Elements Front of card Back of card Pure substances made of one type of atom.

Elements

Front of card Back of card

Pure substances made of one type of atom.

1

Sodium


Na

2

Potassium


K

3

Inorganic compounds

Front of card Back of cardDo not contain C.

Except CO2 and CN

(cyanide).

Ex. water, salt (NaCl)

4

Organic compounds

Front of card Back of cardContain C and

H. In all living organisms.Ex. glucose,

sucrose

5

Reactants


Substances before the

arrow.

6

Products


Substances after the arrow.

7

Acids


<7 on pH scale.

Ex. Stomach acid

8

Bases

Front of card Back of card>7 on pH scale.

Ex. sodium hydroxide (baking

soda)Spit, small

intestine are both basic.

9

Metabolism


All chemical reactions that occur in the

body.Can be anabolic or

catabolic.

10

Monomers

Front of card Back of cardSingle units of a substance used

to build polymers.

Amino acids(monomer) used to build proteins

(polymer).

11

Polymers


Substance made up of many monomers.

12

Catabolic Reactions


“Catastrophe!” Breaks polymers into monomersEx. digestion

A.K.A. hydrolysis

13

Hydrolysis


“water, to cut”Polymers are

broken down into monomers using

water.

14

Anabolic Reactions


Combine monomers to

make polymersEx. photosynthesis

AKA. Dehydration synthesis

15

Dehydration Synthesis


Polymers are made from the removal of water from 2

smaller molecules.

16

Carbohydrates


Made in plants.Source of energy.

Composed of 1 carbon (C)

2 hydrogens (H)1 oxygen (O)

17

Purposes of Carbohydrat

es


1. Structural- cells, cytoplasm

2. Energy -

18

Monosaccharides


1 sugar unitex. glucose, fructose and galactose.

19

Disaccharides


2 sugar unitsEx. Sucrose, Maltoselactose

20

Polysaccharides


many sugar unitsEnergy - Starch (plants)Glycogen (animals)Storage – cellulose (plants)Chitin(insects)

21

Glucose


1 sugar unitFound in bloodMain source of ENERGY!!!!!

22

Fructose


1 sugar unitFound in fruits.Twice as sweet as glucose.Used for sweeteners.

23

Galactose


1 sugar unitFound in milk.Nutritive sweetener.

24

Sucrose


2 sugar unitsglucose+ glucoseTable sugar

25

Maltose


2 sugar unitsglucose+ glucoseFound in seeds of germinating plants.

26

Lactose


2 sugar unitsgalactose+ glucoseFound in milk

27

Starch


PolymerMade of many glucoses.Created during photosynthesis.

28

Glycogen


PolymerMade of many glucoses.After a meal, glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells.

29

Cellulose


PolymerMade of many glucoses.Found in plant cell walls. Known as fiber. Helps with digestion.

30

Lipids


Made of C, H and O. More H’s.3 types:1. Phospholipids2. Steroids3. Triglycerides

(fats)

31

Purpose of Lipids


1.Energy storage. Contains >2x the calories of carbs or proteins.

2. Structural materialCell membranes, cushion for organs, insulation, hormones.

32

Triglycerides

Front of card Back of cardFAT.

2 types: saturated andunsaturated

33

Saturated Fat

Front of card Back of card• Comes from

animals.• Single bonds = hard

to break down.• Solid at room temp.• Ex. butter.

34

Unsaturated Fat

Front of card Back of card• Comes from plants• double bonds =

easier to break down.

• liquid at room temp.• Ex. canola oil

35

Phospholipids

Front of card Back of cardCell membranes

Phosphate is hydrophilic and fatty acid tails are hydrophobic.

36

Steroids

Front of card Back of card4 carbon rings. Important in making hormones. Ex. cholesterol like HDLs and LDLs

37

HDLs

Front of card Back of cardHigh Density Lipoproteins. GOOD.Carry LDLs to the liver to be broken down and removed from the body.

38

LDLs

Front of card Back of cardLow Density Lipoproteins. BAD. Clog arteries.Can lead to heart attack or stroke.

39

Proteins

Front of card Back of cardC, H, O and NNeeded for cells, muscle, repair, and maintenance.• hormones• Hemoglobin• Enzymes• antibodiesMade up of amino acids.

40

Amino acids

Front of card Back of cardMonomers of proteins. Joined together by peptide bonds.

41

Polypeptide

Front of card Back of cardChain of amino acids.

42

Levels of protein

structure

Front of card Back of cardPrimary – linear

Secondary – folded or coiled

Tertiary – 3-D

Quaternary - globular

43

Denaturation

Front of card Back of cardTemporary change in shape of a protein by heat, radiation or pH changes.The protein changes function.

44

Nucleic acids

Front of card Back of cardDNA and RNAHeredity and protein synthesis.Monomer: nucleotide

45

DNA

Front of card Back of card46

Vitamins

Front of card Back of cardAre coenzymes, which help enzymes to work.Vitamin A – visionVitamin B – prevent spinal defectsVitamin C- prevent scurvyVitamin D – prevents depression

47

Minerals

Front of card Back of cardAre cofactors, which help enzymes to work.Calcium – bonesIodine – prevent goitrePotassium – nervesIron – low = tired

48

Simple sugar (glucose)

test


Benedict’s reagentBlue yellow - red

49

Starch test


IodineAmber black

50

Protein test


Biuret Blue lilac

51

Lipid test


Sudan IVPowder red liquid

Brown paper Opaque transleucent

52

Enzymes


Protein catalystsIncrease the rate of a reaction without increasing temperature. Can be reused.

53

How Enzymes Work

Front of card Back of card54

Enzymes are substrate-

specific

Front of card Back of cardEnzymes are named for the substrate they act on.Maltose(sugar)- maltaseSucrose – sucraseStarch – amylaseProtein – pepsin (stomach) & trypsin

55

Enzymes are substrate-

specific

Front of card Back of cardEnzymes are named for the substrate they act on.Maltose(sugar)- maltaseSucrose – sucraseStarch – amylaseProtein – pepsin (stomach) & trypsin

55

Elements Front of card Back of card Pure substances made of one type of atom.

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