 3.37

Foam plastic 104.2

Foam concrete 4.5


19/36

COURTYARDS

--Courtyard ensures More heat loss

-it also help in ventilation and entry offresh air.


20/36

NATURAL ELEMENTS (WATER BODY AND VEGETATION)

-Natural elements like vegetation and waterbody affects the temperature of site.

-Planting trees on south and west side ofthe site helps to reduce heat gain.

-Water has a moderating effect on the airtemperature of the micro climate.- It possess very high thermal storagecapacity much higher than the building

materials like Brick, concrete, stone.-The row of plant help to direct the windflow.-The planters hanging over the shadingdevices crates the comfortable conditioninside


21/36

EVAPORATIVE COOLING

-evaporative cooling was used tocool the hot breeze. Water wasused commonly to reduce localtemperatures by evaporativecooling, to humidify the air andalso to clean the air by capturingdust particles.-the temperature of 1 cubic metre

of air will be reduced by 1 C bythe evaporation 0.05 litres of waterwill cool a room of dimensions5x5x4m containing dry air-by 1C.-The simplest form of evaporativecooling was to hang khus khus

mats on the windward side insummers over verandahs andopen windows.-Water bodies like ponds, lake orfountains in the landscape helpreduce micro climate air

temperature around the buildings.

WAYS OF INTEGRATING EVAPORATIVE COOLING


22/36

EARTH TUNNEL

-At a depth of about 4m below the ground,the temperature inside the earth remainsnearly constant round the year and is nearlyequiva-lent to the annual average tempera-ture of the place.-A tunnel at a depth of 4meters below theground will acquire same temperature as thesurrounding earth and hence the air which

passes through this tunnel will be cooler insummers and warmer in winters.--Following points should be consider whiledesign Depth at which pipes are buried.

Air velocity. Soil properties. Water table of ground.

-Besides cooling this air as to be circulatedthrough the built spaces and hence solar

chimney is provided.


23/36

PASSIVE DOWN-DRAFTEVAPORATIVE COOLING

-In this system, wind catchers guide outside air over water filled pots or byspraying water which causes evaporation and a significant drop in temperaturebefore the air enters in-side the interiors.

TYPICAL CROSSSECTION OF THETORRENTRESEARCHCENTRE WITHINLET SHAFTS.

WIND TOWERS-This works on the principle of stack effect.-In wind tower the hot air enters through theopening at top of the tower and gets cooledand thus becomes heavier and sink down

and circulated to living areas.

-At night, due to whole day air exchangetower becomes warm and release heat andwarms the cool air in tower.

-This warm air creating an upward draftsdraws cool air from the living spaces.


24/36

ELEMENTS OF VISUAL COMFORT [ LIGHT]

Lighting design flowchart. All of these

elements must beconsidered to ensurequality lighting design forvisual comfort.

Daylight Factor Quality of lighting within space

Less than 2%

Room looks gloomy under daylight alone Full electric lighting will usually be required during

daytime

Electric lighting dominates daytime appearance, ie, thespace does not appear daylight

Between 2% and5%

Windows give a predominantly daylight appearance butsome supplementary electric lighting will be needed

Best balance between day lighting and overall energyuse

More than 5% Room appears strongly daylight Daytime electric lighting is rarely needed Can be major thermal problems from large windows

Daylight Factor: This is a good measure fordesigning daylight spaces.

-lights(daylight/artificial)

improves the visualqualities of a space.-Use glossy surfaces.-Provide adequate taskluminance.-Use fluorescent lampswith good colour rendering.

DAYLIGHT

FACTOR =

illuminance received from the sky at any point of interestinside your building

horizontal illuminance outdoors from an unobstructedhemisphere of the same sky


25/36

ELEMENTS OF VISUAL COMFORT [ LIGHT]

The transparent tops ofthe partitions allowdaylight to penetrate intothe rest of the office. Theblinds allow occupants toavoid glare if it becomesa problem.

The accent lighting,

contributes to the aestheticlook and general illumination.

Dark surfaces can makean unpleasant space.Note the scallopedshadows at the top of theback wall and thedarkness under theshelving.


26/36

ELEMENTS OF VISUAL COMFORT [ COLOUR]

-Water-based acrylics, rather than solvent-based oil

paints, should be used.-Colour can create feeling of well-being ,unease,activity or passivity.-certain colours, also seem to affect comfort, and"state of mind" can have major effects on individualvisual comfort sensations.

DIFFERENT MOOD LIGHTINGAND COLOURS OVER THESAME PLACE .

-Red is a vibrant, passionate colour.-Orange is a joyful, exciting colour.-Yellow is a sunny and happy colour.-Green is harmonious and balanced.

-Blue is a calming and sleep inducing


27/36

ELEMENTS OF VISUAL COMFORT [ WATER BODY]

-This is the most interesting object inlandscape design.-It may be used in the form of fountainsor pools for its reflective qualities,differences in sound.-Water body enhances the views of thesite and built spaces and public spacesand courtyards in which it gives visual

comfort. [ VEGETATION]

-Landscaping is another design tool forvisual comfort.-Greenbelt should be maintainedaround roads.

-Trees provide buffer to noise, trafficmovement.


28/36

ELEMENTS OF FUNCTIONAL COMFORT [FUNITURE LAYOUT]

Layout: Work-related communication and privacy are affected by the numberand arrangement of workstations. To influence functionality and

satisfaction, successful workstations should be designed around work groups,shared resources, and the flow of occupants through the office.

BETTER INTEGRATION OF

COMMON SPACES THANISOLATED EXAMPLES


29/36

ELEMENTS OF FUNCTIONAL COMFORT [ FURNITURE LAYOUT ]

-Furnish cubicles based on occupantjob needs;-Provide visual and acoustic privacywith enclosure (higher number ofpartitions, and larger workstations);--Locate work groups in the same area.-Provide access to a window and aview; Match alternative office strategies

to tasks and employee needs.-Privacy is one of the most importantfunctional requirements of an office.Having privacy means both freedomfrom distractions and the ability toprevent others from obtaining

knowledge about oneself and oneswork.-Do not Place workers in busy, noisyareas of the office;Prevent personalization of theworkstation.

These workstationshave been set at anangle to the facadewith low partitionsperpendicular to

the windows so thateveryone in theoffice has accessto the view and tosome daylight.(Acoustic privacyis less here, but theoccupants havechosen daylight

and view over

s eech rivac .


30/36

ELEMENTS OF FUNCTIONAL COMFORT [ACCOUSTIC ]

Practical tips: DO . . .-Provide acoustic satisfaction withcomfortable background noise and good

speech privacy.-Block sound with absorbent surfaces(especially the ceiling) and high, widepartitions.

Practical tips: DO NOT . . .

-Expose occupants to unacceptablenoise sources, especially speechsources.-Create small workstations with lowpartitions;-Allow ambient sound to be distracting orunpleasant.

Practical tips: DO NOT

Partition height:-1.5 m and 1.8 m

Workstation size-6.3 m2 :


31/36

ELEMENTS OF FUNCTIONAL COMFORT [AIR QUALITY]

INDOOR PLANTS USED TOIMPROVE INDOOR AIR QUALITY

;

-The ventilation and air conditioning

System installed in a building shouldclean and condition the air.-Removal of particulate matter fromair.

-Positioning Air Inlets.-Tobacco and smoke control

-Provide an adequate supply ofoutdoor air.

Towards ensuring good air quality

INDOOR AND OUTDOOR CONTAMINANTSSOURCES THAT CAN AFFECT IAQ IN THE OFFICE


32/36

CASE STUDY

;

-BIOME , RAJASTHAN Ar.Sanjay Puri


33/36

CASE STUDY

;

INTERNAL COURTAYARDS WITH TREES ANDWATER BODY

-BIOME , RAJASTHAN Ar.Sanjay Puri

WATER BODY AT THE ENTRANCE FOR VISUAL COMFORT AND EVAPORATIVE COOLING.


34/36

;Parameter Conventional buildings for Comfortable workingEnvironment In Building.

Designfeatures Long facades eastwest. Long facades northsouth.No shading Shading of eastwest faade.

Single glazed windows. Mix of single and double glazedwindows.

Lighting andVentilationSystem.

No daylight integration Daylight and artificial lightingintegration

No lighting controls. Occupancy sensors anddimming controls.

Visual comfort is notmaintained.

Visual comfort is maintained.

No natural ventilation orpassive coolingtechniques.

Circulation areas are naturallyventilated.

INFERENCES


35/36

CONCLUSIONS

WORKSPACECOMMUNITYSPACE

EMPLOYEESATISFACTION

PRODUCTIVITY

WORKING SPACE GREENERY

BUILT

EFFICIENCY SUSTAINABILITY

NATURAL ARTIFICIAL

OPENHOW COMFORTABLE WORKING

ENVIRONMENT IT IS BENEFICIAL ?

Occupants would not fall sick andhence increase of productivity.

Reduces absenteeism.

Improves concentration.

Improves t productivity andperformance.


36/36

BIBLIOGRBAPHY

WORKSPACECOMMUNITYSPACE

EMPLOYEESATISFACTION

PRODUCTIVITY

WORKING SPACE GREENERY

BUILT

NATURAL ARTIFICIAL

OPENHOW COMFORTABLE WORKING

ENVIRONMENT IT IS BENEFICIAL ?

Occupants would not fall sick andhence increase of productivity.

Reduces absenteeism.

Improves concentration.

Improves t productivity andperformance.

Elements Works Environment

Documents